Changes In Left Ventricular Volume Research Articles

Empagliflozin to prevent worsening of left ventricular volumes and systolic function after myocardial infarction (EMPRESS-MI).

Patients with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) following an acute myocardial infarction (MI) are considered to be at risk of progressive adverse cardiac remodelling which can lead to the development of heart failure and death. The early addition of a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor to standard treatment may delay or prevent progressive adverse remodelling in these patients. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction following MI. Eligible patients were those ≥12 h and ≤14 days following acute MI, with an LVEF <45% by MRI. Patients were randomized to empagliflozin 10 mg once a day or matching placebo. The primary outcome was the change in left ventricular end-systolic volume indexed to body surface area (LVESVI) from baseline to 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included measures of left ventricular and atrial volumes, left ventricular mass, LVEF, and high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TnI) and N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations. From October 2022 to January 2024, 105 eligible patients were randomized. The mean age was 63 ± 11 years and 90 (87%) were male. The mean LVEF was 34.8 ± 6.0%. In the placebo group, LVESVI decreased by 7.8 ± 16.3 ml/m2, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) did not change (-0.3 ± 18.7 ml/m2) and LVEF increased by 8.5 ± 7.4% at 24 weeks from baseline. Empagliflozin did not affect the change in LVESVI from baseline to 24 weeks (between-group difference = 0.3 ml/m2, 95% confidence interval -5.2 to 5.8; p = 0.92). Compared with placebo, empagliflozin also had no effect on LVEDVI, LVEF, left atrial volume index, left ventricular mass index, NT-proBNP, or hs-TnI, but did increase haematocrit and reduced uric acid and weight. In patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction after an acute MI receiving contemporary standard of care, treatment with empagliflozin had no effect on cardiac volumes or LVEF compared with placebo. Progressive adverse cardiac remodelling did not occur in the majority of patients.

Abstract 4129182: Transendocardial Stem Cell Therapy Improves Cardiac Parameters in Chronic Ischemic Heart Failure: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Introduction: Despite recent advances in therapy, chronic ischemic heart failure remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stem cell (SC) therapy has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic approach, yet its efficacy remains debatable. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the current evidence to evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across the following databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, from inspection to April 2024. We identified RCTs with a blinded study design, done on patients diagnosed with chronic ischemic HFrEF, and utilized mesenchymal stem cells as an intervention in comparison to placebo/sham intervention using percutaneous endomyocardial catheter systems. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan v5.4 to calculate the odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a p-value of 0.05. I 2 was indicated for the assessment of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was done in case of heterogeneity between studies. Results: A total of twenty studies were included in our meta-analysis. The overall change in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and stress SPECT significantly favored the stem cell group (pooled effect size -7.59, 95% CI [-12.28 to -2.89], P=0.002), and (pooled effect size -5.33, 95% CI [-6.73 to -3.93], P=0.00001), respectively. Initially, the change in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) did not favor either group. However, sensitivity analysis which excluded one study at a time, reduced heterogeneity (P=0.01, I 2 =54%) and showed a significant effect favoring the stem cell group (pooled effect size -3.87, 95% CI [-6.77 to -0.97], P=0.009). However, the overall changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) did not favor either of the two groups (pooled effect size 0.08, 95% CI [-0.1 to 0.26], P=0.39). Similarly, the overall change in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) did not favor either group (pooled effect size 0.66, 95% CI [-0.1 to 1.32], P=0.05). Conclusion: Transendocardial SC therapy demonstrates promising results by significantly improving specific cardiac parameters. While the therapy shows potential, particularly after sensitivity adjustments, its impact on other critical measures like LVEF and MVO2 remains inconclusive. These findings highlight the need for further investigation to fully understand and enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell interventions in heart failure management.

Abstract 4137854: Effect of Sacubitril/valsartan on Left Ventricular Tissue Characterization in Heart Failure with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Below 50%

Background: The effects of sacubitril/valsartan (ARNI) on myocardial tissue characterization in heart failure (HF) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;50% are still unclear. Objective: The present study investigated the effects of 9 months of ARNI treatment on LV structure and myocardial tissue characteristics in HF with LVEF &lt;50% using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods: This study was a prospective, 2-arm, randomized, open-label clinical trial (SAVE-HF). Sixty-four HF outpatients with LVEF&lt;50% were randomized 1:1 from ACE inhibitor/ARB to ARNI (ARNI group) or control group (continued ACE inhibitor/ARB). CMR was performed to evaluate LV structure and tissue characteristics, including changes in LV extracellular volume fraction (delta ECV) before and after the 9-month period. The primary endpoint was difference in ECV between the two groups. Secondary endpoints included changes in LV volumes and mass, LVEF, extracellular mass (ECM) calculated as LV mass times ECV/100, and intracellular mass (ICM) calculated as LV mass minus ECM. Results: A total of 59 of 64 stable patients (68±12 years; 52 men) completed the 9-month intervention followed by repeated CMR. ARNI decreased systolic BP levels from the first month by approximately 10 mmHg. ARNI group exhibited significant reductions in LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and LV mass. While LVEF and ECV remained unchanged (31.6±5.0 vs. 31.9±5.0%, p=0.26), both ECM and ICM significantly decreased after ARNI. In the control group, systolic BP, LV volumes and LV mass, ECV, ECM and ICM were unchanged. Comparing the two groups, while delta ECV was not significantly different, delta ECM was greater in ARNI group than control group (-3.6±7.3 vs. 0.2±5.3 g, p=0.025), indicating improved LV tissue characteristics. Conclusions: ARNI reduced LV volume and LV mass, accompanied with reduction of both ECM and ICM, and consequently unchanged ECV. These findings may suggest that ARNI may improve LV tissue characteristics and protect from LV remodeling in HF patients with their LVEF&lt;50%.

Abstract 4135465: Efficacy of SGLT-2 inhibitors combined with percutaneous coronary intervention on clinical and echocardiographic parameters in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have shown benefits in improving cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients and may mitigate symptom progression in myocardial infarction (MI). However, their efficacy in acute MI patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unclear. This study aims to evaluate whether SGLT2i combined with PCI improves clinical and echocardiographic outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases, PubMed, Cochrane Central and SCOPUS was conducted from inception till May 2024. The study was conducted adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. The clinical benefit of PCI plus SGLT2i was assessed through risk reduction of acute kidney injury (AKI), CV death (CVD), hospitalization due to HF (hHF), all-cause mortality (ACM), and revascularization. Echocardiographic outcomes assessed were change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV). Results were presented as risk ratios (RR) along with their 95% CI for dichotomous data while weighted mean difference (WMD) were reported for continuous outcomes. The data was aggregated using a random effects model. Results: Our analysis included eleven records comprising 6,411 participants. The results indicated that PCI plus SGLT2i significantly reduced the risk of AKI (RR: 0.66, 95% CI: [0.52, 0.83], p&lt;0.01) and ACM (RR: 0.54, 95% CI: [0.4, 0.7], p&lt;0.01) compared to PCI alone. However, the reduction in risk for CVD was not statistically significant (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: [0.2, 1.1], p=0.09), as was the case for hHF (RR: 0.65, 95% CI: [0.3, 1], p=0.07). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the risk of revascularization between the two groups (RR: 2.9, 95% CI: [0.62, 14.39], p=0.17). PCI plus SGLT2i was also significantly associated with an increase in LVEF (WMD: 2.73, 95% CI: [1.09, 4.36], p&lt;0.01) and decrease in LVEDV (WMD: -8.0, 95% CI: [-13.17, -2.90], p&lt;0.02). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that SGLT2i administration in MI patients undergoing PCI leads to improved renal and mortality outcomes, along with enhanced cardiac function. These benefits are hypothesized to result from kidney-mediated natriuretic effects, improved blood flow regulation, reduced endothelial dysfunction, and decreased arterial stiffness, which optimize cardiac function. We recommend future studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups to assess the long-term benefits of SGLT2i combined with PCI.

Association of type-D personality and left-ventricular remodelling in patients treated with primary percutaneous intervention after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

BackgroundType-D personality is an established predisposing factor for various diseases. Type-D traits have been shown to pose a 26% increased risk of coronary artery disease after controlling for other confounding factors. Significant associations have been reported between type-D personality traits and dyslipidaemia, impaired endothelial function, coronary heart disease (CAD), acute myocardial infarction, and other adverse cardiovascular events.ObjectiveTo assess the association between type-D personality and left-ventricular adverse remodelling in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention following index ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.MethodsAll patients hospitalized and treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after their index ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) between 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2023 were prospectively enrolled. Type-D personality traits in the study population were determined at baseline using type-D Scale-14 (DS14) instrument, whereas any positive change in left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) ≥ 20% at follow up period of 12-months from baseline was defined as left-ventricular adverse remodelling (LVAR). Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to establish the independent predictors of LVAR. The area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was employed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the identified independent predictors.ResultsA total of 124 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the study population was 67 ± 10 years and the overall incidence of LVAR was found to be 25%. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that type-D personality is a significant independent predictor of LVAR \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:(OR:2.51;95\\%CI:1.16-5.77;p=0.03)$$\\end{document} apart from the already established independent predictors Killip Class\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\:(OR:7.30;95\\%CI:3.03-17.55;p<0.0001)$$\\end{document}, baseline Global Longitudinal strain (GLS)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\:(OR:2.69;95\\%CI:1.19-6.61;p=0.01)$$\\end{document}, and 3-vessel CAD\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\:(OR:2.27;95CI:1.10-5.33;p=0.04)$$\\end{document}. In ROC curve analysis type-D personality as an independent predictor of LVAR achieved a sensitivity of 41.4% and a specificity of 87.1%, p < 0.02.ConclusionType-D personality trait is a significant independent predictor of LVAR in patients treated with PCI after their index-STEMI.

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of Tongmai Yangxin pill on ventricular remodeling in acute anterior STEMI patients after primary PCI

BackgroundAcute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a severe form of coronary heart disease and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. This can mainly be ascribed to adverse ventricular remodeling (VR). However, the efficacy of existing treatment strategies for STEMI is not entirely satisfactory. Tongmai Yangxin Pill (TMYX), a patented traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been approved for treating various cardiovascular diseases. PurposeThe purpose was to assess the effect of TMYX on VR in acute STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Study DesignA multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial conducted across 11 hospitals in China. MethodA total of 270 patients with acute anterior STEMI, undergoing PPCI within 10 days of symptom onset were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or TMYX, in addition to guideline-directed treatments for STEMI. The primary endpoint was a change in left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) at 12 weeks. ResultAmong the 270 randomized patients, 218 (TMYX: 109 and placebo: 109) were included in the per-protocol analysis. At 4 and 12 weeks, TXMY significantly improved LVEDVI than the placebo group ([-2.17(-9.24, 8.28) vs. 3.76(-2.38, 11.48), p < 0.05] and [-1.17 (-12.19, 12.88) vs. 4.46 (-2.89, 11.99), p < 0.05]). Changes in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) at 4 weeks were superior in the TMYX group than the placebo group (-4.37 (-17, 13.99) vs. 7.41 (-4.56, 21.79), p < 0.05). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) showed that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly greater in the TMYX group than in the placebo group at 4 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI), 6 min walking distance (6MWD), and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) (p > 0.05). ConclusionTMYX, as an adjunctive therapy in addition to STEMI guideline-directed treatments, significantly delayed VR in patients with acute anterior STEMI undergoing PPCI within 10 days of symptom onset.

Impact of left ventricular rehabilitation on surgical outcomes in patients with borderline left heart hypoplasia

ObjectiveThe clinical significance of left ventricular rehabilitation for borderline left ventricular hypoplasia is controversial. This study aimed to review the surgical results of patients with borderline left ventricular hypoplasia and to evaluate the impact of the left ventricular rehabilitation on outcomes. MethodsPatients diagnosed with borderline left ventricular hypoplasia and surgically treated from 2018 to 2022 were included. Overall surgical outcomes were evaluated. The changes in left ventricular volumes were calculated using angiography, and age-adjusted z-score N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels were analyzed in patients who underwent left ventricular rehabilitation. ResultsThirty-three patients were included. Sixteen patients underwent primary biventricular repair, 3 patients underwent primary single ventricle palliation, and the remaining 14 patients underwent left ventricular rehabilitation; 9 received bilateral pulmonary artery banding and ductal stenting, 4 received central pulmonary artery banding, and 1 received ductal stenting. Of 14 patients who received left ventricular rehabilitation, 1 died, 1 underwent single ventricle palliation, 1 was waiting for further procedure, and 11 underwent biventricular repair. After biventricular repair, 2 patients died, and 1 patient developed hemodynamic failure. As a result, only 8 patients were alive and in good condition. In patients who underwent left ventricular rehabilitation, left ventricular end-diastolic index, end-systolic volume index, and left ventricular stroke volume index increased over time after left ventricular rehabilitation (P = .001, P = .007, and P = .009, respectively). The age-adjusted z-score terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels were stable until biventricular repair, but significantly higher in patients who presented with hemodynamic failure after biventricular repair compared with patients who did not exhibit hemodynamic failure. ConclusionsIn patients with borderline left heart hypoplasia, the left ventricular rehabilitation procedure promoted an increase in left ventricular volume and contributed to establishing a biventricular circulation. The short-term results of this strategy are satisfactory, but further studies are essential to determine the long-term outcomes.

Prognostic value of systolic left ventricular ejection fraction using prospective ECG-triggered cardiac CT

BackgroundProspective ECG-triggered cardiac computed tomography (CT) imaging limits the ability to assess left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). We previously developed a new index derived from LV volume changes over 100 ​ms during systole (LVEF100msec) as a surrogate of LV function in patients undergoing prospective ECG-triggered cardiac CT. We sought to evaluate the prognostic value of LVEF100msec. MethodsPatients undergoing prospective systolic ECG-triggered cardiac CT were enrolled between January 2015 and September 2022. Each CT was analyzed for LVEF100msec. Area under the curve analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to define the best LVEF100msec cut-off and to predict major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of all-cause death, cardiac death/arrest, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke. ResultsThe study enrolled 313 patients (median age ​= ​58 years, male ​= ​52.4 ​%). During a median follow-up of 924 (660–1365) days, 24 (7.7 ​%) patients had MACE. LVEF100msec was significantly lower in the MACE group compared to the non-MACE group (4.8 ​% vs. 8.3 ​%, p ​= ​0.002). Optimal LVEF100msec cut-off for predicting MACE was 6.3 ​%. MACE-free survival rate was significantly lower in patients with LVEF100msec ≤6.3 ​% than those with >6.3 ​% (p ​< ​0.001). LVEF100msec ≤6.3 ​% was an independent predictor of MACE, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.758 (95 ​% CI, 1.543–9.148; p ​= ​0.004). The prognostic value of LVEF100msec was consistent across the various severities of coronary artery disease. ConclusionLVEF100msec was an independent predictor of adverse events. The implementation of LVEF100msec may improve the prognostic value of prospective ECG-triggered cardiac CT.

Deciphering the cardioprotective effects of statins in anthracycline-related cardiac dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundCancer induced chronic inflammation and cancer drugs effects on the vascular system can lead to rapidly progressing atherosclerotic burden. Statins drugs are known to reduce atherosclerotic plaque burden and inflammation. We studied outcomes of statins for anthracycline-related cardiac dysfunction (ARCD). MethodsWe conducted an online systematic search on PubMed and Embase to identify studies assessing statins' role in alleviating ARCD. We selected 9 studies that had patients with ARCD and use of statins. We primarily focused on outcomes including incidence of heart failure (HF), mean changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and end-systolic volume (LVESV) from baseline. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a random effect model in R-statistics. ResultsAmong 9 studies with a total of 2784 patients we noticed a significant reduction in the incidence of HF among patients administered statins, with an OR of 0.52 (95 % CI 0.37-0.74, p < 0.0003), indicating a substantial protective effect. However, the mean changes in EF, LVEDV, and LVESV from baseline, represented by Hedges's g of 1.09 (95 % CI -0.40 to 2.57, p = 0.15), 0.91 (95 % CI -1.69 to 3.51, p = 0.47), and 1.32 (95 % CI -2.30 to 4.94, p = 0.49) respectively, were not statistically significant. (Figure 1). ConclusionOur meta-analysis confirms statins' effectiveness in reducing risk of ARCD. However, their influence on EF, LVEDV, and LVESV remains uncertain, warranting further study.

Analysis of laboratory and instrumental data in young patients with COVID-19 and cardiovascular disorders

Introduction. Despite significant information on cardiovascular damage in older patients with COVID- 19, there is no clear understanding of the variability of cardiac diseases manifestations in young patients. Additionally, summarized data characterizing the severity of myocardial damage in these patients is lacking.Aim. To compare laboratory and functional study data and identify predictors of cardiovascular damage in young patients with COVID-19.Materials and methods. An analysis of 4,453 medical records from 2020 to 2022 was conducted. The focus was on patient age (18- 44 years), primary diagnosis, severity of COVID-19, comorbid conditions, timing of cardiovascular symptom onset, and laboratory and functional study data characterizing cardiovascular system damage. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 132 medical records of patients aged 18 to 44 years with moderate COVID-19 were selected, including 49 with cardiovascular issues and 83 without cardiovascular pathology.Results. Comparative analysis showed that cardiovascular system damage in young patients with moderate COVID-19, compared to those without cardiovascular pathology, was associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.001), brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) (p&lt;0.0001), D-dimer (p&lt;0.0001), and troponin I (p&lt;0.0001). CRP levels in patients with pericarditis and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were higher than in those with acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA) (p=0.001). No differences in D-dimer levels were found between subgroups (p&gt;0.05). Troponin I and NTproBNP levels in the AMI subgroup were higher than in the pericarditis (p&lt;0.0001 and p=0.047, respectively) and ACVA (p=0.001 and p=0.043, respectively) subgroups. Patients with cardiovascular disorders had a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p=0.005) without significant changes in left ventricular end-systolic (p=0.200) and end-diastolic volumes (p=0.119). The lowest LVEF was found in the AMI and ACVA subgroups (p=0.001). Correlation-regression analysis revealed associations between cardiovascular complications and NTproBNP (r=0.673, p&lt;0.001), troponin I (r=0.543, p&lt;0.001), and D-dimer (r=0.363, p&lt;0.001), as well as LVEF (r=-0.341, p&lt;0.001). Significant stochastic relationships were also found between D-dimer and troponin I (r=0.532, p&lt;0.001), NTproBNP (r=0.545, p&lt;0.001); and between LVEF and troponin I (r=-0.420, p&lt;0.001), NTproBNP (r=-0.314, p&lt;0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that NTproBNP, with a sensitivity of 86.5% and specificity of 81.9%, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular complications in young patients with moderate COVID-19 (OR=1.175, p=0.001).Conclusion. The results indicate that the severity of COVID-19, regardless of patient age and comorbidities, can be a factor in the development of cardiovascular complications. NTproBNP levels in the blood of COVID-19 patients can be an early marker of cardiovascular risk. However, further research is needed to confirm the pathogenetic role of cardiotropic protein in the development of pericarditis, AMI, and ACVA in these patients.

Empagliflozin Effect on Left Cardiac Parameters in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) poses a significant global health burden despite advancements in its management. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, primarily used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have gained recent consideration as potential agents for ACS management due to their cardiovascular benefits beyond glycemic control. This study aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin on left cardiac parameters in ACS patients.PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched thoroughly to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Four RCTs involving 701 patients were included. Compared to placebo, empagliflozin significantly reduced left ventricular end-systolic volume index (mean difference (MD): -2.38, 95% CI: -3.95 to -0.80, p = 0.0032), left ventricular mass index (MD: -2.76, 95% CI: -4.95 to -0.56, p = 0.0137), and left ventricular filling pressure (MD: -0.59, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.10, p = 0.0189). However, empagliflozin treatment did not yield a statistically significant change in left ventricular ejection fraction (MD: 1.21, 95% CI: -0.05 to 2.48, p = 0.0603)nor a significant change in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (MD: -4.49, 95% CI: -14.24 to 5.26, p = 0.37), left ventricular end-systolic volume (MD: -5.19, 95% CI: -10.77 to 0.39, p = 0.0682), and left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (MD: -2.20, 95% CI: -4.59 to 0.19, p = 0.0718).Empagliflozin provides favorable effects on left cardiac structural parameters in ACS patients. This suggests a potential role for SGLT2 inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in ACS management, warranting further investigation into their mechanisms and long-term clinical outcomes.

Assessment of Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Echocardiography After 90 Days of Sacubitril/Valsartan Therapy in Patients of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Abstract Background: The present study aimed to assess the response of sacubitril/valsartan therapy on cardiac reverse remodeling (CRR) by standard and advanced echocardiographic parameters in patients of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: One hundred and fifty patients ≥18 years of age with symptomatic heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;40.0% were included in this prospective observational study. All patients underwent baseline electrocardiography and standard echocardiographic examination. Patients were given sacubitril/valsartan maximal tolerated dose. Echocardiographic measurements were done after 90 days. The primary outcome measure was a change in LVEF, whereas the secondary outcome measures were changes in left ventricular dimensions and volumes, E/e’, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), and global longitudinal strain (GLS). Comparisons between two discrete variables and medians were performed using the Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test and the Wilcoxon signed–rank test, respectively. Results: The median LVEF (32.5% vs. 30.0%) was significantly higher, whereas left ventricular end-diastolic volume (180 vs. 177.5 mL), left ventricular end-systolic volume (127.5 vs. 122.5 mL), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (59 vs. 58 mm), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (51 vs. 50 mm), PASP (38 vs. 35), E/e’ (15 vs. 14), and GLS (−9.0 vs. −10.0) were significantly lower at 3-month follow-up as compared to baseline levels. Sacubitril/valsartan therapy leads to CRR as early as 90 days in patients with HFrEF. Conclusions: In HFrEF patients, sacubitril/valsartan significantly improved CRR.

Mechanical dyssynchrony as a selection criterion for cardiac resynchronization therapy: Design of the AMEND-CRT trial.

One third of patients do not improve after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Septal flash (SF) and apical rocking (ApRock) are deformation patterns observed on echocardiography in most patients eligible for CRT. These markers of mechanical dyssynchrony have been associated to improved outcome after CRT in observational studies and may be useful to better select patients. The aim of this trial is to investigate whether the current guideline criteria for selecting patients for CRT should be modified and include SF and ApRock to improve therapy success rate, reduce excessive costs and prevent exposure to device-related complications in patients who would not benefit from CRT. The AMEND-CRT trial is a multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, sham-controlled trial with a non-inferiority design. The trial will include 578 patients scheduled for CRT according to the 2021 ESC guidelines who satisfy all inclusion criteria. The randomization is performed 1:1 to an active control arm ('guideline arm') or an experimental arm ('echo arm'). All participants receive a device, but in the echo arm, CRT is activated only when SF or ApRock or both are present. The outcome of both arms will be compared after 1year. The primary outcome measures are the average change in left ventricular end-systolic volume and patient outcome assessed using a modified Packer Clinical Composite Score. The findings of this trial will redefine the role of echocardiography in CRT and potentially determine which patients with heart failure and a prolonged QRS duration should receive CRT, especially in patients who currently have a class IIa or class IIb recommendation.

Leadless ultrasound-based cardiac resynchronization system in heart failure results from the SOLVE-CRT randomised sub-study and the primary population patient cohort

Abstract Background Despite the well-established role of CRT in heart failure, major limitations of CRT include an occasional incidence of unsuccessful coronary sinus (CS) lead placement, one third non-responders in conventional CRT patients and higher complications risk in CRT upgrade procedures. The WiSE® CRT System (EBR Systems, Inc) is designed to overcome these limitations. Prior non-randomized studies with the WiSE System have shown high implant success rates and improvement in LV remodeling and heart failure symptoms. Objectives The pivotal SOLVE-CRT study is comprised of two parts: a randomized part and the subsequent single-arm part enrolled during the pandemic. The primary safety endpoint is freedom from Type I (device &amp; procedure-related) complications through 6 months and primary efficacy endpoint is the mean relative (%) change in left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) from baseline to 6 months. Method Between Jan. 2018 and Mar. 2020 the randomized part enrolled 108 participants for three indications: non-responders (NR), previously untreated, including acute and chronic lead failures (PU), and high-risk upgrades (HRU). All underwent device implantation and were then randomized in 1:1 ratio to Treatment (system turned ON) or Control (system turned OFF) groups. In the single arm, 75 participants had been enrolled within two indications: PU and HRU. The efficacy analysis of the entire randomised cohort included 99 participants (PU, HRU, NR). For the primary indication sub-population, 57 participants (PU, HRU) were analysed. Results Randomized Group: Results were available for 91 of the 99 patients. Significant improvements were seen between the Treatment and Control groups with a mean reduction in LVESV (-14.6% vs -5.2%, p=0.005), mean reduction in LVEDV (-8.1% vs -3.0%, p=0.027), mean increase in LVEF (5.4% vs 2.4%, p=0.048) and mean reduction in QRS (-41.9ms vs -1.7ms, p=0.001). Primary Indication Sub-Population Group: The primary indication sub-population also saw significant improvements between Treatment and Control group with a mean reduction in LVESV (-18.2% vs -3.1%, p=0.002), mean reduction in LVEDV (-11.6% vs -2.1%, p=0.004), mean increase in LVEF (5.7% vs 1.1%, p=0.025) and mean reduction in QRS (-38.0ms vs -3.1ms, p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion This pivotal SOLVE-CRT trial demonstrates that leadless, ultrasound-based endocardial pacing for heart failure is feasible and efficacious showing evidence of left ventricular remodelling and electrical response after 6 month in the primary population as well as in the sub-study group. Picture 1: Efficacy entire randomised population Picture 2: Efficacy primary indications population

The effect of cardiac resynchronisation therapy upgrade from right ventricular pacing on symptoms and functional clinical outcomes, results from the BUDAPEST-CRT Upgrade trial

Abstract Background Based on the results of the BUDAPEST-CRT Upgrade trial, in patients with intermittent or permanent right ventricular (RV) pacing and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) upgrade to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality. Purpose Whether the substantial treatment effect of the CRT upgrade could also be detected in a better functional and exercise capacity is scarcely investigated. We examined the changes of the prespecified tertiary endpoints such as symptoms, quality of life (QoL), exercise capacity and natriuretic peptide measurement from baseline to 12 months. Methods In the BUDAPEST CRT Upgrade trial 360 HFrEF patients with a priorly implanted PM or ICD and &amp;gt;20% of RV pacing burden were randomly assigned to CRT-D upgrade (n=215) or ICD (n=145) in a 3:2 ratio. The prespecified tertiary endpoints were changes in quality of life measured by EQ-5D-3L, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), and NT-proBNP. When data of trial patients were unavailable due to death at 12 months, imputed values were used as 0 (6MWT) and 0 score (EQ-5D-3L) or a 5th grade (NYHA class). Responders were defined as &amp;gt;15% change of left ventricular end-systolic volume at 12 months. Results From baseline to 12 months, NYHA functional class improved in the CRT-D upgrade arm compared with the ICD only group [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.50; 95% CI 0.32-0.80; P=0.003]. According to the adjusted model there was a statistically significant decrease in the NT-proBNP [adjusted difference -1257 pg/mL; 95% CI -2287 – (-228); P=0.017]. In responders, the changes in NT-proBNP levels were significantly greater than in non-responders [adjusted difference -1635 pg/mL; 95% CI -2811 - (-459); P=0.007]. The progression of worsening of QoL attributed to ageing was moderated only by CRT-D upgrade [EQ-5D-3L difference by age -0.01; 95% CI -0.02 - (-0.003); P=0.004; interaction P=0.003]. 6MWT did not improve significantly in either group. Conclusions Patients receiving CRT upgrade showed a substantial improvement in symptoms and a significant decrease in natriuretic peptide levels, as compared to ICD alone, which was more pronounced in responders. Moreover, CRT-D upgrade could moderate the progression of worsening of quality of life attributed to ageing in this vulnerable, older patient population.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with mild to moderately reduced ejection fraction and left bundle branch block

BackgroundIt is unknown whether cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) would improve or halt the progression of heart failure (HF) in patients with mild to moderately reduced ejection fraction (HFmmrEF) and left bundle branch block (LBBB). ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the outcomes of CRT in patients with HFmmrEF and left ventricular conduction delay. MethodsA prospective, randomized clinical trial sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute included 76 patients who met the study inclusion criteria (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] of 36%–50% and LBBB). Patients received CRT-pacemaker and were randomized to CRT-OFF (right ventricular pacing 40 beats/min) or CRT-ON (biventricular pacing 60–150 beats/min). At a 6-month follow-up, pacing programming was changed to the opposite settings. New York Heart Association class, N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide levels, and echocardiographic variables were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The primary study end point was the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) change from baseline, and the primary randomized comparison was the comparison of 6-month to 12-month changes between randomized groups. ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 68.4 ± 9.8 years (male, 71%). Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 randomized groups (all P > .05). In patients randomized to CRT-OFF first, then CRT-ON, LVESV was reduced from baseline only after CRT-ON (baseline, 116.1 ± 36.5 mL; CRT-ON, 87.6 ± 26.0 mL; P < .0001). The randomized analysis of LVEF showed a significantly better change from 6 to 12 months in the OFF-ON group (P = .003). LVEF was improved by CRT (baseline, 41.3% ±.7%; CRT-ON, 46.0% ± 8.0%; P = .002). In patients randomized to CRT-ON first, then CRT-OFF, LVESV was reduced after both CRT-ON and CRT-OFF (baseline, 109.8 ± 23.5 mL; CRT-ON, 91.7 ± 30.5 mL [P < .0001]; CRT-OFF, 99.3 ± 28.9 mL [P = .012]). However, the LVESV reduction effect became smaller between CRT-ON and CRT-OFF (P = .027). LVEF improved after both CRT-ON and CRT-OFF (baseline, 42.7% ± 4.3%; CRT-ON, 48.5% ± 8.6% [P < .001]; CRT-OFF, 45.9% ± 7.7% [P = .025]). ConclusionCRT for patients with HFmmrEF significantly improves LVEF and ventricular remodeling after 6 months of CRT. The study provides novel evidence that early CRT benefits patients with HFmmrEF with LBBB.

Empagliflozin to prevent progressive adverse remodelling after myocardial infarction (EMPRESS-MI): rationale and design.

Patients with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) following an acute myocardial infarction (MI) are at risk of progressive adverse cardiac remodelling that can lead to the development of heart failure and death. The early addition of a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor to standard treatment may delay or prevent progressive adverse remodelling in these patients. EMpagliflozin to PREvent worSening of left ventricular volumes and Systolic function after Myocardial Infarction (EMPRESS-MI) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial designed to assess the effect of empagliflozin on cardiac remodelling evaluated using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in 100 patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction following MI. Eligible patients were those ≥12h and ≤14days following acute MI, with an LVEF <45% by CMR. Patients were randomized to empagliflozin 10mg once a day or matching placebo. The primary outcome will be change in left ventricular end-systolic volume indexed to body surface area over 24weeks from randomization. Secondary endpoints include measures of left ventricular and atrial volumes, left ventricular mass, LVEF, and circulating cardiac biomarkers. EMPRESS-MI will assess the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on cardiac remodelling in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction after an acute MI.

Rate of Change in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures Is Associated With Death in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Identifying patients at risk of early death could allow for increased monitoring and more intensive therapy. Measures that associate with death could serve as surrogate outcomes in clinical trials. Duchenne muscular dystrophy subjects prospectively enrolled in observational studies were included. Models using generalized least squares were used to assess the difference of cardiac magnetic resonance measurements between deceased and alive subjects. A total of 63 participants underwent multiple cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and were included in the analyses. Twelve subjects (19.1%) died over a median follow-up of 5 years (interquartile range, 3.1-7.0). Rate of decline in left ventricular ejection fraction was faster in deceased than alive subjects (P<0.0001). Rate of increase in indexed left ventricular end-diastolic (P=0.0132) and systolic (P<0.0001) volumes were higher in deceased subjects. Faster worsening in midcircumferential strain was seen in deceased subjects (P=0.049) while no difference in global circumferential strain was seen. The rate of increase in late gadolinium enhancement, base T1, and mid T1 did not differ between groups. Duchenne muscular dystrophy death is associated with the rate of change in left ventricular ejection fraction, midcircumferential strain, and ventricular volumes. Aggressive medical therapy to decrease the rate of progression may improve the mortality rate in this population. A decrease in the rate of progression may serve as a valid surrogate outcome for therapeutic trials.

Effect of empagliflozin on left ventricular volumes in type 2 diabetes or prediabetes heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction

Objective Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, such as empagliflozin are antidiabetic drugs that have recently been reported to have cardio-protective action; however, their effect on cardiac structure and function in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has not yet been determined. This study evaluates the efficacy of empagliflozin on left ventricular (LV) volumes in type 2 diabetes or prediabetes patients with HFrEF. Methods This randomised, double-blind, trial study was conducted on 104 patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes with HFrEF referred to Imam Khomeini and Golestan hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. The patients were randomised to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) in addition to standard treatments of HFrEF or receive only standard treatments (control group) for six months. During the six months of follow-up, changes in LV volumes, LVEF, hospitalisation for heart failure (HF) were evaluated. Results Empagliflozin reduced LVEDVI and LVESVI by 10.0 and 8.0 mL/m2 (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a significant increase in LVEF was observed in the empagliflozin group (p < 0.0001) without any significant change in the control group (p = 0.389). The hospitalisation rate was lower in the empagliflozin group than the control group (3.8% vs. 23.1%; p = 0.008). Conclusions Empagliflozin is effective in reducing LV volumes and hospitalisation rate in patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes and HFrEF. Therefore, treatment with empagliflozin for six months was associated with a significant reduction in adverse cardiovascular outcomes in these patients.

Assessing fluid responsiveness with ultrasound in the neonatal intensive care setting: the mini-fluid challenge.

The mini-fluid challenge (MFC) can guide individualised fluid therapy and prevent fluid overload and associated morbidity in adult intensive care patients. This ultrasound test is based on the Frank-Starling principles to assess dynamic fluid responsiveness, but limited MFC data exists for newborns.This brief report describes the feasibility of the MFC in 12 preterm infants with late onset sepsis and 5 newborns with other pathophysiology. Apical views were used to determine the changes in left ventricular stroke volume before and after a 3ml/kg fluid bolus was given over 5min. Four out of the 17 infants were fluid responsive, defined as a post-bolus increase in stroke volume of 15% or more. Conclusion: The MFC was feasible and followed the physiological principles of stroke volume and extravascular lung water changes and 24% were fluid responsive. The MFC could enable future studies to examine whether adding fluid responsiveness to guide fluid therapy in newborns can reduce the risk of fluid overload. What is Known: • Fluid overload is associated with morbidity and mortality. • The mini-fluid challenge (MFC) provides a personalised approach to fluid therapy. What is New: • The MFC is feasible in newborns. • The MFC followed the physiological principles of stroke volume and extravascular lung water changes.