Changes In Serum Lipid Concentrations Research Articles

The associations between high-levels of urine benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) and changes in serum lipid concentrations

Little is known about the potential health impacts of benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) exposure among the general population. In our study conducted in Wuxi, China, we investigated the associations between the concentrations of eight BP-derivatives and five target lipid molecules. We collected basic information, serum, and urine samples from 120 residents aged 9 to 80 in Wuxi. We determined BPs in urine samples and lipid levels in serum samples. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the differences in ln-transformed serum target lipids levels (μg/L) with different urine BPs quartiles compared to the lowest quartile. Benzophenone-4 (BP-4) had the highest detection rate (95.0%) and geometric mean concentration (1.96 μg/L) among all the BP-derivatives in our study population. The exposure levels of BPs were generally higher in females than in males. Participants in the 9–17 and 18–50 age groups exhibited greater levels of exposure to BPs than those in the 51–80 age group. We observed statistically significant changes in LysoPC (18:0), LysoPE (18:0), ΣLPL, and ΣTL concentrations between the highest and lowest quartiles of BP-4. Similar changes were found in LysoPE (18:0) concentration between the highest and lowest quartiles of ΣBP-3 and ΣBPs. High urine BP concentrations were associated with variations in our target serum lipids involved in neurological and metabolic disorders, and posed a potential health risk. Future studies are warranted to further validate and elucidate our findings.

Cross-Sectional Height-Specific Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations in Cameroon Children

Background: Information on the relationship between height and changes in serum lipids in children is scarce in Cameroon. The aim of this study is to determine prevalence of dyslipidemia with respect to age and gender and assess the association between height increase and serum lipid changes in Cameroon children. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional analysis included 472 boys and 534 girls between the ages of 5 and 16 years. Body height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) of children were measured and z-scores calculated. Total cholesterol-TC, triglycerides-TG, low density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL-C concentrations in fasting blood samples were determined by enzymatic method using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (RX Monaco, UK). Children were divided into increasing quartiles of height z-score. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to compare mean lipid concentrations across quartiles of height z-score after controlling for age, gender, body weight, WC and fasting blood glucose. Results: The prevalence of elevated TC and LDL-C were respectively 18.5% and 19.2% higher in girls than boys. Also, the prevalence of elevated TC and TG was highest among younger (5- to 9-year-old) girls and boys respectively. There was a significant decrease in mean TC (168.8 to 127.2 mg/dl; p p = 0.019) and LDL-C (91.1 to 69.4 mg/dl; p = 0.018) in boys; and a significant decrease in mean TC (171.2 to 144.7 mg/dl; p = 0.004) and HDL-C (62.8 to 28.7 mg/dl; p p = 0.053) and the decrease in TG (p = 0.211) and LDL-C (p = 0.732) in girls with increasing height were not significant. Conclusion: Serum lipids decreased with increasing height after controlling for different variables. This study indicates that short children have higher serum lipid concentrations and this may increase the risk of lipid disorders, which may persist into adulthood.

The Associations between High-Levels of Urine Benzophenone-Type Uv Filters (Bps) and Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations

The Associations between High-Levels of Urine Benzophenone-Type Uv Filters (Bps) and Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations

Metabolic Syndrome During Menopause.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises individual components including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension and it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The menopause per se increases the incidence of MetS in aging women. The effect(s) of menopause on individual components of MetS include: i) increasing central obesity with changes in the fat tissue distribution, ii) potential increase in insulin resistance, iii) changes in serum lipid concentrations, which seem to be associated with increasing weight rather than menopause itself, and, iv) an association between menopause and hypertension, although available data are inconclusive. With regard to the consequences of MetS during menopause, there is no consistent data supporting a causal relationship between menopause and CVD. However, concomitant MetS during menopause appears to increase the risk of CVD. Furthermore, despite the data supporting the association between early menopause and increased risk of T2DM, the association between natural menopause itself and risk of T2DM is not evident. However, the presence and the severity of MetS appears to be associated with an increased risk of T2DM. Although the mechanism is not clear, surgical menopause is strongly linked with a higher incidence of MetS. Interestingly, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of MetS during their reproductive years; however, with menopausal transition, the risk of MetS becomes similar to that of non-PCOS women.

Leptin gene polymorphism (rs7799039; G2548A) is associated with changes in serum lipid concentrations during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study.

Little is known about the effects of leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms on lipid changes during pregnancy. The aims of this study were to evaluate the associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of leptin and leptin receptor genes and the lipid concentrations during pregnancy; and to test whether dietary intake is a mediator in these associations. A prospective cohort of 154 pregnant women was followed up in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil during the following gestational periods: 5-13th, 20-26th and 30-36th weeks. HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were measured by the enzymatic colorimetric method, and LDL-C was calculated. DNA was extracted by the phenol-chloroform method, and leptin (G2548A, rs7799039) and leptin receptor SNPs (Q223R; rs1137101 and K109R; rs1137100) were genotyped using real-time PCR. Statistical analyses included linear mixed-effect models. Women with the AA genotype of G2548A polymorphism reported a higher fat and total energy intake and had a higher increase in TG concentration during pregnancy than women with AG or GG genotype. The association between G2548A SNP and TG concentrations was not attenuated by adjusting for total lipid (g) and energy (kcal) intake. We did not observe significant associations between the Q223R and K109R SNPs and the lipid concentrations. Women homozygous for the A allele of the leptin SNP (G2548A) had a higher increase in TG concentrations per gestational week compared with women with the AG or GG genotype. This is an exploratory and hypothesis-generating study, and the results need confirmation in studies with larger sample sizes.'

2248. Changes in Lipid Profiles for Patients to Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF)-Containing Regimens: Perspectives from a Military HIV-Positive Cohort

BackgroundTenofovir alafenamide (TAF) was approved in 2015 for use in HIV-1. TAF decreases risk of renal and bone toxicity compared with tenofovir disproxil fumarate (TDF). Early clinical trials reported median increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of 20–29 and 9–13 mg/dL for total cholesterol (TC) following switch therapy from TDF-containing regimens at 48 weeks, raising concern for increased cardiovascular (CVD) risk over time. We assessed real-world changes in serum lipid concentrations following transition to TAF-containing regimens.MethodsEligible subjects in the U.S. Military Natural History Study, a longitudinal cohort of HIV-infected military beneficiaries, had been switched from TDF to TAF-based regimens, and had pre- and post-switch lipid profiles available. Antiretroviral therapy history, serum lipids, CD4 count and viral load were collected from the study database. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare lipid profile changes.ResultsAs of January 1, 2018, 408 subjects on TDF switched to TAF; 238 had pre and post lipid profiles. Subjects were primarily male (95%), 45.4% African American, 70% were ≥40 years old at TAF start; 8% had CVD and 10% had diabetes. Changes in lipid profiles and CD4 count are presented in Table 1. No difference was seen when categorized by gender, race, or age. Lipid changes were not seen in subjects switched from an efavirenz (EFV) regimen. Increases in TC, HDL, and LDL were observed in those switched from rilpivirine (RPV) (P = 0.002, P = 0.0404, and P = 0.0296) or elvitegravir (EVG) (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0003, P = 0.0040) regimens.ConclusionWe found significant changes in serum lipids, albeit lower than median changes observed in licensing trials. Changes were not observed in those switching from EFV, contrasting with those switching from RPV or EVG.Table 1:Serum Lipid ProfilesOn TDFAfter TAF-Switch (>6 Weeks)% Change P-ValueTC*174.0 [154.0–197.0]184.0 [161.0–212.0]6.6 [−5.4–18.6]<0.0001HDL47.0 [39.0–57.0]48.0 [41.0–57.0]2.8 [−7.7–17.3]0.007LDL107.0 [86.0–124.0]112.5 [91.0–135.0]6.5 [−10.3–22.0]0.0007TC:HDL3.7 [2.9–4.4]3.7 [3.0–4.5]3.6 [−9.9–17.9]0.03CD4 (cells/µL)676.0 [533.0–880.0]704.0 [562.0–917.0]6.6 [−8.0–20.1]<0.0001*Concentrations in mg/dL. Values are median [Q1–Q3].Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Beneficial changes on plasma apolipoproteins A and B, high density lipoproteins and oxidized low density lipoproteins in obese women after bariatric surgery: comparison between gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy

BackgroundThe beneficial effects in lipid profiles after obesity surgery might be associated with the decrease in cardiovascular risk. However, direct comparison between different surgical techniques has not been extensively performed.MethodsIn the present study we compare 20 obese women submitted to laparoscopic Roux en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) with 20 women submitted to sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Twenty control women matched for age and baseline cardiovascular risk were also included. Both patients and controls were followed up for 1 year after surgery or conventional treatment with diet and exercise, respectively. Lipid profiles were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months later. Carotid intima-media thickness was measured by ultrasonography at baseline and at the end of the study.ResultsWomen submitted to bariatric surgery showed a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, oxidized-LDL and ApoB, and an increase in HDL and ApoA concentrations that occurred regardless of the surgical procedure. LDL concentrations, however, decreased only after RYGB whereas Lp(a) showed no changes. We did not observe any correlation between the changes in serum lipid concentrations and those in carotid intima-media thickness.ConclusionsSleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass induce a similar beneficial effect on serum lipids in women with high cardiovascular risk 1 year after surgery.

Association between early pregnancy vitamin D status and changes in serum lipid profiles throughout pregnancy

ObjectiveTo evaluate the associations between first trimester 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status and changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) concentrations, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. We hypothesized that first trimester 25(OH)D inadequacy is associated with lower concentrations of HDL-c and higher LDL-c, TC, TG, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. MethodsA prospective cohort study with 3 visits at 5–13 (baseline), 20–26, and 30–36 gestational weeks, recruited 194 pregnant women attending a public health care center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in the first trimester using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. 25(OH)D concentrations were classified as adequate (≥75nmol/L) or inadequate (<75nmol/L). Serum TC, HDL-c, and TG concentrations were measured enzymatically. Crude and adjusted longitudinal linear mixed-effects models were employed to evaluate the association between the first trimester 25(OH)D status and changes in serum lipid concentrations throughout pregnancy. Confounders adjusted for in the multiple analysis were age, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), early pregnancy BMI, leisure time physical activity before pregnancy, energy intake, and gestational age. ResultsAt baseline, 69% of the women had inadequate concentrations of 25(OH)D. Women with 25(OH)D inadequacy had higher mean LDL-c than those with adequate concentrations (91.3 vs. 97.5mg/dL; P=0.064) at baseline. TC, HDL-c, LDL-c TG, TG/HDL-c ratios, and TC/HDL-c ratios, increased throughout pregnancy independently of 25(OH)D concentrations (ANOVA for repeated measures P<0.001). The adjusted models showed direct associations between the first trimester 25(OH)D status and changes in TC (β=9.53; 95%CI=1.12–17.94), LDL-c (β=9.99; 95% CI=3.62–16.36) concentrations, and TC/HDL-c ratios (β=0.16; 95% CI=0.01–0.31) throughout pregnancy. ConclusionsInadequate plasma 25(OH)D concentrations during early pregnancy were associated with more pronounced changes of TC, LDL-c concentrations, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. Changes in these cardiovascular markers suggest the importance of ensuring adequate vitamin D status at the beginning of pregnancy.

Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial1–3

Background: Hepatic lipase (HL) plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of HDL and LDL. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified common variants in the HL gene (LIPC) associated with HDL cholesterol.Objective: We tested the effect of a common variant in LIPC on changes in blood lipids in response to weight-loss diets in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies Trial.Methods: We genotyped LIPC rs2070895 in 743 overweight or obese adults aged 30–70 y (61% women) who were assigned to high-fat (40% energy) or low-fat (20% energy) diets for 2 y. We measured serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol at baseline and 2 y of intervention.Results: At 2 y of intervention, dietary fat modified effects of the variant on changes in serum TC, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (P-interaction: 0.0008, 0.004, and 0.03, respectively). In the low-fat group, as compared to the G allele, the A allele tended to be related to the decrease in TC and LDL cholesterol concentrations [TC (β ± SE): −5.5 ± 3.0, P = 0.07; LDL cholesterol: −4.8 ± 2.5, P = 0.06] and a lower increase in HDL cholesterol concentrations (β ± SE: −1.37 ± 0.69, P = 0.048), whereas an opposite effect in the high-fat diet group was evident [TC (β ± SE): 7.3 ± 2.7, P = 0.008; LDL cholesterol: 4.1 ± 2.3, P = 0.07], and there was no genetic effect on changes in HDL cholesterol concentrations (P = 0.54).Conclusion: Dietary fat intake modifies the effect of a common variant in LIPC on changes in serum lipids during a long-term weight-loss intervention in overweight or obese adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00072995.

Possible association of ABCB1:c.3435T>C polymorphism with high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol response to statin treatment--a pilot study.

The gene product ABCB1 (formerly MDR1 or P-glycoprotein) is hypothesized to be involved in cholesterol cellular trafficking, redistribution and intestinal re-absorption. Carriers of the ABCB1:3435T allele have previously been associated with decreases in ABCB1 mRNA and protein concentrations and have been correlated with changes in serum lipid concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate possible association between the ABCB1:3435T>C polymorphism and changes in lipids in patients following statin treatment. Outpatients (n=130) were examined: 43 men (33%), 87 women (67%): treated with atorvastatin or simvastatin (all patients with equivalent dose of 20 or 40 mg/d simvastatin). Blood was taken for ABCB1:3435T>C genotyping, and before and after statin treatment for lipid concentration determination (total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides). Change (Δ) in lipid parameters, calculated as differences between measurements before and after treatment, were analyzed with multiple regression adjustments: gender, diabetes, age, body mass index, equivalent statin dose, length of treatment. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed significant differences in ΔHDL-C (univariate p=0.029; multivariate p=0.036) and %ΔHDL-C (univariate p=0.021; multivariate p=0.023) between patients with TT (-0.05 ± 0.13 g/l; -6.8% ± 20%; respectively) and CC+CT genotypes (0.004 ± 0.15 g/l; 4.1 ± 26%; respectively). Reduction of HDL-C in homozygous ABCB1:3435TT patients suggests this genotype could be associated with a reduction in the benefits of statin treatment.

Effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on women's lipid profile: a meta-analysis

This study evaluated the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile of women. A meta-analysis including 13 eligible randomized controlled trials was carried out. The literature was systematically searched for randomized controlled trials on the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the serum lipids of adult women. The main searched databases were PubMed, Cochrane Library, MedLine, Lilacs and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials were included if they met the following criteria: published from 1966 to 2005, the study population consisted of women only, had either a crossover or a parallel design and the amounts of soy protein and isoflavones consumed were provided. Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated for net changes in serum lipid concentrations using fixed-effects and random-effects models. Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed to explore the influence of covariates on net lipid change. Soy protein with isoflavones was associated with a significant decrease in total serum cholesterol (by 5.34mg/dL, or 2.4%, p=0.03). No significant associations were detected for low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triacylglycerols and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Amounts of soy protein greater than 40g decreased total cholesterol by 6.56mg/dL (95% CI: -12.35 to -0.39, p=0.04). Soy protein supplementation had small statistically significant effects on the total serum cholesterol of women, but they were clinically insignificant. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant effects on serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol or triglycerides.

Estrogen Receptor Genotypes, Menopausal Status, and the Effects of Tamoxifen on Lipid Levels: Revised and Updated Results

We previously reported that the ESR1 XbaI genotypes were associated with baseline and tamoxifen-induced serum lipid profiles. The analysis in that study was carried out by PCR followed by restriction-enzyme digestion. After reanalysis using more robust TaqMan assays, the findings related to ~10% of the genotypes for the ESR1 XbaI single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were revised. For the other genotypes (i.e., ESR1 PvuII, ESR2, and CYP2D6), the results were nearly identical to those in the previous study. Upon reanalysis, previously reported associations between the ESR1 Xba1 genotypes and baseline triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were no longer observed. Previously reported associations between the ESR1 XbaI genotypes and tamoxifen-induced changes in levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were also no longer observed. However, the following observations from the original report did not change: (i) the levels of circulating lipids are lower in women taking tamoxifen; (ii) there is an association between the ESR2-02 genotypes and changes in triglyceride levels; and (iii) neither ESR1 PvuII nor CYP2D6 is associated with any changes in serum lipid concentrations in patients receiving treatment with tamoxifen.

Changes in Serum Lipid Levels During Pregnancy in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

OBJECTIVEAlterations in maternal lipid metabolism could affect fetal programming and the susceptibility for atherosclerosis in the offspring; therefore, we studied differences in lipid profiles of pregnant women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 173 diabetic pregnancies were studied prior to conception (V0), at each trimester (V1–V3), and after delivery and were compared with 137 healthy women at V3.RESULTSDuring gestation, the increase in serum lipid concentrations was less pronounced in type 2 diabetic subjects. At V3, the lipid levels of type 1 diabetic women with normal glucose tolerance were similar but significantly higher then those of type 2 diabetic women. Elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol at V3 were significant predictors for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns.CONCLUSIONSOur data suggest smaller changes in serum lipid concentrations during pregnancy in type 2 diabetic mothers. Additionally, we found a positive association between maternal triglycerides and LGA infants independently of chronic glycemic control.

Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): two multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trials

To reduce lipid abnormalities and other side-effects associated with antiretroviral regimens containing lopinavir-ritonavir, patients might want to switch one or more components of their regimen. We compared substitution of raltegravir for lopinavir-ritonavir with continuation of lopinavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients with stable viral suppression on lopinavir-ritonavir-based combination therapy. The SWITCHMRK 1 and 2 studies were multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, phase 3, randomised controlled trials. HIV-infected patients aged 18 years or older were eligible if they had documented viral RNA (vRNA) concentration below the limit of assay quantification for at least 3 months while on a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen. 707 eligible patients were randomly allocated by interactive voice response system in a 1:1 ratio to switch from lopinavir-ritonavir to raltegravir (400 mg twice daily; n=353) or to remain on lopinavir-ritonavir (two 200 mg/50 mg tablets twice daily; n=354), while continuing background therapy consisting of at least two nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Primary endpoints were the mean percentage change in serum lipid concentrations from baseline to week 12; the proportion of patients with vRNA concentration less than 50 copies per mL at week 24 (with all treated patients who did not complete the study counted as failures) with a prespecified non-inferiority margin of -12% for each study; and the frequency of adverse events up to 24 weeks. Analyses were done according to protocol. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT00443703 and NCT00443729. 702 patients received at least one dose of study drug and were included in the efficacy and safety analyses for the combined trials (raltegravir, n=350; lopinavir-ritonavir, n=352). Percentage changes in lipid concentrations from baseline to week 12 were significantly greater (p<0.0001) in the raltegravir group than in the lopinavir-ritonavir group in each study, yielding combined results for total cholesterol -12.6%vs 1.0%, non-HDL cholesterol -15.0%vs 2.6%, and triglycerides -42.2%vs 6.2%. At week 24, 293 (84.4%, 95% CI 80.2-88.1) of 347 patients in the raltegravir group had vRNA concentration less than 50 copies per mL compared with 319 (90.6%, 87.1-93.5) of 352 patients in the lopinavir-ritonavir group (treatment difference -6.2%, -11.2 to -1.3). Clinical and laboratory adverse events occurred at similar frequencies in the treatment groups. There were no serious drug-related adverse events or deaths. The only drug-related clinical adverse event of moderate to severe intensity reported in 1% or more of either treatment group was diarrhoea, which occurred in ten patients in the lopinavir-ritonavir group (3%) and no patients in the raltegravir group. The studies were terminated at week 24 because of lower than expected virological efficacy in the raltegravir group compared with the lopinavir-ritonavir group. Although switching to raltegravir was associated with greater reductions in serum lipid concentrations than was continuation of lopinavir-ritonavir, efficacy results did not establish non-inferiority of raltegravir to lopinavir-ritonavir. Merck.

Glimepiride Versus Metformin as Monotherapy in Pediatric Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

To compare the efficacy and safety of glimepiride versus metformin in pediatric subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise alone or oral monotherapy. This 26-week, single-blind, active-controlled, multinational study randomized 285 subjects to receive glimepiride (1-8 mg once daily) or metformin (500-1000 mg twice daily) for 24 weeks. The primary end point was mean change in A1C from baseline to week 24. Safety was assessed by incidence of hypoglycemia and other adverse events. Significant reductions from baseline A1C were seen in both the glimepiride (-0.54%, P = 0.001) and metformin (-0.71%, P = 0.0002) groups. A total of 42.4% (56 of 132) and 48.1% (63 of 131) of subjects in the glimepiride and metformin groups, respectively, in the intent-to-treat population achieved A1C <7.0% at week 24. No significant differences were observed between groups in reductions in A1C and self-monitored blood glucose levels, changes in serum lipid concentrations, or hypoglycemia incidence. Significant differences were observed in mean changes from baseline in BMI between groups (0.26 kg/m(2) for glimepiride and -0.33 kg/m(2) for metformin; P = 0.003). The adjusted mean body weight increase was 1.97 kg for glimepiride and 0.55 kg for metformin (P = 0.005). A hypoglycemic episode with blood glucose <50 mg/dl (<2.8 mmol/l) was experienced by 4.9 and 4.2% of glimepiride- and metformin-treated subjects, respectively. A single severe hypoglycemic event occurred in each group. Glimepiride reduced A1C similarly to metformin with greater weight gain, and there was comparable safety over 24 weeks in the treatment of pediatric subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile

Convincing evidence shows that soy protein intake has beneficial effects on lipid changes, but it is unclear which components of soy protein are responsible. We conducted a meta-analysis to identify and quantify the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile. Twenty-three eligible randomized controlled trials published from 1995 to 2002 were identified from the PUBMED database (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated for net changes in serum lipid concentrations by using fixed-effect or random-effect models. Pre-specified subgroup analyses were performed to explore the influence of covariates on net lipid change. Soy protein with isoflavones intact was associated with significant decreases in serum total cholesterol (by 0.22 mmol/L, or 3.77%), LDL cholesterol (by 0.21 mmol/L, or 5.25%), and triacylglycerols (by 0.10 mmol/L, or 7.27%) and significant increases in serum HDL cholesterol (by 0.04 mmol/L, or 3.03%). The reductions in total and LDL cholesterol were larger in men than in women. Initial total cholesterol concentrations had a powerful effect on changes in total and HDL cholesterol, especially in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Studies with intakes >80 mg showed better effects on the lipid profile. The strongest lowering effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerol occurred within the short initial period of intervention, whereas improvements in HDL cholesterol were only observed in studies of >12 wk duration. Tablets containing extracted soy isoflavones did not have a significant effect on total cholesterol reduction. Soy protein containing isoflavones significantly reduced serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerol and significantly increased HDL cholesterol, but the changes were related to the level and duration of intake and the sex and initial serum lipid concentrations of the subjects.

Changes in serum lipid concentrations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus positive hepatitis responsive or non‐responsive to interferon therapy

Changes in serum lipid concentrations during the administration of interferon to patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have not been fully investigated. The present study was designed to compare changes in serum lipid concentrations before, during and after interferon therapy in responders and non-responders to treatment. In total, 101 patients with chronic HCV positive hepatitis were enrolled in this study. High dose interferon alpha was given on alternate days for 6 months. Six months after the end of treatment patients were assessed for the presence or absence of HCV RNA to determine the results of interferon treatment. The time courses of changes in serum lipid concentrations were measured in all patients. The total cholesterol level increased gradually during and after interferon therapy, and its pattern of change coincided with that of serum cholinesterase activity. Pretreatment serum cholesterol concentrations did not differ between responders and non-responders to interferon therapy. The serum triglyceride concentration, conversely, showed a sharp increase during interferon administration and returned to its basal level after the end of treatment. Responders to interferon therapy tended to have higher pretreatment triglyceride concentrations than did non-responders. We clarified that serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels showed different patterns of change during interferon therapy.

Influence of heat exposure on serum lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol in young male subjects.

The aims of the present study were to determine the effects of passive heat exposure on serum lipid concentrations in healthy young Japanese males and to analyze the relationship between subjects' physical characteristics and the extent of change in serum lipid concentrations. Thirteen subjects with mean ages of 22.6 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SE) years were each exposed to control temperature (Tc: 25.2 +/- 0.0 degrees C), moderate (Tm: 35.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C) and high temperature(Th: 39.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C), at a relative humidity of 60.3 +/- 1.2% for one hour. Each exposure was carried out on a different day in random sequence. Blood samples were collected just before, during and after the exposure, and serum lipid concentrations were analyzed. In the Tc condition, the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) did not change significantly. In the Tm condition, HDL-C increased significantly after the exposure and FFA increased during and after exposure. While in the Th condition, TC and TG decreased significantly during and after exposure, and LDL-C decreased during exposure. The correlation between changes in serum lipid concentrations and physical characteristics was analyzed if lipid concentrations changed significantly during or after exposure, but no significant correlation was found. The results indicate passive heat exposure has an effect on serum lipid concentrations which is independent of physical characteristics.

Effects of oleic-rich and omega-3-rich diets on serum lipid pattern and lipid oxidation in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients

Aims: To evaluate which dietary fat elicits the best response in terms of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and oxidative processes. Methods: After a 4-week run-in period, 14 mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects were fed two balanced diets for 6-week periods. During the first intervention period, patients received a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-enriched diet (olive oil diet). During the second period this diet was supplemented by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (n-3 diet). Results: After the olive oil diet, a significant decrease in total serum cholesterol (−8.54%, P<0.01), and in apolipoprotein B (Apo B) (−10.0%, P<0.01) was observed. With the addition of n-3 fatty acids no further significant changes in serum lipid concentrations were found. However, the n-3 diet was followed by an increase in lipoperoxides in isolated native low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (67.23%, P<0.01).Conclusions: A beneficial effect on the serum lipid pattern was observed with the olive oil-enriched diet. The lack of further beneficial modifications on blood lipids and lipoproteins and the increase in the oxidative susceptibility of LDL observed after the addition of n-3 PUFA to the olive oil diet does not favor the use of this diet in hypercholesterolemic patients if it is not associated with a high intake of antioxidants.

The Lescol(R) Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the long-term effects of fluvastatin after successful transcatheter therapy in patients with coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) inhibit atherosclerosis and reduce both morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. No randomised prospective study, however, has investigated the long-term effect of statins on clinical outcomes in patients who have undergone first successful transcatheter therapy. METHODS: The Lescol((R)) Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS) is a double-blind randomized trial designed to compare the effect of fluvastatin (Lescol) with that of placebo on the time which patients with serum cholesterol >/= 3.5 mmol/l and < 7.0 mmol/l (135-270 mg/dl) remain free of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after successful first transcatheter therapy (TCT). Patients, aged 18-80 years inclusive, will be randomized in a 1 : 1 ratio to receive fluvastatin, 40 mg, or placebo, twice daily for three to five years. The primary endpoint is the survival time during which patients remain MACE free after first TCT. Secondary endpoints are the incidence of MACE, noncardiac death, hospitalization for other atherosclerotic diseases, changes in serum lipid concentrations and anginal status. SUMMARY: LIPS is unique because it is the first study that will investigate whether MACE can be prevented or reduced by fluvastatin in patients who have undergone successful first transcatheter therapy for coronary heart disease.