Changes In Marriage Patterns Research Articles

The Dynamics of Islamic Family Law in the Face of Technological Advancements and Social Changes in the Era of Society 5.0

In the era of Society 5.0, Islamic family law faces contemporary issues influenced by technological advancements and digital transformations. This research aims to analyze these issues and their impact on Islamic family law, focusing on changes in marriage patterns, divorce, gender roles, and individual rights. The research combines the concept of Society 5.0 with the unique aspects of Islamic family law, providing a deeper understanding of its adaptation to the challenges of the digital age. Through a literature review methodology, relevant sources such as textbooks, journals, and internet resources are analyzed to explore contemporary issues. The results highlight pressing matters such as polygamy, women’s rights in divorce, and inheritance rights. The influence of technological development and digital transformation on Islamic family law is examined, addressing the opportunities and challenges brought by digital communication tools and online platforms. The research contributes to formulating legal policies and strategies to address these issues, ensuring their alignment with religious principles and the needs of the Muslim community. By understanding the complexities and evolving nature of Islamic family law in Society 5.0, this research paves the way for the development of adaptive laws in accordance with changing times.
 Keywords: contemporary issues, gender roles, Islamic family law, marriage patterns, society 5.0, technological advancements

Beyond later and less marriage in Asia: reflections on Gavin W. Jones’ contributions to the scholarship on marriage

ABSTRACT In this paper, we pay tribute to the late Emeritus Professor Gavin W. Jones and his outstanding contributions to the scholarship on marriage. Following a chronological assessment of his large body of work on marriage, we reflect on Gavin’s general approach to research changing marriage patterns within and across diverse regions of Asia. His approach to studying marriage went beyond the conventional demographic focus on examining shifts in age at first marriage. He showed how examining shifting patterns across different, yet interrelated aspects of marriage offered an important window to understand the broader complexities of economic and socio-political change in the region; showing why there is much more to demography beyond counting births, deaths, and migration. As two generations of demographers, we reflected how his work and approach to research continue to influence our research and engagement with the region. Gavin’s legacy extends beyond demography and Indonesian/Malay studies.

Demographic behaviour and earnings inequality across OECD countries

Many studies have focused on how demographic dynamics, such as changes in marriage patterns and the increasing share of households headed by a single adult, may contribute to rising earnings inequality. Here we instead ask how demographic differences between countries may underpin differences in household earnings inequality between them, concentrating on economic homogamy and the proportion of households headed by a single woman and by a single man. We use data on 28 OECD countries from the 2016 wave of the Luxembourg Income Study, and develop a new inequality decomposition approach based on half the squared coefficient of variation (HSCV). We find that variation between countries in the specified demographic factors can account for just over 40% of the variation between countries in inequality in household labour earnings, with the proportion of households headed by a single woman playing the largest role. The associations between labour earnings inequality and these demographic components are consistent across countries, with little variation in how each is related to overall inequality. Although by far the largest driver of cross-national inequality relates to the earnings of partnered men, counterfactual analysis suggests that relatively small changes in these demographic variables can indeed affect inequality.

Romantic Partnerships and Criminal Offending: Examining the Roles of Premarital Cohabitation, Serial Cohabitation, and Gender

In the face of growing diversity in marital and cohabiting relationships, the impact of romantic partnerships on criminal desistance may likewise have grown complex. This study investigates how premarital cohabitation and serial cohabitation might influence criminal behavior. We also examine the role of gender in the desistance process. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we find that married men who cohabited with the spouse before marriage tended to commit more crimes than those who did not, whereas among married women premarital cohabitation was not associated with an increase in crime. In contrast, serial cohabitation’s effect did not vary by gender—male and female serial cohabitors both committed more crimes than one-time cohabitors. We conduct analyses to address selection and the findings are robust. Our work suggests that exploring heterogeneity within changing patterns of marriage and cohabitation is critical to understanding desistance from crime.

Some Observations on the Demographic Variables of Marriage System in Greek Thrace: Evidence from Several Anthropological Populations

The examination of demographic patterns and their variables is essential for our understanding of the anthropological and cultural processes that shape modern societies. Greek Thrace plays an important role in such analyses due to the cultural and socioeconomic variability it presents. This study is based on vital registration data of the 20th century, derived by various populations that inhabit the Department of Rhodopi, which are defined by discrete socio-economic, cultural, and historic backgrounds. We analyze and present various aspects of the social lives observed in these populations: marriage patterns, mean age at marriage of the spouses, mean age of mothers at first and last child, reproductive span, the children ever born, as well as other parameters related to reproduction. Our analyses show that several changes in marriage patterns have been undertaken throughout time, indicating an ongoing fertility transition. In that way, this study contributes to our knowledge on the anthropological populations from this part of Greece in relation to their socio-economic environment and it proposes possible analogies and differences that affected the evolution of the embedded populations.

More choice for men? Marriage patterns after World War II in Italy

AbstractWe investigate how changes in the sex ratio induced by World War II affected the bargaining patterns of Italian men in the marriage market. Marriage data from the first wave of the Italian Household Longitudinal Survey (1997) are matched with newly digitized information on war casualties coming from the Italian National Bureau of Statistics. We find that men in post-war marriages were better off in terms of their spouse's education, this gain amounting to about half a year of schooling. By considering heterogeneity across provinces, we find that the effects were more pronounced in rural provinces, mountainous provinces, and provinces with a higher share of population employed in agriculture. This result suggests that in these provinces the war caused a more fundamental change in marriage patterns compared to urban, lower-lying, and less agricultural provinces where marriage markets might have been more flexible to begin with.

Missing marriage: changing marriage patterns amid social transition in Myanmar

ABSTRACT Across Asia, men and women increasingly delay or abstain from marriage, a change often linked to improvements in female educational attainment and labour force participation. In Myanmar, less than 90 per cent of women aged 45–49 years during the 2014 census had ever married, compared to nearly all men of a similar age. This paper investigates the difference in marriage patterns between males and females in Myanmar. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, we analyse the associations between entry into marriage across age cohorts, and male and female educational attainment and workforce participation. We find that having a high level of education and currently working negatively affect women's chances of marrying across all ages. While higher education similarly affects younger men, we find that higher socioeconomic status substantially improves a man's likelihood of marriage in later life, suggesting lingering gender stereotypes influencing women to remain single in the country.

Pemuda, Perkawinan, dan Perubahan Sosial di Indonesia

An examination into the changing patterns, meaning, norms, and discourses around marriage - in the context of transition to adulthood - offers a unique window to disentangle the complex processes of social change in post -Reformasi Indonesia. Among the many dimensions of social change affecting changing patterns of marriage and transition to adulthood include: globalization; demographic transition; trends in population mobility concerning migration and urbanization; economic uncertainties and inequality; and a series of contestation on norms around marriage and the family which has shadowed the political landscape post-Reformasi. How does such a complex process of social change shape the changing patterns and narratives on marriage? In particular, how do young people navigate the changing marriage patterns in the context of such complex, rapid, and massive social change? These two questions are pivotal to the current special issue in Jurnal Studi Pemuda. To provide context and highlights the contributions of the papers in this issue, this article reviews several dimensions and indicators of marriage and family change in Indonesia, and outlines their relation to the broader contexts of transition to adulthood and social change in the last two decades following Reformasi.

More Choice for Men? Marriage Patterns after World War Ii in Italy

We investigate how changes in the sex ratio induced by World War II affected the bargaining patterns of Italian men in the marriage market after the war. Marriage data from the first wave of the Italian Household Longitudinal Survey (1997) are matched with newly digitized information on war casualties coming from Italian National Bureau of Statistics. We find that men in post-war marriages were better off in terms of their spouse's education, this gain amounting to about half a year of education. By considering heterogeneity across provinces, we find that the effects were more pronounced in more rural provinces, mountainous provinces, and those with a higher share of population employed in agriculture. This suggests that here, the shock provided for a more fundamental change in marriage patterns compared to urban, lower-lying, and less agricultural provinces where marriage markets might have been more flexible to begin with.

More Choice for Men? Marriage Patterns after World War Ii in Italy

We investigate how changes in the sex ratio induced by World War II affected the bargaining patterns of Italian men in the marriage market after the war. Marriage data from the first wave of the Italian Household Longitudinal Survey (1997) are matched with newly digitized information on war casualties coming from Italian National Bureau of Statistics. We find that men in post-war marriages were better off in terms of their spouse’s education, this gain amounting to about half a year of education. By considering heterogeneity across provinces, we find that the effects were more pronounced in more rural provinces, mountainous provinces, and those with a higher share of population employed in agriculture. This suggests that here, the shock provided for a more fundamental change in marriage patterns compared to urban, lower-lying, and less agricultural provinces where marriage markets might have been more flexible to begin with.

Occupational Mobility and Change in Marriage Patterns among Dhobis of Upper Assam

The Dhobis in Assam is passing through gradual institutional change specially marriage patterns due to occupational mobility for last two decades. Therefore, this paper reviews the changes with occupational mobility that has taken place in the marriage patterns among Dhobis of upper Assam. The data were collected on 25th Oct to 3rd Dec 2015 by administering structured interview schedule to a random sample of Dhobi respondents of both Hindi speaking and Bengali Dhobis of Dibrugarh district of upper Assam.

The relationship between marital status and employment in South Africa

Orientation: Marriage formalises gender roles in society and as such has a significant impact on the labour force. The institution does, however, change over time, which makes it important to continually assess the impact that it has.Research purpose: In this article, the impact of marital status on employment is gauged.Motivation for the study: Marriage is arguably one of the most engrained institutions in modern society. Understanding the link between the marriage institution and employment could be essential in understanding the social and economic externalities that policy could have.Research design, approach and method: Logistic regressions are used to analyse what the relationship between different marital statuses and employment is.Main findings: The findings show that women are least likely to be employed when they are married, whereas men are most likely to be employed when they are married.Practical/managerial implications: Marriage clearly influences the labour market outcomes of women differently than those of men. This is an important certitude, especially for policy-makers who have to consider how their policies will differently affect men and women, and thereby how those policies will either work against or for gender equality.Contribution/value-add: This article attempts to uncover the link between marital status and employment in South Africa and thereby realise the potential implications of changes in marriage patterns on employment patterns.

Особенности сюжетологии в синьцзян-ойратской эпической традиции

Studies of epic plots constitute an urgent issue of present-day folklore poetics. The paper considers plots of the Jangar epic as living narratives in all their structural complexity, relevance of motifs, and eventfulness on the content level. Goals. The study aims to provide an insight how the tradition organizes and presents epic plots, reveal semantic and structural ties, relations between characters, discover some hidden expositions, contaminations, novelties, plot transformations, and modifications. The research objects are Xinjiang Oirat Jangar epic plots dealing with the hero’s matchmaking. Results. The analysis of the mentioned plots in the context of the contemporary Xinjiang Oirat national tradition reveals some typical plot formation features. In the Xinjiang Oirat tradition, the universal Turko-Mongolic epic theme of the hero’s matchmaking is characterized by diversity mirroring various matchmaking forms inherent to the fabulous-and-epic antiquity, as well as consecutive changes in marriage patterns and family relations, vestiges of matriarchy and patriarchal trends, marriage by abduction, cradle marriage, traditional marriage, etc. The study reveals that the Xinjiang Oirat tradition contains all types of plots: archaic plots rich in motifs, traditional and classical ones. The discovered polystadial patterns include ― to a greater or lesser extent ― impacts of archaic and classical types of the epos. It should be noted that some traditional motifs have experienced transformations within classical plots, and their content, event background, functions of characters come close to historical reality. Plots of the late ‘living’ epic Xinjiang Oirat tradition illustrate processes of introducing taletelling novelties and contaminations. The latter can be manifested in episodes determined by contextual interrelations of plots within the tradition and community, as well as in borrowings from the Kalmyk version (‘About Uzyung Aldar Khan’s Marriage’, ‘About How the Glorious Noyon Bogdo Jangar Married Aga Shavdal’, ‘About Khoshun’s Marriage’). The paper traces plots with double contaminations, e.g., the plot ‘about an imaginary bridegroom’ (‘About Khan Siyr’), the plot ‘about the imaginary bride’ (‘About Khongor’s Marriage’), the plot ‘about a prohibition and its violation’ (‘About Uzyung Aldar Khan’s Marriage’). The commonality of epic plots is traced on the contensive level of epic situations and collisions, functions of characters, movement of narratives.

Rising educational gradients in mortality among U.S. whites: What are the roles of marital status and educational homogamy?

The educational gradient in U.S. mortality has been rising among non-Hispanic whites. A common intuition sees the growing educational divide in marital status and increases in educational homogamy as potential explanations. To empirically assess this possibility, we analyze mortality from 1986 to 2015 using the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files (562,584 persons; 204,756 deaths). At the individual level, being unmarried and spouse's lower educational attainment are associated with higher mortality. Counterfactual analyses, however, reveal that the growing educational divide in marital status and increases in educational homogamy contribute little (8%–15%) to the widening educational gradient in mortality. Our simulation analyses further show that extreme educational divide in marital status could substantially drive up mortality inequality, whereas educational homogamy, even when pushed to the maximum level, would play a limited role in increasing mortality inequality. Combined, the results suggest that changes in the educational divide in marital status have the potential to affect mortality inequality, but the actual changes over the past decades were not strong enough to have a major impact; increases in education homogamy, in contrast, barely affect mortality inequality by education. Along with other research showing small effects of educational homogamy on income inequality, our research suggests that the consequences of changing marriage patterns for social inequalities in general and health inequalities in particular may be more limited than commonly assumed.

The influence of marital status on HIV infection in an HIV hyperendemic area of rural South Africa, 2000–2017

Marital status is one of the factors whose impact on HIV infection has always been studied but contradictory findings have been reported. The drastic changes in marriage patterns in South Africa influences the role of marital status on HIV infection. This study aims to give evidence-based information on the association between marital status and HIV infection in a hyperendemic HIV area in rural South Africa. This study was conducted on longitudinal data collected from the African Health Research Institute (AHRI) based in northern rural KwaZulu-Natal from 2000 to 2017 using multivariable Cox regression. The multivariable Cox regression results found marital status to be a significant factor of HIV infection. Compared to those who were married, the risk of HIV infection was approximately two times in those who were never married while those who were widowed presented as much as twice the risk of HIV infection. In addition, less educated participants were at more risk of HIV infection than those with tertiary education. Furthermore, as expected, the risk of HIV infection increased with age (20–24 HR: 3.05 (2.32–4.02); 25–34 HR: 3.98 (3.12–5.07) and 35–49 HR: 4.36 (3.36–5.67). Women were more susceptible to HIV infection than men were. This study found marital status to be an influential factor of HIV infection together with other socio-economic and demographic factors. This finding will help guide policy makers on empowerment programmes and policies targeting HIV and other health related issues in rural South Africa.

Mixed marriage among immigrants and their descendants in the United Kingdom: Analysis of longitudinal data with missing information

This study investigates the formation of endogamous and exogamous marriages among immigrants and their descendants in the United Kingdom. We apply event history analysis to data from the Understanding Society study and use multiple imputation to determine the type of marriage for individuals with missing information on the origin of their spouse. The analysis shows, first, significant differences among immigrants and their descendants in the likelihood of marrying within and outside their ethnic groups. While immigrants from European countries have relatively high exogamous marriage rates, South Asians exhibit a high likelihood of marrying a partner from their own ethnic group; Caribbean people hold an intermediate position. Second, the descendants of immigrants have lower endogamous and higher exogamous marriage rates than their parents; however, for some ethnic groups, particularly South Asians, the differences across generations are small, suggesting that changes in marriage patterns have been slower than expected.

Influence of Marriage on Women’s Participation in Medicine: The Case of Doctor Brides of Pakistan

Despite the difficulties women in Pakistan face in their access to education, their numbers have been increasing consistently in medical colleges. However, most of the women medical graduates do not go on to practice medicine after graduation. One of the reasons suggested by Pakistani media and society for this increase in the number of women medical graduates is the desirability of women doctors in Pakistan’s marriage market. Based on an ethnographic study of Pakistani women doctors, I examine why women doctors are considered desirable as spouses and how this influences women’s access to medical education. I found that women doctors are valued as marital partners because of the status granted to them by their academic credentials, chaste educational experience, and potential to contribute to family income. Because of the value of medical education in marriage, parents are more willing to invest in their daughters’ education, facilitating women’s access to medical education. I also found that, as a way of bargaining with the patriarchy, women doctors accept the social norms of arranged marriage because it allows them access to professional education, economic opportunities, and a better bargaining position in the marriage market. Overall, I found that, unless underlying patriarchal norms are addressed, potentially empowering projects like women’s education will be co-opted by the existing structures of domination. I also discuss potential implications for changing marriage patterns and increasing representation of women in Pakistan’s medical workforce.

The Rise in Divorce and Cohabitation: Is There a Link?

Over the past decades, divorce and cohabitation have increased dramatically throughout Europe. Divorce has fundamentally altered the institution of marriage from a life-long union to one that may dissolve. Cohabitation allows couples to live together without undertaking the vows of marriage, but also allows couples to avoid the potentially higher costs of divorce. Thus, divorce and cohabitation seem to be intrinsically linked. Here we theorize how the increase in divorce may be linked to the increase in cohabitation on the macro-, meso-, and micro- levels. Using focus group data from 8 countries, we explore how divorce may have changed attitudes and beliefs concerning marriage and cohabitation. We then investigate whether survey data and official statistics in 16 countries provide evidence consistent with a link. While exogenous factors have been important for the increase in cohabitation, we argue that the divorce revolution has been a catalyst for the cohabitation boom.

The macroeconomics of the quiet revolution: Understanding the implications of the rise in women’s participation for economic growth and inequality

We study the impact of the rise in female labor supply on the economic performance of the United States over the period 1967–2002 through the lens of a calibrated structural model. The model features all the key forces behind the increase in female participation (the “Quiet Revolution”): (1) the decline in marriage rates, (2) the narrowing gender wage gap, (3) the preference (or cultural) shift towards market work, and (4) the change in women’s bargaining power within the household. We find that preference shifts and the rise in relative wages of women were the most important driving forces behind rising women’s participation, while changes in marriage patterns have also had a sizeable effect. We conclude that half of the growth in US earnings per capita over this period can be traced to growth in female labor supply. We also find that the rise in female labor supply has had offsetting effects on income inequality and, therefore, its overall role has been negligible relative to skill-biased demand shifts and rising residual wage volatility.

Nonmarital and Teen Fertility

This chapter explores trends, causes and consequences of nonmarital and teen fertility in the United States and in selected European countries. First, we describe some key factors, including changes in economic institutions and family planning technologies, that likely contribute to the large changes in patterns of marriage and fertility observed in developed countries in recent decades. Secondly, we observe that substantial empirical hurdles to credibly estimating the impacts of nonmarital and teen fertility on adults' and children's outcomes remain, though recent evidence suggests more modest impacts than early evidence. Finally, we explore new directions in this research area, arguing that the conventional comparison between nonmarital and marital births should be revised to more adequately incorporate the rapidly growing number of births to cohabiting partners. Additional directions include continuing analysis of the dynamic impacts of the Great Recession and an integration of biological considerations into the economic analysis of fertility.