Changes In Learning Approaches Research Articles

Peran Guru dalam Mengimplementasikan Kurikulum 2013 di Sekolah

The 2013 curriculum is a pedagogical framework that aims to improve the quality of education in Indonesia by emphasizing the development of students' character, skills and knowledge. The role of teachers in implementing the 2013 Curriculum in schools is crucial in ensuring the success of providing education in accordance with the objectives of the curriculum. This study aims to investigate the role of teachers in the process of implementing the 2013 Curriculum in schools. Qualitative research methods were used by conducting in-depth interviews with a number of teachers in various schools. The results of the analysis show that the teacher's role in implementing the 2013 Curriculum involves several main aspects. However, there are challenges faced by teachers in implementing the 2013 Curriculum, such as limited resources, uneven understanding of the new curriculum, and paradigm changes in learning approaches. Further efforts are needed to support teachers in carrying out their role effectively in implementing the 2013 Curriculum, including more intensive training, strong leadership support at the school level, as well as increasing available resources.

Tantangan Guru Dalam Menerapkan Model Pembelajaran PPKN Pada Kurikulum Merdeka

This study aims to identify and analyze the challenges faced in implementing the Pancasila and Civics Education (PPKn) learning model in the Merdeka Curriculum at SMP Negeri 27 Medan. The research method used is qualitative research with a case study approach. The location of this research is SMP Negeri 27 Medan because this school has adopted the Merdeka Curriculum with a focus on Civics. Data were collected through interviews with Civics teachers, and document analysis related to the curriculum and learning models applied. The results showed several challenges faced in implementing the Civics learning model, including, among others, teachers being required to be more creative to maximize learning design to make it more interesting and so that students do not feel bored and students' resistance to changes in learning approaches. This research provides in-depth insight into the practical and conceptual challenges that need to be overcome to improve the effectiveness of the Civics learning model in the Merdeka Curriculum. The implications of these findings can be used as a basis for developing better educational policies and implementing more effective strategies in facilitating Civics learning at the junior high school level.

Comparative Analysis of G30S PKI Materials in High School History Textbooks

This study aims to compare the material of the 30 September Movement (G30S) PKI in textbooks between the 1994 Curriculum by I Wayan Badrika and the 1994 Curriculum Perfected Based on the 1999 GBPP Supplement by Siti Waridah et al. This research was conducted to understand the differences in the presentation of material, points of view, and learning approaches used in the two curricula. The content analysis method was used to analyze the G30S PKI material in the textbooks used in both curricula. The results of this study show significant differences in the presentation of PKI G30S material between the 1994 Curriculum and the 1994 Curriculum Refined Through the 1999 GBPP Supplement. Differences were found in the material's content, where the 1994 Curriculum placed more emphasis on certain aspects of the PKI G30S events, while the 1994 Curriculum Refined Through GBPP 1999 Supplements has more comprehensive information. In addition, there are differences in viewpoints and interpretations of the event, with the 1994 Curriculum Enhanced Through GBPP Supplements 1999 showing a more inclusive and critical approach. The research also highlights a change in learning approaches, where the 1994 Curriculum Refined Through GBPP 1999 Supplements adopted a more active, participatory, and skills-based approach. In contrast, the 1994 Curriculum tended to use a more authoritative approach. In addition, this study shows changes in public responses to the presentation of PKI G30S material, reflecting changes in social values and views. The results of this study have important implications for developing a more objective and inclusive history curriculum.

Why do students change their learning approaches? A mixed-methods study

This study investigates the changeability of learning approaches via a longitudinal design (Study 1) and explores the factors that potentially influence the use of and change in learning approaches through a qualitative research method (Study 2) in a Chinese cultural context. In Study 1, 439 Chinese university students participated in the pre-test, and 352 of them also participated in the post-test 9 months later. The results of repeated measures MANOVA show that students’ deep learning approach did not change, but they increasingly used surface learning approach during their studies. In Study 2, 26 students from Study 1 joined focus group interviews. The results of content analysis indicate that assessment requirements, quality of teachers, students’ interests, and perceived peer influence affected learning approaches. These influences could also explain the differences in learning approaches based on academic disciplines and year of study. Theoretical and practical implications in education are discussed.

A Probe into Iranian EFL University Lecturers’ Perspectives toward Online Instruction during the Coronavirus Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many countries all over the world. Most universities and institutions throughout the world offer online instruction to avoid disruptions in education during this global pandemic. This qualitative study investigated Iranian EFL university lecturers’ perspectives toward online instruction during the Coronavirus pandemic. Based on a researcher-developed protocol, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 university lecturers from Karaj and Science and Research Branches of Islamic Azad University, in Karaj and Tehran, Iran, whose teaching experiences ranged from 7 to 27 years, to identify their perspectives toward online instruction during the COVID-19 outbreak. The interviews drew upon emergent methodology to categorize the interviewees’ value-laden comments into four major attitudinal themes, namely,change in pedagogy with four subthemes of online teaching software, synchronous versus asynchronous teaching, benefits of online instruction, and university lecturers’ challenges regarding online instruction; supporting students with two subthemes of establishing rapport and positive relationship with students and student engagement; ethics in online instruction with a subtheme of assessment in an online environment; and the future of online instruction with two subthemes of university lecturers’ suggestions or recommendations regarding online instruction and changes in learning approaches after the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings demonstrated that Iranian EFL university lecturers require professional training on the latest technology updates for online instruction. Further, the adequacy of technological infrastructure and free internet access could facilitate online instruction during the COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, universities and educational organizations are expected to promote the infrastructure and provide a variety of internet access alternatives.

Patterns of Change in Approaches to Learning and Their Impact on Academic Performance Among Medical Students: Longitudinal Analysis

Theory Several medical education studies suggest that deep approaches to learning (DA) are associated with better academic performance, whereas surface approaches (SA) are associated with worse academic performance. However, no study has assessed how these approaches change at the individual level during undergraduate medical training and how these trajectories contribute to academic performance. We assessed individual patterns of change in learning approaches throughout five years of medical training to determine whether and how DA and SA evolve during the curriculum and whether initial levels and rates of change predict performance in Year 5. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that (1) medical students have a higher preference for DA in comparison with SA; (2) these preferences change along the medical curriculum; and (3) DA predicts better academic performance. Method: Participants were 268 Geneva medical students (59% female) who completed the revised two-factor study process questionnaire in Years 1, 2, 3, and 5 of their 6-year curriculum. Student academic performance was registered in Year 5. Multivariate latent growth modeling was used to assess individual trajectories in learning approaches and test their associations with performance in Year 5. Results: Medical students were inclined to use DA rather than SA. Nevertheless, from Year 2 onward their use of DA decreased while their use of SA increased. Students with higher initial levels of DA tended to have lower initial levels of SA. Moreover, increases in SA were significantly associated with decreases in DA. However, only initial levels of DA and non-repeater status in Year 1 were positive and significant predictors of academic performance in Year 5. Conclusions: Although students tended to use DA rather than SA when entering medical school, their preferences for DA tended to decline throughout medical training while increasing for SA. Learning approaches during early study years, characterized by engagement and meaningful learning, predicted later academic performance. DA should be promoted during the early years of medical studies to foster student learning and to improve academic performance.

Using an integrated teaching approach to facilitate student achievement of the learning outcomes in a preclinical medical curriculum in India.

Today most education institutions around the world have adopted the philosophy of outcome-based education. The emphasis in outcome-based education is achievement of outcomes; hence the curriculum should be designed in a way that it includes the components targeted specifically at achieving these outcomes. A discipline-based approach results in fragmentation of learning and lack of clinical applicability. Integrated teaching could be a solution to achieve required outcomes in a holistic way. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate an integrated teaching module. Temporal coordination of the basic sciences, along with correlation of learned topics to clinical settings, was done in the first year of the undergraduate medical program. The module was evaluated by obtaining qualitative and quantitative feedback from students. Student assessment was conducted with a test that had case vignettes and multiple-choice questions. In addition, students' change in learning approaches and self-directed learning readiness were collected. Students' perception regarding the educational environment was also obtained. Analysis of the data showed positive feedback from the students regarding the integrated teaching. Students' average score in the test was 86%. There was a significant increase in the scores for the deep approach and self-directed learning readiness in the posttest compared with the pretest. Moreover, students were found to be satisfied with the educational environment. Evaluation of integrated teaching revealed that it was well accepted by the students. Moreover, it facilitated the achievement of the students' outcomes.

Curricular Impact on Learning Approaches and Critical Thinking Skills of Medical Students

Objectives: This investigation focused on finding the changes in learning approaches of students’ while experiencing physiology curriculum and to explore the reflection of changes if any, on their critical thinking skills. Methods: In this longitudinal study, information on students’ learning approaches was obtained using the revised two factor study process questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) at the commencement (pre-test) and completion (post-test) of first year MBBS course. The total score and the scores obtained in the critical thinking questions in four physiology assessments were analysed. Pre and post-tests scores in R-SPQ-2F and assessment scores were compared using independent samples t-test and one way repeated measure ANOVA respectively. Correlation of scores between assessments was done using Pearson correlation. A p value < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: A significant increase in students’ deep learning approach at the completion of the physiology curriculum when compared to commencement (p < 0.001) was observed. A progressive improvement in their scores as they experienced the curriculum was also noticed. A moderate correlation among critical thinking questions scores and a strong correlation between critical thinking questions and total essay scores were also recorded. Conclusion: The study revealed improvement in students’ deep approach to learning in physiology which was reflected in their performance in critical thinking questions.

Effects of a six–session introductory psychology programme on Year 9 pupils’ interest in psychology and approaches to learning

Psychology is a popular UK A–level, despite many pupils having no previous taught experience of it. Prior introduction to psychology teaching could help pupils make more informed choices to study it. This study evaluates a six–session introduction to psychology programme for 20 Year 9 pupils called ‘Myth–Busting the Brain’. A pre–/post–programme questionnaire investigated pupil interest towards future psychology study, interest in the programme and approaches to learning. There was no significant difference between timepoints in interest in psychology, nor the programme itself between pre–and post–programme assessment. Overall interest in psychology was significantly correlated with interest in the programme at pre– and post–assessment. No significant changes in learning approaches were found between assessment points. However, psychology and programme interest were significantly correlated to deeper pupil learning approaches. This suggests that introductory psychology programmes may be more appealing to students with deeper learning styles. A programme of this length may not be feasible in typical teaching; hence future research could assess the effects of single sessions on psychology interest.

Influence of Course Design on Learning Approaches and Academic Performance in Physical Therapy Students

Abstract This study investigated (1) changes in learning approaches and academic performance between courses designed according to lecture-based learning or problem-based learning, (2) the relationship between academic performance and learning approaches. 32 students participated in this study. Students’ learning approaches were ascertained by the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students. Summative results from each course indicated academic performance. The results showed that approximately 50% of students changed their learning approaches for different course designs. Furthermore, choice of learning approach influenced academic performance in a course designed according to problem-based learning but not in one designed according to lecture-based learning.

El impacto de las TIC en la transformación de la enseñanza universitaria: repensar los modelos de enseñanza y aprendizaje

&#x0D; En los últimos años el debate sobre el uso de las TIC en las universidades se ha convertido en un tema estrella. En la educación superior las TIC, a menudo, se perciben como un catalizador para el cambio, en el estilo de enseñanza, en los métodos de aprendizaje y en el acceso a la información. Existen expectativas de que su utilización beneficie el ambiente de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. &#x0D; Con este artículo intentaremos dar a conocer, y conscientes de nuestra gran osadía, algunos debates y planteamientos que surgen de la investigación en relación a las TIC y la educación superior. Acepto de antemano las críticas a mi atrevida pretensión. No pretendemos ser originales y admitimos que tenemos más preguntas que respuestas al examinar que está pasando realmente con el uso de las TIC en la educación universitaria. &#x0D; El artículo sugiere que no se trata de las tecnologías sino de los propósitos educativos y de la pedagogía que deben proporcionar el liderazgo en la comprensión no sólo de cómo trabajar con las TIC sino del por qué es beneficioso hacerlo.

Changing students' approaches to learning: a two‐year study within a university teacher training course

Inciting a deep approach to learning in students is difficult. The present research poses two questions: can a constructivist learning‐assessment environment change students' approaches towards a more deep approach? What effect does additional feedback have on the changes in learning approaches? Two cohorts of students completed questionnaires measuring their approaches to learning in a pre‐test post‐test design. The constructivist learning environments in both conditions differed in the amount of feedback students received. Paired‐sample t‐tests indicated that students did not change their approach towards a more deep approach. Multiple regression analysis on deep approach on the post‐test showed no effect for change in learning environment. This indicates that little alterations in the learning‐assessment environment do not modify students' approaches to learning.

The Effects of College Students’ Personal Values on Changes in Learning Approaches

Many studies of changes in learning approaches have used data from different age groups at one point in time only (Gow and Kember, High Educ 19:307–322, 1990; Watkins and Hattie, Br J Educ Psychol 51:384–393, 1981) or have analyzed the effects of just two or three factors using single level analytical techniques (Cano, Br J Educ Psychol 75:203–221, 2005; Duckwall et al., Res High Educ 32(1):1–13, 1991; Jay and Love, NCSSSMST J 7(2):4–8, 2002; Loo, Educ Psychol, 17(1/2), 1997; Watkins and Hattie, Hum Learn 4:127–141, 1985; Zeegers, Br J Educ Psychol 71:115–132, 2001). This study employs multilevel modeling as a more appropriate technique for the analysis of longitudinal data to examine factors influencing changes in the learning approaches of 153 international undergraduate students over a 3-year period. Specifically, using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), the effects of personal values (level-2) on learning approaches and changes in them over time (level-1) are examined. Results show no changes within students in the deep and surface approaches to learning but a significant decline for the achieving approach, particularly for students who previously experienced a more formal teaching authority. Furthermore, students’ personal values in terms of security, achievement and hedonism affect the achieving approach while no effects emerge for the personal values of tradition, conformity, universalism, self-direction and stimulation. Finally, these effects can be observed while no significant effects emerge for gender, discipline and ability.

Learning Approaches and Outcome‐Based Teaching and Learning: A Case Study in Hong Kong, China

Outcome‐based education is a pedagogical process which focuses on the achievement of certain specified results. Outcome‐based teaching and learning (OBTL), therefore, is concerned with curriculum design and ensuring that the contents, delivery, activities, and assessments are all aligned to help facilitate students to attain specific intended learning outcomes. This study explores whether and how outcome‐based teaching impacts on the learning approaches of one cohort of undergraduate business students at a university in Hong Kong, China to undergo outcome‐based teaching, newly introduced as part of a university‐wide policy to adopt OBTL. The learning approaches of these business students were measured using John Biggs's (1987) Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ) to determine whether these students tended to favor surface learning approaches, deep learning approaches, or achieving learning approaches upon initial entry into the university. Changes in learning approaches were tracked, after a semester's exposure to OBTL, through survey and focus group interview methods. Findings indicated a significant amount of transference between learning approaches deployed by these students, demonstrating a high level of adaptability.

Variation in Student Reflections on their Conceptions of and Approaches to Learning Biochemistry in a First‐year Health Sciences’ Service Subject

Many factors affect students’ learning approaches, including topic conceptions and prior study. This research, undertaken after a first‐semester compulsory subject, explores students’ conceptions of biochemistry and how they approached their studies. Students (n=151) completed an open‐ended survey analysed phenomenographically. Those with cohesive conceptions were found to be more likely to adopt deeper approaches to study than those with fragmented conceptions, a result unaffected by various demographic parameters. Compared with earlier research, a semester of study increased the percentage of students with a cohesive view, with no concomitant change in learning approaches, suggesting that cohesive conceptions are a necessary but not sufficient criterion for deep learning outcomes. Compared with results for a science major subject, more of the students with cohesive conceptions used surface approaches. This may reflect a regression to safe surface approaches when faced with an unfamiliar topic or high total workload driving a strategic approach to learning. It could also reflect a perception that this material is only a tool for later application. The present findings indicate the crucial importance, when university studies begin, of enabling students to build an overarching conception of the topic’s place in professional practice. This concept building should be applied across the entire curriculum to emphasize application and integration of material (key graduate attributes). Improved conceptions may provide crucial motivation for students to achieve deeper learning, especially in these foundation service subjects. These essential changes to the learning context may also better prepare students for increasing self‐directed/life‐long learning.

Exploring Changes in Occupational Therapy Students' Approaches to Learning during Pre-Registration Education

This article describes a longitudinal cohort study, which examined the preferred approaches to learning of pre-registration occupational therapy students (N = 55) as they progressed through the 3 years of an undergraduate BSc(Hons) programme. The students' orientations to learning were measured using the short Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASI) (Entwistle 1981) and the results were compared descriptively across repeat measures undertaken during each year of study. Inferential statistics were used to examine whether there were any statistically significant differences in preferred learning approaches throughout the 3 years of study. The results showed moderate changes in learning approaches, which were associated with more successful outcomes of learning. The evidence of the use of these deeper approaches to learning was accompanied by statistically significant decreases in the less desirable, superficial approaches, with reductions in the mean scores between year one and year three for Operation Learning (p &lt; 0.005) and Learning Pathologies (p &lt; 0.05). The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to learning and teaching and assessment methods in undergraduate health professional education. Students may be encouraged to become more independent and to develop deeper approaches to learning by reducing formal contact time and developing assessment strategies that emphasise the exploration and application of knowledge.

Analysis of the learning context, perceptions of the learning environment and approaches to learning accounting: a longitudinal study

AbstractThis study investigates student approaches to learning over the 3 years of an undergraduate degree course in accounting. The objective of the study was, first, to identify changes in learning approaches over the course duration. Second, the study examined whether any changes in learning approaches were consistent with changes in the context of learning as well as students' perceptions of the teaching/learning environment. The results show that students made greater use of sophisticated learning approaches over time linked to their more favourable perceptions of the teaching/learning environment as they progressed in their course. However, there were no significant changes in learning approach attributable to the learning context. Implications for accounting educators drawn from the findings are discussed.

Pedagogy before Technology: Re-thinking the Relationship between ICT and Teaching

This paper addresses a conundrum: despite the ubiquity of technology in the business world, no clear role has emerged in education. After many years of national policies and investment in Information Technologies in the UK and elsewhere, technology is still an imposed and novel ‘outsider’ in the pedagogy of schools. This paper charts a series of experiences and failures in the UK, and highlights the unresolved dichotomy of purpose about why Information and Communication Technology (ICT) should be used in education. Understanding the problematic of using Information Technologies demands a consideration of some more fundamental educational issues. ICT is often perceived as a catalyst for change, change in teaching style, change in learning approaches, and change in access to information. Yet the rhetoric for change has been too associated with the symbolic function of technology in society, which sits uncomfortably with teachers’ professional judgements. So educational computing, it would appear, has yet to find its own voice. This paper explores this notion.

Attributional feedback and underachieving children: Differential effects on causal attributions, success expectancies, and learning processes

This study explores the efficacy of attributional retraining in the domain of learning processes, and on the effects of attributional feedback on students' causal attributional and success expectancies. Forty five children (29 males, 16 females) who were identified as underachieving received training in organisational skills, editing, and planning strategies, during which they periodically received effort attributional feedback, ability + effort feedback, or no attributional feedback. Results indicated that children in both feedback groups successfully substituted adaptive causal ascriptions for those that are dysfunctional. That is, they learned to reattribute their success and failure more to their effort (or lack of it), and less to the causal factor of luck. Similarly, effort and ability + effort feedback conditions were found to be equally effective in raising their success expectancies. With regards to changes in learning approaches. As a function of attributional retraining, the obtained results supported the predicted trends of change. However, these changes were found across the two attributional feedback groups, as well as in the no feedback group. The implication of these findings in promoting positive cognitive changes in underachieving children are discussed.