Changes In Organizational Form Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА ГОТОВНОСТИ БУДУЩИХ МАМ К ГРУДНОМУ ВСКАРМЛИВАНИЮ

Breastfeeding is the optimal type of child feeding, having a beneficial effect on the health of the child and mother. Objective: to assess the knowledge of expectant mothers about breast milk and the current practice of preparing for breastfeeding in medical organizations. Materials and methods. A one-time study was conducted using a voluntary survey among pregnant and postpartum women in antenatal clinics and obstetric institutions. Results. Despite the readiness of 89% of surveyed respondents to breastfeed their children, there is insufficient commitment of medical personnel to prepare for breastfeeding: only 44% of expectant mothers received information about the benefits of breastfeeding during pregnancy in antenatal clinics and 68% in maternity care institutions, attached to breasts immediately after birth in only 73% of newborns, only 29.6% of postpartum women received help from a breastfeeding consultant in the maternity hospital, 39% of nursing mothers developed cracked nipples on the second or third day from the start of feeding, indicating a violation of breastfeeding technique, and finally, only 33.0% of mothers in the region breastfeed until their children reach 6 months of age. Only 7.3% of respondents know about the reduced risk of developing breast cancer when breastfeeding, 26% believe that children receiving adapted artificial formula are less susceptible to acute intestinal infections. Conclusion. Insufficient knowledge about the benefits of breast milk in expectant mothers requires a change in organizational forms of work to support breastfeeding during pregnancy and in the early postpartum period in medical organizations, as well as large-scale measures to inform the population and create conditions conducive to breastfeeding about its importance.

TRANSFORMATION OF REGIONAL FIRE SERVICES ORGANIZATION IN SERANG CITY BANTEN PROVINCE

Based on Law Number 23 of 2014 regarding on Regional Government, it is stated that fire is one of mandatory affairs relating to basic services in the field of public order and community protection. One of the consequences of mandatory matters related to basic services is the Minimum Service Standards (called SPM) set by the government to provide guarantees that all citizens in Indonesia will receive a minimum basic services, including in the fire sector. The institutional form of regional fire service organization is an important aspect in supporting the effective implementation of regional government duties in carrying out mandatory affairs related to basic services. Therefore, organizational transformation is a necessity that cannot be avoided, considering the various factors that influence the organization are changing so rapidly. The purpose of this research is to find out how organizational transformation occurs, to find the determining factors and to formulate a model for organizational transformation of regional fire service organization. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach with data collection through interviews, observations and documentations. This research analyzes and evaluates the organizational structure of regional fire service organization in Serang City, Banten Province. The research results show that the transformation has been analyzed using the 4R approach (Reframing, Restructure, Revitalization and Renewal). In principle, the process of organizational transformation of regional fire service organization in Serang City, Banten Province has been carried out. This can be seen from the changes in organizational form and structure that adapt to district needs. However, this transformation shows suboptimal because it is not based on the implementation of the organization's mission, application of rules and political will. Thus, an ideal organization has not yet been achieved. A regional apparatus organization that handles the mandatory affairs related to basic services, the nomenclature, structure, duties and functions of fire and rescue services should be in an independent agency at least with the type C model.

Reinforcement the Role of the Health Industry of the Army in the Framework of Increasing the Standard of Service and Community Health

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global health crisis resulting in a large enough need for medicines, vitamins and vaccines, causing people and governments around the world including Indonesia to panic about their availability on the market. Puskesad as the central implementing agency of the TNI-AD according to its main task is to carry out all efforts relating to the development of the health of soldiers, PNS TNI-AD and their families and TNI-AD Units in order to support the duties of the TNI-AD, to carry out these tasks carry out the main function called as health support and health services are also called upon to help solve current health problems. The purpose of this research is to answer how to strengthen the role of the TNI-AD health industry in order to improve the health standard of soldiers and the public. This research method uses a qualitative research design with descriptive analysis. The results of this research are strengthening the role of the TNI-AD health industry through policies, planning and development, strengthening personnel, strengthening budgets, and strengthening marketing. The conclusion from this research is that to achieve this strengthening, a change in organizational form is needed from Satker to BLU with the order of readiness, namely Lafi Puskesad, Labiovak, Laperalatan kesehatan, and Labiomed.

Organizational perspectives on digital labor market intermediaries

AbstractDramatic changes in organizational forms and employee‐employer relationships have coincided with a proliferation of labor market intermediaries. Often digital and internet‐based, these new hiring technologies assist organizations in recruiting and screening potential job candidates. We identify three types of digital labor market intermediaries (dLMIs): connectors, curators, and comminglers. We examine the use of dLMIs through the lens of organizational theory, focusing on implications for organizational efficiency, power, and equity. dLMI use is patterned but variable across different organizations and has unintended outcomes that defy efficiency expectations. It poses new constraints for job seekers while allowing organizations and intra‐organizational groups to negotiate institutional pressures and power imbalances. Finally, dLMI use appears to reproduce pre‐existing inequalities among different types of employees.

Shareholders’ tax incentives and changes in the organizational form of foreign operations

This study examines whether the tax incentives of home-country shareholders influence the organizational form changes of foreign operations. While a corporation and a limited company (LC) in South Korea are treated the same for Korean tax purposes, an LC can be treated as a pass-through entity for U.S. tax purposes. This tax treatment of LCs can create incentives for U.S. owners to convert their Korean corporations to LCs. We find that private corporations owned by U.S. shareholders are more likely to convert to LCs than those owned by non-U.S. shareholders. We also find that the tax costs and benefits of conversion affect the likelihood of LC conversion for U.S.-owned firms. Overall, our results suggest that multinational corporations use organizational form changes as a tool for international tax strategies.

Shapeshifting to address complexity: Advancing a typology of network evolution and transformation

In practice, health and social services are delivered through purpose-oriented networks (PONs) that are often favored by government and philanthropic investment as an effective means for collectively solving complex social problems. Current theories examine the evolution of these groups by resting on the traditional organizational forms of market, hierarchy, and network, without a consideration of trajectories that show movement between organizational forms over time. This article utilizes the network itself as the unit of analysis within a larger network domain to examine the most common trajectories and changes in organizational forms over time. To date, little theory has been developed or applied to account for both endogenous characteristics and exogenous system-wide dynamics and their longitudinal effects on networks. As is appropriate in the early stages of developing new theories, this article addresses the foundational steps of first clarifying the phenomenon of interest with the creation of a typology of the ways in which networks evolve as organizational forms and suggesting future network-level and network domain research agendas.

ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИЯ КАК КЛЮЧЕВОЙ ФАКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ РЫНКА ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛУГ В УСЛОВИЯХ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ COVID-19

Over the past decades, there have been significant changes in organizational forms, tools, technologies for managing companies’ logistics and supply chains. This is mainly the result of the business digitalization paradigm caused by the growth of logistics costs in recent years. Massive outbreaks of COVID-19 and restrictive measures introduced at the state level to prevent the spread of coronavirus have had a strong negative impact on the efficiency of the global economy in the first months. The coronavirus also severely disrupted logistics activities, as air travel was cut, seaports closed and workers were at risk. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) estimates, the drop in GDP from restrictions in 64 studied countries of the world can reach 31.2%, and a third of this decline is due precisely to gaps in global supply chains. However, after the lifting of restrictive measures, the size of the global logistics market may grow from USD 2734 billion in 2020 to USD 3215 billion in 2021, which will amount to 17.6% on an annualized basis [1]. In these conditions, logistics providers need to quickly increase capacity, diversify routes, increase network flexibility and resiliency, and reduce costs. Achieving these results will depend on how quickly and comprehensively the logistics companies automate and digitize. The Russian logistics and supply chain management (SCM) market is still at an early stage of development, and many companies are just beginning to explore the possibilities of logistics outsourcing and service provision. Therefore, the issues of digitalization are not yet of primary importance for them. The analysis carried out in the article showed that in the context of the global digitalization of the economy, an advantageous geographical position on the path of movement of trade flows from Asia to Europe ceases to be a clear competitive advantage. In these conditions, Russian logistics companies need large-scale automation and digitalization.

Civil Society and Social Mobilizations in the Context of the Rio Doce Socioenvironmental Disaster.

To explain how social movements and organizations changed in the context of the Rio Doce, Brazil socioenvironmental disaster, this article identifies a process of organizational innovation. The research is based on documental data and interviews with activists over the 3 y of the disaster. The main argument is that organizational innovation consists of changes in organizational forms and repertoires of collective action, based on existing organizational models and tactics. On the one hand, the innovation occurred through the territorialization of novel organizational forms, intermediated by social movements that act as incubators. On the other hand, it consisted of the combination among extrainstitutional, institutional, and multiscalar repertoires and in the innovation in tactics and performances. Mechanisms of adaptation, imitation, and negotiated diffusion are identified which operated in this innovation process. It is argued that the organizational innovation of social movements was propelled by political constraints of disaster governance, which pushed them to innovation, in addition to the role of preexisting organizations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:681-690. © 2020 SETAC.

METHODICAL APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CREATING AN INNOVATIVE CLUSTER

The creation of innovation clusters by reforming industrial zones is one of the main directions of innovation policy of Ukraine. With the implementation of associated critical social and economic challenges – to improve the quality of life of Ukrainians and increase the competitiveness of domestic products. Creating the cluster requires a huge investment of private funds, and budget, so it is necessary to substantiate their expenditures. But common methodological approaches has not been developed. Attempts to develop methods for the assessment of the contribution of the cluster in the socio-economic development of the region begun by the author in the framework of implementation of scientific-research works on creation of megacluster in the Odessa region. The proposed method can be used on the reorganization of the innovation cluster to justify the selection of organizational form changes to each Agency, included in its composition; in the operational phase of an innovation cluster in order to assess its effectiveness. The solution of such problems by this method is complicated by the absence of a system of benchmarks that can be used for diagnosis, monitoring and special surveys of the cluster. Also today, there is no information database to regulate the processes of creation and development of the cluster. The paper discusses the role of the cluster as a modern tool of formation of competitiveness of regional economy. It is noted that in modern conditions the influence of the state regional policy on economic dynamics is determined by the ability of local governments to create and maintain the institutional conditions for constructing and strengthening benefits to the region’s business climate.

De-globalization: Theories, predictions, and opportunities for international business research

De-globalization, now a distinct possibility, would induce a significant qualitative shift in strategies, structures, and behaviors observable in international business (IB). Coming to terms with this qualitative shift would require IB research to develop a much deeper integration of politics, the key driver of de-globalization. To support such integration, this paper introduces two relevant theories of (de-)globalization from political science, liberalism and realism. Both predict de-globalization under current conditions but lead to different expectations about the future world economy: liberalism suggests a patchwork of economic linkages, while realism predicts the emergence of economic blocs around major countries. This paper discusses the resulting opportunities in three areas of IB research: political strategies and roles of multinational enterprises (MNEs), global value chains, and the role of the national context. For political strategies and roles, there is a need to explore how regular business activities and deliberate political agency of MNEs affect the political sustainability of globalization. For value chains, questions include their future reach and specialization, changes in organizational forms, and the impact of political considerations on location decisions. Research opportunities on national contexts relate to their ability to sustain globalization and their connection with economic and military power.

De-Globalization: Theories, Predictions, and Opportunities for International Business Research

De-globalization, now a distinct possibility, would induce a significant qualitative shift in strategies, structures, and behaviors observable in international business (IB). Coming to terms with this qualitative shift would require IB research to develop a much deeper integration of politics, the key driver of de-globalization. To support such integration, this paper introduces two relevant theories of (de-)globalization from political science, liberalism and realism. Both predict de-globalization under current conditions but lead to different expectations about the future world economy: liberalism suggests a patchwork of economic linkages, while realism predicts the emergence of economic blocs around major countries. This paper discusses the resulting opportunities in three areas of IB research: political strategies and roles of multinational enterprises (MNEs), global value chains, and the role of the national context. For political strategies and roles, there is a need to explore how regular business activities and deliberate political agency of MNEs affect the political sustainability of globalization. For value chains, questions include their future reach and specialization, changes in organizational forms, and the impact of political considerations on location decisions. Research opportunities on national contexts relate to their ability to sustain globalization and their connection with economic and military power.

TAX POLICY AND ORGANIZATIONAL FORM

We provide historical context to assess the implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) on organizational form. We review the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) to assess the extent of organizational form changes in response to changing tax incentives and the effects of those organizational form changes on business operations. We develop a simple analytic model to provide insight into the incentives created by the TCJA and briefly summarize practitioner observations regarding the incentives affecting organizational form decisions. Results suggest that an array of factors make the organizational form decision more difficult and less predictable than in 1986.

Tax Policy and Organizational Form: Assessing the Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

We provide historical context to assess the implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) on organizational form. We review the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) to assess the extent of organizational form changes in response to changing tax incentives and the effects of those organizational form changes on business operations. We develop a simple analytic model to provide insight into the incentives created by the TCJA and briefly summarize practitioner observations regarding the incentives affecting organizational form decisions. Results suggest that an array of factors make the organizational form decision more difficult and less predictable than in 1986.

Review of the main directions of research of scientists of NTU

This paper reviewed and analyzed the stages of establishment and development of the main directions of research and pedagogic activity of scientists and graduates of National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" in the field of dynamics of constructions. The article considers the evolution of the main achievements of scientists and graduates of NTU "KhPI" in the 19 – 21 centuries in the field of theoretical, experimental and computer research of scientific and technical problems of dynamics of constructions: from building rod systems to unique space installations. The beginning of the Ukrainian technical science in the field of dynamics is associated with the NTU "KhPI". It is shown how the mathematiation of research activity led to the emergence of new models and techniques for analyzing the dynamics of constructions with a multilevel structure under conditions of intense loading. The fundamental scientific trends of dynamics of constructions in extreme loading were discovered and explored here. Changes in organizational forms of work of scientists from individual to collective are presented: the creation of laboratories, branch research institutes and design bureaus, institutes of the Academy of Sciences, scientific and educational clusters and complexes. The most important phases of formation and development of the research school of dynamics of constructions are shown. The world–famous scientists who worked at the NTU "KhPI" or graduated it are mentioned (V. Kirpichev, A. Lyapunov, V. Steklov, D. Zernov, Ya. Stolyarov, G. Proskura, G. Botezat, I. Babakov, V. Mayzel, A. Filippov, G. Lozino–Lozinsky, L. Landau, E. Lifshits, A. Volmir, B. Kogan, A. Bogolyubov, S. Bogomolov, E. Goloskokov, A. Podgorny).

Financial Disclosure Incentives and Organizational Form Changes

This study investigates the factors that induce an organizational form change in a private corporation into a limited company (LC) from the disclosure incentive perspective. Using 1500 firm-year observations from 2007 to 2012, we find that private corporations with low leverage, non-clean audit opinions, high foreign ownership, high abnormal profits, and high-technology industry membership are more likely to change their organizational form into LCs. This finding suggests that if private corporations have low incentives for financial disclosure, then they initiate organizational form changes into LCs to avoid the costs incurred from the disclosure requirement mandated by law.

Explaining Changes in Organizational Form

In this article, we investigate changes over time in the organization of the relationship between Major League Baseball and minor league baseball teams. We develop a model in which a minor league team serves two functions: talent development and local entertainment. The model predicts different modes of organizing the relationship between majors and minors based on the value of these parameters. We then develop a discursive history. Consistent with the model’s predictions, we find that when the value of minor league baseball’s training function was low but the value of its entertainment function was high, major and minor league franchises operated independently, engaging in arms’-length transactions. However, as the training function became more important and the local entertainment function less important, formal agreements ceded control of minor league functions to major league franchises. Finally, as the value of local entertainment rose once again in the late 20th century, the two roles were split, with control of local functions accruing to local ownership and training functions to major league teams. This analysis helps shed light on factors that influence the boundaries of the firm.

Credit constraints, fragmentation, and inter-firm transactions

In this paper, we develop a model to illustrate the effects of credit constraints on changes in organizational form and firm entry. We find net borrowers to have a greater incentive to specialize in producing fragments within the production process when internal finance plays an important role (the specialization effect). Moreover, such credit constraint-induced specialization encourages the entry of new firms (the entry effect). When the entry effect dominates the specialization effect, total output is greater under fragmentation, which is contrary to the conventional wisdom that fragmentation may lead to the double-marginalization problem and reduce output.

On Restructuring the NYSE: Might a Nonprofit Stock Exchange Have Been Efficient?

This spring the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. (NYSE) completed an historic restructuring. On March 7, 2006, the NYSE completed its merger with Archipelago Holdings Inc. (Archipelago), a publicly traded electronic trading platform. As a result, the old NYSE itself will become the New York Stock Exchange LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of NYSE Group, Inc. (NYSE Group). The former members, or seat holders, of the NYSE will receive one of three forms of consideration: all cash, all stock in NYSE Group, or a package of cash and stock. Then, NYSE Group will allow those former members to offer their shares to the public in a secondary offering.Because the NYSE was a not-for-profit corporation, the merger was also a change in organizational form. The change from nonprofit to for-profit, or demutualization, has mostly been viewed as a long-overdue response to new, on-line competition from electronic communications networks (ECN's). But there has been little assessment of the strengths or efficiencies of the nonprofit form of the exchange. This paper presents the possibility that the NYSE's choice of form was an efficient solution to a classic lemons problem, in which misinformation from bad issuing firms (firms whose shares trade on the exchange) could drive out good issuing firms. We apply a robust theory of nonprofits in which the highest demanding consumers of a nonrival good organize the production of that good. In this case, investment bankers and other financial intermediaries organize to produce liquidity. The resulting nonprofit is the former NYSE, which was able to align issuing firms' incentives to disclose with those of investors. Banker-owners of the NYSE acted as gatekeepers to the exchange, screening issuing firms through an extensive due diligence process, providing capital via underwriting, and connecting issuing firm insiders to one another via initial public offering (IPO) allocations. Over a period of many decades this system maintained an equilibrium in which issuing firms, big and small investors, and exchange members could participate with relative ease, transparency and fairness in the exchange. The shift to a for-profit corporation will have a significant, and potentially deleterious, impact on this equilibrium as it breaks up the longstanding components of the nonprofit system.

International Joint Ventures Transformed: Foreign Buyouts, Firm Performance and Managerial Turnover

We study the effects of changes in organizational form on firm performance and management turnover. Our analysis sheds light on whether there are gains to be exploited by transitioning from product market relationships such as joint ventures to wholly owned subsidiaries through mergers and acquisitions. Using a difference-in-differences propensity score matching estimator to control for selection bias, we show that performance is similar across both organizational forms. However, foreign buyout accompanied by management turnover leads to performance gains. Our findings suggest that the gains from M&As are due both to synergies and management turnover.

The Productivity Effects of Extension Appointments in Land-Grant Colleges

This article analyzes the primary activities of agricultural college faculty with and without extension appointments using survey data. The evidence suggests that differences between extension professors and others in agricultural colleges in terms of research production are small for minor extension appointments, but show significant and increasing trade-offs between extension and research outputs above a 40% extension appointment. The evidence is broadly suggestive of the potential for gains from exploiting complementarities between extension and research rather than from pursuing high levels of specialization. The work concludes with implications for the role of in Cooperative Extension. the past several decades, commentators and experts have debated the role and function of Cooperative Extension in land-grant universities, and have even called into question its very survival (Hoag; Ilvento; National Research Council; Peters; Wolf and Zilberman). Budgetary pressures, an expanding scope of thematic activities, a decline in the relative importance of agriculture, growing private extension services, and demands for better integration of research and extension have all been factors driving discussions on the future of Cooperative Extension. Significant changes in organizational form and direction have been discussed, but the literature has paid relatively little attention to the productivity of state specialists - in particular, tenure-track faculty with extension appointments - in the Land-Grant system.1 Some have viewed these as the intellectual cutting edge of the Cooperative Extension system because their appointments require scholarly research explicitly oriented toward concerns of the public and private clientele of the system (see e.g., Radhakrishna; Woeste, Waddill, and Arlington). Certainly, who are, how they perform in research and extension, and how