Regime Change Research Articles

Arctic freshwater anomaly transiting to the North Atlantic delayed within a buffer zone

AbstractA two-decade-long accumulation of freshwater in the Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre has recently started to be released. Here we use satellite observations and model simulations to show that changes in wind regimes and sea ice declines are causing freshwater to accumulate close to the export gateways to the North Atlantic. This emerging buffer zone plays an important role in modulating the propagation of freshwater into the subpolar North Atlantic.

The Approach of Finland and Sweden to the Soviet and Nazi Occupations of the Baltic States in 1940–1944.

The rapid change in the status of the Baltic States at the beginning of the 1940s, led to erratic and mixed reactions of the outside world, while the struggle of dependent nations for their statehood established a certain place for the Baltic States in the international community. The study analyses the attitude of two Nordic countries – Sweden and Finland – to the three countries that lost their independence during the period of the first two occupations in 1940–1944. So far, historians have not analysed this topic. Looking back on this relatively recent period of history, which was particularly difficult for the Baltic States, and at the position of the Nordic countries would allow to better assess cooperation opportunities of the countries of the Baltic Sea region arising in the twenty-first century and determine the importance of the Baltic States in cross-border relations in the Baltic Sea region. The aim of the study is to analyse in detail the official position of Finland and Sweden, and the attitudes of their peoples towards the Baltic States during the period of the first two occupations. The key focus of the study is analysis of the problem of recognition of the Soviet occupation and the annexation of the Baltic States by the Nordic countries. An important part of the analysis involves the study of the correspondence of Lithuanian diplomats working in the Nordic countries: this would allow a better understanding of public sentiment in Finland and Sweden regarding the two occupational regimes in the Baltic countries. The first part of the article deals with the official approach of the Finnish and Swedish governments towards Soviet occupation and annexation of the Baltic States. The analysis of the sources, political reasoning, historiography of Lithuania and foreign countries, and the press of the Nordic countries reveals that Sweden recognised the incorporation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia into the Soviet Union de facto by signing several agreements with Moscow. Meanwhile, Finland, due to unfavourable relations with the Soviet Union, was reluctant to give an assessment of the changed status quo of the Baltic States. The Finnish government maintained a policy of tacit non-recognition of the annexation of the Baltic States. The second part of the study explores the approach of the Nordic countries towards the Nazi occupation of the Baltic States. Finland and Sweden treated the Nazi actions in the east of the Baltic Sea region as a result of the unpredictable progress of WWII. A certain interest in the problems of the occupied Baltic States on the part of Swedish and Finnish society is revealed by publications in the Nordic press. They question the fate of the three Baltic States in a fragmented manner. The last part of the study examines the approach of the Nordic countries towards the three occupied Baltic States on the basis of correspondence of Lithuanian diplomats residing in the Nordic countries. After the Soviet occupation these Lithuanian diplomats stayed in the Nordic countries and assessed public opinions prevailing in Sweden and Finland towards the occupation. The study reveals that in Sweden, in June 1940, the actions of the Soviet Union in Lithuania, unlike those in Latvia and Estonia, were not treated as occupational. The fellow feelings expressed by representatives of the Swedish government to the Baltic States were personal in nature and did not affect the official position of Sweden. Between 1941 and 1944, Finnish society was also friendly to the three Baltic States. This was expressed in negative statements against the occupation of the Baltic States carried out by the Soviet Union. The Finnish and Swedish press paid only fragmentary attention to the issue of enforcement and change of occupational regimes in the east of the Baltic Sea region.

From Silent to Authoritarian Revolution: Modi, Hindu Rashtra and the Paradox of Indian Democracy

India is currently undergoing an authoritarian revolution. During the 10 years of Narendra Modi’s rule, liberal aspects of India’s democracy were attacked by malpractices and the institutionalization of illiberal laws under his government. Additionally, the freedom of the media has been seriously damaged by the arrests of journalists who have criticized Modi’s government, which was, in particular, enabled by the amendment of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) in 2019. The nation-wide anti-Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) was crushed by the sudden declaration of the All-India Lockdown under the guise of an anti-COVID-19 measure, which I have termed the practice of “Disaster Authoritarianism”. After the crackdown on the anti-CAA movement, its participants were arrested under the provisions of a renewed UAPA. These are representative examples of Modi’s authoritarian revolution. Before this authoritarian revolution, India had been a democratic country for 70 years, a rarity among the countries of the so-called Global South. Why and how is this authoritarian revolution happening? Indian democracy underwent democratization that empowered the lower sections of society in the 1990s in what has been called the “Silent Revolution”. I hypothesize that this “Silent Revolution” invited Modi’s Authoritarian Revolution, which would constitute the paradox of Indian democracy. In this article, I seek to analyze the political process that led to the current Authoritarian Revolution and how it could occur without formal regime change.

Jurassic magmatism in the Garzón region of the Colombian Andes: insights from whole-rock geochemistry and zircon isotope analysis of granites and subvolcanic rocks

ABSTRACT New whole-rock geochemical and zircon U – Pb dating and Lu – Hf isotope data are presented for the Garzón granites and related subvolcanic rocks, which formed during widespread Jurassic arc magmatism in the Colombian Andes. This magmatism resulted from the subduction of a proto-Pacific plate under the NW South American margin. Our data indicate that the granitic and related rocks of the Algeciras, Altamira, and Sombrerillo Plutonic Massifs in the Garzón region have crystallization ages ranging from 179 to 169 Ma. These rocks are characterized as high-K alkali-calcic or calc-alkaline, magnesian, with 0.66 ≤ Fe# ≤ 0.94, and metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, with 0.67 ≤ ASI ≤ 1.01, exhibiting geochemical signatures. The trace element patterns normalized to MORB reveal pronounced negative anomalies for Nb, P, and Ti, alongside positive anomalies for Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba. The REE patterns display strong LREE fractionation over HREEs, with moderate to absent negative Eu anomalies in mafic to intermediate rocks (0.5 ≤ Eu/Eu* ≤ 1.0) and greater significance in felsic rocks (Eu/Eu* up to 0.6). Most granitic rocks display negative εHf(t)-in-zircon values (−7.7 to −1.2), indicating substantial contributions from ancient continental crust. In contrast, the subvolcanic rocks have a mix of positive and negative εHf(t) values (from −7.9 to + 11.5), reflecting significant input from both juvenile mantle and ancient crustal sources (221 Ma ≤ TDM ≤1516 Ma). After 167 Ma, the magmatic activity diminished and ceased in the Garzón region, while it continued to the west in the Central Cordillera until ca. 129–110 Ma, with a gradual increase in contributions from the mantle, as indicated by systematic zircon Hf isotopes, arguably due to changes in the subduction regimes.

Multilevel Regime Decoupling: The Territorial Dimension of Autocratization and Contemporary Regime Change

Regimes do not change consistently across territorial levels. There has been progress in understanding national democratic erosions and subnational regimes, but barring a few exceptions, these research strands have not engaged in a thorough dialogue. To bridge this gap, I contend that when democracy advances in one territorial level, but erodes in another, we observe multilevel regime decoupling (MRD). Using global data from the Varieties of Democracy project, I examine the 1990–2022 period, showing that the proportion of decoupled cases increased from 20% in the 1990s, to 43% in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Preliminary regression analyses and a descriptive exploration of Italy, South Africa, India, and the United States indicate the non-deterministic influence of structural factors and the potentially pivotal role of courts in facilitating decoupled change. Considering these findings, renewed data collection efforts and an actor-centred approach are needed to strengthen our understanding of the varieties of (de)coupled regime change that have become common over the last decade. Given that regimes across territorial levels increasingly move in separate directions, future assessments of autocratization and democratic change need to embed territorial considerations in their analysis to remain informative about citizens’ real-world experiences on the ground.

Using Paleoecological Methods to Study Long-Term Disturbance Patterns in High-Elevation Whitebark Pine Ecosystems

Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine) is a keystone species, providing food and habitat to wildlife, in high-elevation ecological communities. In recent years, this important species has been negatively impacted by changes in fire regimes, increased Dendroctonus ponderosae (mountain pine beetle) outbreaks associated with human landscape and climate modification, and the continued impact of the non-native Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust). This research investigates changes in fire occurrence, the establishment of Pinus albicaulis, and fuel availability at a high-elevation site in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Idaho, USA. Charcoal and pollen analyses were used to reconstruct fire and vegetation patterns for Phyllis Lake, Idaho, USA, over the past ~8200 cal y BP. We found that significant fire episodes occurred when the pollen accumulation rates (PARs) indicated more arboreal fuel availability, and we identified that Pinus albicaulis became well established at the site ~7200 cal y BP. The high-elevation nature of Phyllis Lake (2800 m) makes this record unique, as there are not many paleorecords at this high elevation from the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Additional high-elevation sites in Pinus albicaulis habitats will provide critical insight into the long-term dynamics of this threatened species.

RUSSIA’S EMBRACE OF ATTRITIONAL WARFARE: "WINNING BY NOT LOSING"

Abstract: This paper argues that once President Putin was no longer able to achieve his initial objectives of regime change in Kyiv in 2022 by using blitzkrieg operations, Russia’s grand strategy underwent a reassessment towards narrower strategic objectives. This paper will provide an account of the changing nature of Russia’s strategic aims and goals, as well as exploring the ‘Russian’ way of warfare. The shift in war aims is evident in the partial mobilisation of fresh troops, the annexation of Ukrainian territory and waging of a war of attrition. Russia has increased its military budget, the manufacturing of weaponry, as well as the import of military technology from Iran and North Korea. However, NATO allies, including Romania, have provided military aid to Kyiv to continue fighting. Taking all these factors into account, this paper argues this conflict has become a ‘long war’ of attrition.

Simulation method for the operation of magnetic flowmeters

The issues of testing magnetic flowmeters for liquid metal and studies of their metrological characteristics are considered. The existing liquid metal pouring flowmeters are unsuitable for experimental studies of error components, therefore it is necessary to use simulation methods to simulate the operation of magnetic flowmeters. The tests require the liquid metal plants or methods that allow you to examine flowmeters without plants that can reproduce the flow rate in various operating modes. By analogy with the simulation method of water flowmeters research, a simulation method for modeling the operation of magnetic flow meters for liquid metals has been developed. The proposed method estimates the error of magnetic flowmeters in operation mode. The components of the measurement error of flowmeters caused by a violation of the geometry of the primary converter (the size and location of the electrodes, the design of the inductor coils), a change in the hydrodynamic regime, and the temperature dependence of the shunting effect of the pipeline wall are considered. A representation is obtained for the signal of the primary converter in the form of an integral over the inner surface of the pipe from the product of the radial component of the magnetic field and the surface weight function. The expression found can be interpreted as a magnetic flux through an induction coil located on the inner surface of the channel, the turns of which are drawn along the level lines of the surface weight function. This expression can be interpreted as a magnetic flux through an induction coil located on the inner surface of the channel, the coils of which are placed along the lines of the level of the surface weight function. If such a coil is inserted in the flowmeter channel, the time-integrated voltage induced in the coil will be proportional to the voltage generated between the electrodes of the flowmeter. Since the surface weight function depends on the geometry of the channel, the kinematic structure of the flow, the ratio of wall and liquid conductivities, therefore, the metrological characteristics of the flowmeter can be studied by the simulation method when each of the above factors changes individually or together. To do this, it is enough to make an induction coil taking into account the surface weight function that reflects any of the factors under study or their combination. Simulation methods for studying the dependences of magnetic flowmeter signals on the velocity distribution in the channel and the shunting effect of the pipeline wall are considered.

Toponymic renaming as a reflection of social cohesion and social justice in the City of Tshwane

ABSTRACT Recently, the concept of social cohesion has been increasingly used in the South African government and policy circles when discussing the challenges of social cohesion in a society deeply divided by race, class, and nationality. Related to this concept is the practice of naming and renaming places, precisely after regime change. Also known as a toponymic purge, new rulers change exisiting names to gian political legitimacy for their political values and to reflect the new socio-political order, rendering place names of the previous regime obsolete in the process. As a result, this paper analyses toponymic renaming as a reflection of social cohesion in the street renaming process of the City of Tshwane, South Africa. The paper uses a qualitative research approach and a case study design. A sample of 14 participants were puposively selected and data were technically analysed. The findings of the study revealed that the street renaming process accomodated Black people who had previously been marginalized. Therefore, Coloureds and Black participants believed that social cohesion and social justice had been accomplished through the process of renaming the streets. White participants, on the other hand, held a different perspective that the process did not contribute to social cohesion.

Mechanical properties of (Ni, Fe)Cr2O4 polycrystal spinels studied by molecular dynamics simulations.

The elastic moduli and mechanical properties at the onset of crack in nanocrystalline and nanoporous (Ni, Fe)Cr2O4 compounds with a spinel structure are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The polycrystalline structures generated contain nanograins from 2.5 to 30nm in diameter. These structures are representative of the internal corrosion layer in nickel-based alloys. These simulations enabled us to establish the evolution of elastic moduli as a function of the composition, porosity, and grain size of the polycrystals. From this evolution, the initial database for the elastic properties of corrosion layers based on von Bertalanffy growth functions was determined. The onset of crack in polycrystals is also investigated via uniaxial tensile and shear deformation. Under shear deformation, flow stress as a function of grain size follows normal and inverse Hall-Petch regimes. The regime change occurs for grain sizes around 10nm. For grain sizes under this threshold, shear banding involving collective translation and rotation of nanograins dominates the plastic deformation. For grain sizes greater than 10nm, phase transition inside grains from a spinel to a post-spinel-like structure is observed as well. In that case, phase transition dominates the plastic deformation. Under uniaxial tensile deformation, intergranular decohesion occurs. The general law as a function of grain size for toughness, which is the material's capacity to absorb elastic and plastic energy prior to failure, is also established.

Constraints on the continental weathering intensity through the Permian using lithium isotopes of well-preserved brachiopod shells

Lithium isotopic compositions (δ7Li) in marine carbonates provide a powerful means to track continental weathering intensity through geological history and promote our understanding of how and why Earth remained habitable. However, δ7Li values in ancient carbonates can be affected by factors such as primary carbonate mineralogy (e.g., aragonite, high-Mg calcite, low-Mg calcite) and post-depositional diagenesis, which may alter their primary signals. Modern articulate brachiopod shells have shown a constant δ7Li offset compared to contemporary seawater, suggesting that fossil brachiopod shells could serve as robust archives for this geochemical proxy due to their diagenetically resistant low-Mg calcite composition. Despite this potential, few studies have explored this topic. In this study, we analyze and compare the geochemical compositions of fossil brachiopod shells and their enclosing carbonate rocks from Permian strata in South China to investigate whether brachiopod shells can reliably preserve the δ7Li values of ancient seawater and, if they do, to obtain new constraints on changes in the continental weathering regimes through the Permian. We used several diagenetic screening methods, including scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy, and elemental concentrations to detect potential diagenetic alteration. Our results indicate that 32 out of 49 shells preserve primary δ7Li values. Notably, we observed that δ7Li offsets between brachiopod shells and their enclosing carbonate rocks vary across the studied sections, likely due to diagenetic alteration of the bulk carbonates. Using the δ7Li values from well-preserved brachiopod shells, we reconstructed δ7Li variations of Permian seawater. We identified three distinct intervals: (1) extremely low δ7Lisw values (as low as 6.7 ± 2.9‰, n = 12, 1sd) during the Asselian and Sakmarian stages, (2) high δ7Lisw values (32.6 ± 4.5‰, n = 3, 1sd) similar to modern seawater during the Kungurian stage, and (3) relatively low δ7Lisw values (13.6 ± 3.9‰, n = 14, 1sd) from the Capitanian to the Changhsingian stages. These significant changes in δ7Li values of Permian seawater indicate dramatic changes in continental weathering regimes during the Permian, possibly linked to major climate changes, such as the termination of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age and warming associated with the emplacement of the large igneous provinces.

The politicization of education policies: The case of Ghana’s Free Senior High School Policy

While many scholars recognize and criticize the politicization of education policies, scholarly attention to the strategies politicians utilize to politicize educational policy discourses remains limited. Focusing on the officials of Ghana’s two major political parties, the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and the National Democratic Congress (NDC), as policy actors, this paper investigates how officials of these two parties operationalized discussions regarding Ghana’s Free Senior High School Policy (FSHSP) to garner support for their parties while stoking resentment for their political opponents. The study employs a critical discourse analysis (CDA) framework and a dataset of 175 documents, including news stories, press releases, party manifestos, and government publications. The analysis reveals that both parties resorted to strategies of positive self-presentation and negative other presentation. The NPP contrasted its regime with the NDC’s tenure and framed the NDC as a threat to FSHSP and the education of the poor and vulnerable. The NDC problematized and highlighted implementation bottlenecks while framing the NPP and FSHSP as threats to quality education. I argue that through these strategies, NPP officials aimed to maintain incumbency while NDC officials advocated a regime change. The paper concludes by emphasizing the potential risks associated with politicizing education policies.

Altered energy dynamics of soil nematode food web modify multifunctionality under precipitation regime change in a temperate grassland

Altered energy dynamics of soil nematode food web modify multifunctionality under precipitation regime change in a temperate grassland

Changes in water regime in the high-mountain region of the Terek River (North Caucasus) in connection with climate change and degradation of glaciation

In this study, we adapted the ECOMAG model of the runoff formation for analysis of the Terek River basin using comprehensive hydrometeorological information as well as data on soils, landscape, and glaciation. To take account of regional characteristics of the glaciation, the additional ice module was used with the model. This improvement has resulted in a satisfactory agreement between the modeled runoff hydrographs and the observed ones. In our simulations we used the updated glacier cover predictions from the- global glaciological model GloGEMflowdebris together with regional climate projections from the CORDEX experiment to determine possible future changes in the Terek River flow in the 21st century. The results show that the runoff will change between −2% and +5% according to the RCP2.6 scenario, and from −8% to +14% in the RCP8.5 scenario. The directedness of the runoff changes in particular subbasins of the River will essentially depend on the altitude position of the snow and glacier feeding zones, that is responsible for the intensity of their degradation. Thus, in the RCP8.5 scenario, the flow of the Chegem River will begin to decrease significantly in the second half of the 21st century. In contrast, the predicted increasing of the runoff in Malka and Baksan rivers, which are primarily fed by meltwater from glaciers and snow on Elbrus and other high-mountain zones, is expected to be continued until the end of the century. But this increase may be caused only by a growth of a part of the snowmelt feeding due to greater winter precipitation. The model estimates confirm the present-day observed trends within the intra-annual runoff distribution, demonstrating the earlier start of the spring flood, a decrease in summer runoff volumes and then its increase in the autumn months. The results of the research may be used for more efficient management of water resources in the North Caucasus in the future, including electricity generation and water supply.

Neurosurgery in Pakistan: Past, Present, and Future.

Since its independence from India in 1947, Pakistan has struggled with economic crises such as global debt, corruption, constant regime change, and a decades-long war against terrorism. The resulting socioeconomic barriers have stymied efforts to develop a comprehensive and equitably accessible healthcare system, especially regarding safe, timely, and affordable surgical care. This article evaluates neurosurgery's development, current state, and prospects in Pakistan, a lower-middle-income country. We performed a literature search using PubMed and analyzed relevant articles to better understand the state and landscape of neurosurgery in Pakistan. Moreover, we conducted ecological research by querying the databases of the World Bank and the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation to evaluate the neurological and neurosurgical disease burden in the Pakistani population. The neurosurgical workforce in Pakistan has demonstrated rapid growth over the past two decades, with approximately 450 neurosurgeons and a neurosurgeon-per-100 000 population density of 0.114. Nonetheless, access to essential neurosurgical procedures for the treatment of diseases such as stroke has been difficult to ensure, which likely contributes to Pakistan's stroke burden, ie, stroke was still the third most common cause of death in 2019, causing 21.7% of all deaths. While Pakistan's political and economic instability has adversely affected the development of neurosurgery, the field has still made great strides and demonstrates a promising future in providing equitable neurosurgical care to all Pakistan's people.

A magyarországi kisüzemi sörgyártás és -fogyasztás területi vizsgálata = Spatial Analysis of Small-scale Beer Production and Consumption in Hungary

The Hungarian beer production transformed significantly after the change of regime. According to the international trends, production has changed and new types of beer have emerged, which have influenced the attitudes of Hungarian consumers towards beer. However, the number of geographic studies on beer production and consumption in Hungary is not sufficient to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon, so the aim of our study is to describe the sector through the operations of six selected small-scale breweries and large-scale breweries, comparing the two types of production. An important element is to explore the difficulties caused by the Covid-19 epidemic, its impact on the beer industry and the consumption habits of consumers.

Experimental study of convective heat transfer with a multi-scale roughness

The heat transfer in a turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection with a multi-scale roughness at the bottom is studied experimentally. Two different regimes for the heat transfer are found. The first regime has scaling exponent γI=0.4 and corresponds to the reduced values of the Nusselt number. The second regime with enhanced values of the Nusselt number has a scaling exponent γII=0.32, which is noticeably larger than in the case of smooth boundaries. Significant variation in the Prandtl number (from 6.4 to 62) does not change the scaling exponent value of the second regime but increases the values of Nusselt number. The scaling exponent for the relation Re∼Raα is insensitive to the change of the heat transfer regime and is close to 1/2 for all values of Ra. The characteristic ratio of the velocity pulsations to the mean velocity does not depend on the Rayleigh number and is characterized by close values (about 0.8). The local temperature measurements support the mechanism of the transition from the reduced Nusselt number regime to the enhanced one, which is based on the formation of flows between obstacles.

Global Ionospheric Response During Extreme Geomagnetic Storm in May 2024

The main idea of the present study is to investigate in detail the time evolution of the spatial inhomogeneities connected with the ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm registered in the period of 10–11 May 2024. The obtained ionospheric anomalies represented by the relative deviations of the global Total Electron Content (TEC) data have been utilized in the analysis. The used global TEC data have been converted to a coordinate system with a modip latitude and geographical longitude. In addition to the maps illustrating the global spatial distribution of the geomagnetically forced ionospheric anomalies, a presentation of the observed longitudinal structures by sinusoidal approximation has also been used. The resulting positive and negative responses have been studied depending on the magnetic latitude, local times and the behavior of the geomagnetic activity parameters during the considered event. The interpretation takes into account the known mechanisms for the effect of the geomagnetic storm on the electron density. A special attention is focused on the differences in the two hemispheres at high and mid latitudes, where a simultaneous direct impact of the particle precipitation and the change in the temperature regime of the neutral atmosphere has been assumed. The low-latitude response as a result of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) associated with Disturbed Dynamo Electric Fields (DDEFs) and its relationship with local time has also been considered.

Behavioural thermoregulation prevents thermal stress in lizard sperm fertility

Global warming is threatening ectotherms, with strong repercussions on their population dynamics. Body temperature in ectotherm reptiles is crucial to perform all their biological functions, which are maximized within a narrow interval. When faced with new or adverse thermal conditions, reptiles will respond with distributional changes, behavioural adjustments to maintain their internal temperature, or by adapting to the new environment, otherwise, extinctions will occur. Higher temperatures may have negative repercussions, for example, shortening periods of activity, affecting embryo development during gestation or decreasing viability of sperm cells in males. Through behavioural thermoregulation, reptiles can compensate for environmental variations (Bogert effect). Furthermore, according to Janzen’s hypothesis, the physiological cost of responding to adverse thermal conditions will be low in species exposed to higher thermal overlap. Here, we analysed the effect of a change in the thermal regime on sperm cell viability in Sceloporus megalepidurus, a small viviparous lizard from central Mexico. We hypothesized that an active thermoregulator inhabiting temperate mountains is able to prevent the effects of thermal change on sperm cell viability. We found that the change in thermal regime did not modify sperm cell viability, nor does it affect the maturation of sperm cells in the epididymis. Our results support the Bogert effect and suggest that, despite the high temperatures and low thermal quality, S. megalepidurus can maintain its body temperature within an optimal range for sperm cell viability.

Globalisation and the Size of the Public Sector in the Context of the Regime Change Approach: The Case of Türkiye

The size of the public sector in the economy is closely related to globalization. It aims to maximize welfare. There are two main hypotheses (efficiency and compensation) discussed in the literature on this relationship. Both hypotheses discuss the relationship between globalization and government size in terms of (i) the impact of globalization on public employment, (ii) the impact of globalization on public revenues, and (iii) the impact of globalization on public expenditure. Global and national economies are not static and periodically expand or contract. The main hypothesis of this study is that the validity of the efficiency and compensation hypothesis in economies varies according to expansion and contraction periods. In terms of financial and commercial globalization, this change is also differentiated. The results of this study, which is specific to Turkey, show that trade globalization has a positive effect on public employment and public expenditures within the scope of the compensation hypothesis, while the efficiency hypothesis is confirmed in the relationship between tax revenues and financial globalization. These results are exemplary for transition and developing countries in particular.