Changes In Kazakhstan Research Articles

ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ ШЫҒЫСЫНДАҒЫ КЛИМАТТЫҢ ЗАМАНАУИ ӨЗГЕРУЛЕРІ

Currently, the problem of climate change has not only alarmed meteorologists, but has also become a large-scale topic of public attention in general. One of the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the United Nations is the Fight against climate change (SDG-13CIS-13), within the framework of which large-scale projects and a number of activities are being carried out in the country. Modern climatic changes in Kazakhstan lead to an increase in air temperature and precipitation, as well as the duration, intensity and frequency of hydrometeorological phenomena. It is important to understand the dynamics of their changes, to determine the patterns of occurrence. During the research in 1942...2022. The meteorological stations Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semey, Shemonaiha, Katon-Karagai, Kurchum, Zaisan, Aksuat in East Kazakhstan have a tendency to increase air temperature by 0,2...0,4 0C every 10 years. There was a tendency for precipitation to increase by 1,6...7,7 mm every 10 years at Zaisan, Shemonaiha and Semey stations, and by 4,1...5,9 mm every 10 years at other stations. Anomalies in air temperature and precipitation over the past decade have shown a positive trend.According to the Mann-Kendall test, the value of the air temperature change was higher at all stations in February-March and August. The value of precipitation changes in the spring and autumn months is small, and at Zaisan, Shemonaiha and Semey stations it was higher in the cold season.

Linguistic dynamics and language policy in Kazakhstan

The research relevance of language policy methods, as well as the current language processes in society, is predefined by an urgent need to form nation-states with their own language and culture. The research aims to create an idea of the language changes in Kazakhstan during the period of independence and assess the language policy and its prospects at the present stage. The research employed the following methods: comparative-comparative, statistical (basic), analytical-synthetic, and graphic (auxiliary). This research examined the main parameters of language modernisation in Kazakhstan in recent years, studying the key perspectives regarding language policy. The results of the population census in Kazakhstan for 1999, 2009 and 2021 were analysed in the research. Statistical data was presented in the form of figure diagrams and in tabular form to increase the efficiency of the perception of information at the expense of clarity. A comparison was made between different stages of the formation of the Kazakh language identity (from the beginning of the twentieth century to the modern stage). Particular attention was paid to the study of the parameters of the educational system and the implementation of the concept of the trinity of languages studied within the framework of secondary and higher schools. The modern language policy of Kazakhstan was evaluated in terms of the prospects for the coming years (up to 2025). The dynamics of changes concerning the language in Kazakh society were tracked. This research can be used for further linguistic research related to sociolinguistic surveys, studying the language situation in different countries around the world, and forming an idea of how different methods work in the field of language modernisation.

Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia

This article examines China’s increasing investments in Kazakhstan amid its declining soft power and growing public dissent. Focusing on Kazakhstan's strategic position within the Belt and Road Initiative, it analyzes how Chinese economic influence persists despite widespread protests and negative public opinion. Using a qualitative approach, the study synthesizes academic literature, policy analyses, news reports, and firsthand accounts to understand local views on Chinese influence. Findings show that while China’s economic power supports continued investment, the lack of soft power presents long-term risks. Without efforts to improve its image and build trust, China’s reliance on hard power may fuel anti-China sentiments, potentially leading to organized resistance and policy changes in Kazakhstan. The study emphasizes that China must incorporate soft power elements into its foreign policy to sustain influence in Kazakhstan and across Central Asia.

Three-scenario forecast of retail e-commerce market volume changes in Kazakhstan until 2026

The new stage of global development is characterized by the movement of data across national borders, which is changing the nature and patterns of commerce. Despite the existence of e-commerce for many years, the current scale of these transactions is not commensurate with the previous ones. In addition, the emergence of marketplaces has fundamentally changed the rules of the game, causing a transformation of commerce processes. The purpose of the research is to compile a forecast model of changes in the volume of Kazakhstan's retail e-commerce market in the optimistic, pessimistic and baseline scenarios. Forecast models were formed as a result of correlation and multiple regression analysis. Scenario forecasts were built taking into account changes in the volume of retail trade in the country based on current conditions of the economy functioning. The results of the study allowed to identify factors that positively and negatively affect the development of the retail e-commerce market in Kazakhstan. The first group includes the growth of the total volume of retail trade, the share of Internet users aged 16–74, the share of non-cash payments in the total structure of payments, and the second group includes the growth of cash payments. The scientific significance of the obtained results lies in the justification of the influence of a set of factors on the change in the volume of the retail e-commerce market. The obtained results can be used by authorized bodies to regulate the market under study by influencing individual factors of e-commerce development.

Evaluation of changes in the lingual situation in the Kazakhstan lingual policy

Relevance. Language policy and societal language processes are crucial in forming nation-states with distinct linguistic and cultural identities, particularly in post-Soviet countries like Kazakhstan. Purpose. This purpose of the study is to analyze language changes in Kazakhstan since independence and evaluate current language policies and their future prospects. Methodology. The research employs comparative, statistical, analytical-synthetic, and graphic methods to examine language modernization parameters and policy perspectives in Kazakhstan. Results. The study analyzed population census data from 1999, 2009, and 2021, presenting statistical information through diagrams and tables. It compared different stages of Kazakh language identity formation from the early 20th century to the present. The research focused on the educational system parameters and the implementation of the trinity of languages concept in secondary and higher education. Conclusions. The study highlights that Kazakhstan�s language policy emphasizes the trilingual concept, promoting Kazakh, Russian, and English to foster national identity and international competitiveness. The research underscores the significant progress in increasing Kazakh language usage and proficiency, alongside the need to further integrate the language into various societal sectors such as science, business, and technology to enhance its functionality and influence. Keywords: language modernization; trinity concept; national linguistic identity; multilingual education; sociolinguistics

Climate change and consequences of climate change in Kazakhstan

The article examines the impact of climate change on the territory of Kazakhstan and its consequences for ecosystems, agriculture, economy and public health. Thecurrent climate change trends in Kazakhstan were analyzed using data from hydrometeorological observations at stations and posts of the state observation network of RSE «Kazhydromet». Climate norms and variable anomalies are considered, and changes in climate characteristics for the period 1976-2022 are estimated using linear trend coefficients and the coefficient of determination. The author focuses on the analysis of current climate change trends in the region and possible strategies for adaptation to them.

DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR COMBINING DATA IN ORDER TO PREVENT DUPLICATION OF RECORDS IN THE DATABASE OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF TEACHERS OF IT DISCIPLINES

The article assesses the outcomes of digitization on higher education in Kazakhstan. Given current trends, there is a need to establish a dedicated focus on the ongoing professional growth of educators. A crucial measure in this regard involves shifting from disjointed learning approaches to implementing a cohesive system for the continuous professional development of teaching staff. It is crucial to highlight that in accordance with the Development Concept of Higher Education and Science in the Republic of Kazakhstan the duration of an individual's active economic engagement has extended from 35-40 years to 50-60 years. This shift underscores the growing necessity for continuous learning throughout one's life and underscores the significance of non-formal education. The educator plays a pivotal role in influencing the educational landscape and significantly contributes to the outcomes of socio-economic changes in Kazakhstan. In the current era of socio-economic and digital transformations the teacher's proficiency has emerged as a crucial element that directly influences the quality of students' education. The Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation, and Aerospace Industry of Kazakhstan has reported a yearly requirement for approximately 30,000 additional IT professionals. Consequently, the focus is on enhancing the methodological expertise of IT discipline educators, recognizing their pivotal role in influencing the quality of education and student achievements. Information systems aimed at enhancing this competence are emerging as a crucial element in elevating the overall effectiveness of education. The article presents the rationale for the need to create a single space for additional professional education of teachers of IT disciplines. It is considered as an effective mechanism for the implementation of the state educational policy and innovation strategy in the field of education. The aim of this initiative is to ensure that the human resource is ready to successfully achieve the country's strategic goals in the context of digitalization processes. The article focuses on the development of a structural model of an information system aimed at improving the methodological competence of teachers of IT disciplines using the principles of continuing education. Based on a conceptual model with microservices subsystems, this methodology represents a comprehensive approach to the development of the competence of teachers of IT disciplines, integrating technological and methodological aspects. The development of a method for combining data in order to prevent duplication of records in the database of the information system is also considered. Methods of estimating the degree of similarity based on the types of attributes are proposed. The article extensively delineates the models, architecture, and components constituting the software implementation of the envisioned information system. It scrutinizes the accessibility of the employed data sources and formulates conclusions regarding the future potential for advancing the subject matter.

Wages in Kazakhstan: main trends and influenting factors

Wages are the main source of income for Kazakhstan’s population and affect the well-being of Kazakhstanis. In this regard, managing wages at different levels becomes important, which requires identifying the main indicators that need to be influenced. The purpose of this article is to determine the factors influencing wages and the main trends in wage changes in Kazakhstan. The main methods of achieving the goal were economic-statistical and correlation analysis with the calculation of the growth coefficient and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The source base was statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2011 to 2022. The study identified the main trends in wage changes in Kazakhstan. Wages are rising in different sectors of the economy. However, wage levels vary significantly across industries. Significant differences are also observed among different positions and qualifications of workers. Factors influencing wages in Kazakhstan include region, gender, economic sector, qualifications, minimum wage, labor productivity, GDP and GDP per capita, average annual population and number of employed people, natural population growth. The results of the study can serve as a scientific basis for the effective implementation of the Program to increase population incomes until 2029.

카자흐스탄 엘리트 정치 구조의 변화

Has Kazakhstan's elite political structure changed since the 2022 Kazakh unrest? Prior researches on the Kazakh elite have mainly explained the consolidation or replacement of the supreme leader's power, focusing on elite circulation and clientelism. These studies are useful for understanding the characteristics of the Kazakhstan political system and political changes, but there is a limit to not being able to track changes in the elite political structure from a macro perspective. Because it did not apply a tangible analysis framework. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis on the changes in Kazakhstan's elite political structure before and after the 2022 Kazakh unrest from Winters’s typologies of Oligarchy. As a result of applying two measures which are the ‘Nature of Rule’ and the ‘Oligarchs’ Role in Provision of Coercion’ proposed by Winters, the Nazarbayev regime was close to a ‘Sultanistic Oligarchy’ in that it privatized state power, monopolized the state's economic power, and suppressed opposition to neutralize the influence of other oligarchs. On the other hand, the Tokayev regime tended to shift slightly from the existing ‘Sultanistic Oligarchy’ to the ‘Ruling Oligarchy’ in that it distributed some of the power concentrated on the president, failed to suppress itself at the time of the protests, was supported by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and eased the state's monopoly on economic power. Consequently, it is difficult to say that the current Kazakh elite political structure has completely changed from the existing ‘Sultanistic Oligarchy’ to the ‘Ruling Oligarchy’, but it is necessary to continuously observe the possibility of change in the future.

Modernizing Kazakhstan's Higher Education: Challenges of Policy Borrowing and Doctor of Philosophy Graduation Requirements

Educational policy borrowing is changing the landscape of Kazakhstan's higher education. Kazakhstan has initiated higher education standards and quality educational services to compete globally to match those in developed countries. The government policy for higher education reform is a measure of convergence: catching up with the advanced knowledge-based economies of Europe and North America and creating a gateway into the European Union and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. According to the Bologna Process, the government's higher education policy calls for research-based Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees. Through this enterprise, the Ministry of Education and Science considers higher education to serve as a beacon light on global competitiveness by mainly introducing the PhD and setting up requirements for graduation commensurate with a research society. This article is a case study investigating the implications of educational policy borrowing and PhD graduation requirements regarding how the students are assimilating and accommodating the requirements. The study explores the implications of how educational policy borrowing impacts PhD graduation requirements and examines the challenges posed by the requirements on PhD students. Our findings indicate that educational borrowing to modernize Kazakhstan focused on developed nations’ social, cultural, and structural characteristics rather than responding positively to changes in Kazakhstan's material and sociocultural environments. We conclude that educational policy borrowing should be selective to integrate national identity procedures by which governments and politicians must reformulate educational borrowing according to atypical nonglobal competitiveness emphasis.

Optimization Modelling of the Decarbonization Scenario of the Total Energy System of Kazakhstan until 2060

This research article provides a comprehensive scenario analysis of key structural changes in Kazakhstan’s fuel and energy complex subsectors until 2060, focusing on decarbonization efforts. The background places the issue of decarbonization in a broader context, considering the country’s vast size and sparse population. The study’s purpose involves analyzing the development of the climate agenda by comparing two scenarios: a “reference” scenario without decarbonization measures and a carbon neutrality scenario until 2060 (CN2060). A mathematical technical-economic model based on the TIMES paradigm (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) serves as the method to optimize and simulate Kazakhstan’s energy system. The main findings reveal sets of policies, standards, and legislative, economic, and political decisions that are required to achieve CN2060. Additionally, the integration of a low-carbon policy, sectoral and cross-cutting approaches, the impact of the coronavirus crisis, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and energy security issues receive a discussion. The article concludes with projected shares of generation and investment in renewable energy sources (RES) necessary for attaining CN2060. This work offers novel insights into challenges and opportunities for Kazakhstan’s transition to a low-carbon economy.

2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan

In January 2022, Kazakhstan was faced with an attempt of a violent change of power in the form of mass protests that spread throughout the country and were organized with the basic techniques of color revolutions. The country’s own law enforcement forces were not able to cope with radical citizens, looters-rioters, and terrorists, and in these circumstances the head of state, K.K. Tokayev, decided to request the support of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) allies, who immediately sent the united peacekeeping troops to the republic. The CSTO peacekeeping mission, coordinated by Russia, successfully restored constitutional order in the country and prevented a violent coup d’état. The purpose of this research is to analyze the course of the January events and actions of the CSTO, as well as their impact on Kazakhstan, the region and the organization itself. The paper is based on interviews with experts from the CSTO member states, studies carried out in this area of research, and statements by official authorities. The synthesis of the research results is divided into thematic blocks and supplemented by the author’s conclusions. The paper mentions aspects such as the transition of power, changes in Kazakhstan’s domestic and foreign policies, the effectiveness of the CSTO organization and the expansion of its potential use. Proposals are also provided regarding the strengthening of defense integration and the need to develop a common regional identity. The research is unique in that it brings expert opinions from six CSTO member states, the results of studies carried out by researchers from Russia, Kazakhstan, and abroad, and the theoretical terminology of Western political ideology. The author presents the area of responsibility of the CSTO as a Eurasian security community based not only on collective security, but also on economic interdependence and a sense of community among the nations of its member states.

Government scholarships for international higher education: pathways for social change in Kazakhstan.

Globally, scholarships for international higher education play a critical role in human capital development. While substantial research has documented the benefits such scholarships provide for individuals, their impact on the creation of pathways for social change remains under-researched. This paper bridges this gap by examining the extent to which a government scholarship for international education has created pathways for social change in Kazakhstan. Data were collected through interviews with 67 scholarship alumni. Drawing on Dassin et al.'s (2018) framework for pathways to social change, the findings reveal that international education fosters social change in Kazakhstan in four ways. First, the scholarship program develops local talent and builds agents of change. Second, it widens access to international education, particularly for individuals from marginalized communities, who would otherwise lack access owing to their scarce financial resources. Third, the program develops alumni's cosmopolitan and intercultural competencies and strengthens international collaborations. Finally, it creates associations and groups through which alumni can collectively contribute to society. The findings highlight that while the interviewed alumni foster strong patriotic feelings and are determined to contribute to the prosperity of their country, underdeveloped industries, economic volatility, and top-down bureaucracy in workplaces limit their potential contributions to social changes. These findings may help policymakers and administrators to reconsider and improve on the design and structure of scholarship programs.

Kitajsko-kazahstanskoe sotrudnichestvo v sfere zelenyh proizvodstvennyh moshchnostej v kontekste realizacii iniciativy «Odin poyas, odin put'»

Within the context of the global response to climate change and low-carbon energy transition, the government of Kazakhstan is also actively using and developing its abundant renewable energy resources as a national energy development plan and launching a “green economy” policy. This is highly compatible with China's Green Belt and Road concept, which has given rise to a number of China-Kazakhstan production capacity cooperation projects. This paper analyzes the construction and operation of “key projects of China-Kazakhstan Production Capacity Cooperation”, focusing on the status of the China-Kazakhstan Green Production Capacity Project Cooperation. Furthermore, it reveals the effectiveness of the implementation of China's Green Belt and Road Initiative on the improvement of environmental quality in partner countries and the change in Kazakhstan's green economy.

Statutory Improvement of the Institution of Antimonopoly Compliance in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article is about to the analysis of the legal foundations of antimonopoly compliance programs of economic entities, the latest changes in the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the antimonopoly regulation related to antimonopoly compliance. The main purpose of the study is a scientific analysis of the specifics of changes in Kazakhstan’s legislation in 2022. To achieve this goal were studied: the concept of antimonopoly compliance; corresponding changes in the antimonopoly legislation of Kazakhstan in 2022; the practice of implementing antimonopoly compliance in economic activity, — and the main directions of development of antimonopoly compliance in Kazakhstan are formulated and substantiated.

The Effects of changes in Tariff Rates on Imports: Evidence from Kazakhstan

This paper is the continuation of the research on the impact of Eurasian Customs Union policies on the economy of Kazakhstan. The study provides new evidence on the effects of Customs Unions on its members. In particular, this paper investigates the impact of tariff rate changes in Kazakhstan due to the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union. Kazakhstan joined Eurasian Customs Union in 2010. Then the Eurasian Customs Union became the Eurasian Economic Union in May 2014. Since the establishment of the ECU, Kazakhstan’s trade policy has experienced considerable change. The tariff rates in Kazakhstan with countries outside the ECU almost doubled, with average tariff rates increasing from 6.45 to 12.24 %. This paper uses the dataset on bilateral trade flows between ECU countries and other 195 countries for 20 years from 2000 to 2019. An empirical analysis is performed on a country level, and panel data techniques are used to estimate whether the increase in the tariffs with non-members of CU will lead to trade diversion with suppliers outside the CU. The analysis demonstrated that the increase in tariff rates negatively affected imports to Kazakhstan from non-ECU countries. The effect of tariff increase, using the dynamic gravity model and GMM econometric technique, is estimated to be a 1.8 % decrease in imports if the average external tariff rate of Kazakhstan increases by one percentage point (e. g. from 7 % to 8 %). Due to the increase in tariff rates, the overall estimated reduction of imports of Kazakhstan is 10.66 %.

KAZAKHSTAN AMID UNREST AND INSTABILITY: MAIN IMPLICATIONS

This paper explores the reasoning and implications of the unrest in Kazakhstan unleashed in January of 2022. This crisis was the most severe form of violence that Kazakhstan has endured since gaining independence. It distorted Kazakhstan’s image as a stable country as the prevalence of informal institutions and practices. While the crisis was limited to the territory of Kazakhstan and developed mainly from domestic problems, it undeniably acquired an important international element. Kazakhstan’s appeal to the CSTO presented a drastic change in Kazakhstan’s foreign policy and ensued in the shift in the balance of power in the greater Eurasian region. Although Russia played a relatively subtle role on the ground, Russia’s involvement was set to link the political future of Kazakhstan to Russia for an unspecified amount of time. The study concludes that Kazakhstan is faced with the challenges of undertaking significant reforms to lower the possibility of further instabilities while remaining true to its multi-vector foreign policy agenda amid Russian intrusion.

TOKAYEV’S APPROACH TO KAZAKH ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM CHINA: AN ASSESSMENT AND FOREIGN POLICY IMPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT The year 2020 marked a change in Kazakhstan's approach to Kazakh asylum seekers from China. For the first time, ethnic Kazakhs escaping China's security and ethnic policy apparatus in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR; Xinjiang) were granted a right to a temporary stay in the country. The status was valid for one year only, yet it was a significant improvement as until 2020 similar cases were lost in Kazakh courts. This change was possible due to the international advocacy of local Kazakh human rights activists, the growing international recognition of the Xinjiang issue by the West, and the ambitions of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, who has been developing his own style of the presidency with social issues as its centrepiece. The purpose of this article is to assess Tokayev's approach to Xinjiang as a human rights issue in the context of his domestic and foreign policies. This article argues that despite the initial improvement in how the country dealt with asylum seekers from China, the situation of both human rights activists and refugees has deteriorated, forcing them to seek shelter in a third country. The article also finds that Kazakhstan's foreign policy under Tokayev has been increasingly China-oriented, prioritizing economic and political relations with Beijing over those with the West. This approach immediately affects Tokayev's strategies towards anti-Chinese activists and asylum seekers from China; it also has a long-lasting effect on the country declarative multi-vectoral and Eurasian foreign policy outlook.

Entrepreneurial Education and Youth Development in Central Asia: Kazakhstan

This chapter discusses entrepreneurial education in Kazakhstan, based on the case of the School of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (SEI) of the Almaty Management University (AlmaU). Provided that the President of Kazakhstan defined stimulation of entrepreneurship among communities in Kazakhstan, the business community as well as higher education institutions began to build academic programs around entrepreneurship. The School of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (SEI) of the Almaty Management University (AlmaU), also previously known as the International Academy of Business has been the first to launch entrepreneurship-related academic programs. AlmaU has the opportunity to learn from models and best practices of teaching entrepreneurship in universities all over the world and focus on integrating the most relevant content. The following chapter focuses on the entrepreneurial initiatives promoted by SEI - student start-ups, meet-ups, the ‘Ecosystem of Student Entrepreneurship’ project, which are aimed at educating future leaders, market influencers, and market shapers who would advocate positive socioeconomic and sociocultural changes in Kazakhstan. doi.org/10.52536/KS/vol_82_issue_2_A2

Геопространственное веб-приложение для поддержки исследований изменения климата Казахстана

Climate change modelling data is represented by large datasets that require certain expertise and computational resources for its transformation and adjustment to user needs. Geospatial web applications and geoportals are considered as a solution to this problem in this article. Global web resources do not provide geoinformation services for research on climate change in Kazakhstan due to aggregation or low resolution of the source data coupled with limited functionality for interactive geo-visualization and data analysis. The article describes the web application “Kazakhstan Climate Change” developed by the authors, the purpose of which is aimed at supporting research on spatial-temporal patterns of climate change in Kazakhstan. The data derived from CMIP5 models served as the source data. Based on the initial indicators such as temperature and precipitation, using the developed Python scripts and R Climpact climate script packages, additional indicators such as evapotranspiration, drought indices, heat supply indices and indices of the length of the growing season were calculated in order to determine the impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture. The key advantages of the web application include time-series geo-visualization, interactive generation of diagrams and tables for analysis, in particular for selected units of water management zoning. The geospatial web application “Kazakhstan Climate Change” responds to the challenges of presenting large climate datasets in the easy-to-perceive style and in an easily comprehensible way for geospatial analysis. The functionality of the web application allows users, without GIS skills, to explore climate change scenarios on their own, this opportunity is of practical value for scientific and educational community, for policymakers in the field of climate change and water resources management.