Changes In Incidence Of Infection Research Articles

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: A review of available data during the war years: 2011-2018.

BackgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has historically been reported from Syria. Since 2011, the country has been affected by a war, which has impacted health and health services. Over the same period, an increase in the number of cases of CL has been reported from several areas across the country and by a number of authors. This study aims to provide the first quantitative evidence of the epidemiological evolution of CL in Syria during the war.Materials and methodsData on number of CL cases for the period 2011–2018 were extracted from three different surveillance systems: the Ministry of Health (MoH) routine surveillance system, the MoH/WHO sentinel-syndromic Early Warning Alert and Response System (EWARS), and surveillance data collected by the international nongovernmental organization (NGO) the MENTOR Initiative. Data were cleaned and merged to generate the best possible estimates on number of CL cases; incidence of CL was also calculated based on data on resident population. Data reported from the years preceding the conflict (2007–2010) were also added to the analysis for comparative purposes.ResultsThe analysis of data from the three available sources over the period considered indicates that number of reported cases progressively grew from prewar levels to reach a peak in 2015, decreased in 2016, remained stable in 2017, and increased again in 2018. Such a trend was mirrored by changes in incidence of infection. Some governorates, which used to report low numbers of CL cases, started recording higher number of cases after the onset of the war.ConclusionThe war coincided with a major rise in reported number of CL cases and incidence of infection, although an increasing trend was already appreciable before its onset.

Changes in incidence and etiology of early-onset neonatal infections 1997\u20132017 \u2013 a retrospective cohort study in western Sweden

BackgroundThe objective of the study was to evaluate data on early-onset neonatal invasive infections in western Sweden for the period 1997–2017. To identify changes in incidence, etiology and mortality and compare to previous studies from the same area starting from 1975.MethodsObservational epidemiological, retrospective study on infants 0–6 days of age with a positive culture in blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid between 1997 and 2017. A comparison was made of the incidence between 2008 and 2017 compared to 1997–2007. Changes in the incidence of infections due to Group B streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic Gram-negative rods were assessed from 1975.ResultsThe total incidence, including both recognized pathogens and commensals as causative agents, was 1.1/1000 live births. The incidence declined from 1.4/1000 LB in 1997–2007 to 0.9/1000 LB in 2008–2017 but the case-fatality rate remained unchanged, (8/119 vs 7/90), at 7%. Among the 209 patients identified during 1997–2017 with sepsis or meningitis the most common organisms were Group B streptococci (40%, 84/209), S. aureus (16%, 33/209) and E. coli (9%, 18/209). The incidence of Group B streptococci infections went from 0.9/1000 live births 1987–1996 to 0.45/1000 live births 1997–2017 and all cases were within 72 h. The proportion of extremely preterm infants (< 28 weeks gestation) rose steadily during the study period but there was no rise in infections due to Gram-negative organisms. The spectrum of cultured organisms changed after 72 h as commensal organisms started to emerge.ConclusionThere has been a decrease in the incidence of neonatal early-onset infections compared to previous studies in western Sweden. The incidence of GBS infections was not as low as in other reports. Further studies are needed to assess if screening-based intra partum antimicrobial prophylaxis instead of a risk factor-based approach for identifying candidates for intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis would be a better option for this study area.Key notesThis study is one of the longest running follow-ups in the world, a follow-up of 43 years of early-onset neonatal infections.The incidence of early-onset GBS infections is higher in Western Sweden compared to other local reports.No difference in the incidence of early-onset GBS depending on the definition of early-onset being within 72 h or 7 days of life.

Survei status gizi balita di Agats, Asmat, Papua: Analisis situasi pascakejadian luar biasa gizi buruk

A recent extraordinary event of malnutrition in children in Asmat, Papua, Indonesia has drawn enormous attention. To help in post-emergency rehabilitation, Gadjah Mada University sent a Kuliah Kerja Nyata – Peduli Bencana (KKN-PB) team to Agats, Asmat in March 17 – April 20, 2018. As part of situation analysis, the team surveyed the nutritional status of under five-years-old children in Agats, Asmat. The subjects were under five-year-old children coming to posyandus in five areas in Agats in March-April 2018. The data of sex, age, weight, and height were obtained, then the nutritional status in the form of Z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) was calculated using WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 software. Nutritional status was determined based on criteria from World Health Organization (WHO). Among the 372 children, 35 (9.4%) children were underweight and 7 (1.9%) were severely underweight. Twenty one (5.7%) children were stunted and 12 (3.2%) were severely stunted. As many as 23 (6.2%) children were found to be wasted and 6 (1.6%) were severely wasted. The percentages of children with malnutrition found in this survey were lower than the percentages for Indonesia and Papua overall, but percentages in two posyandus were higher than the national and Papua percentages. The relatively low total percentages may be accounted for by concentration of malnutrition cases in districts other than Agats and lack of coverage of children absent from posyandu. Prevalence of malnutrition varied in different age groups possibly due to inadequacy of complementary foods, changes in incidence of infections, and addition of siblings. Further surveys are needed using home visits that will also enable to analyze of socio-economic factors at the same time as nutritional status determinants in Agats and other districts in Asmat.

Calculating a Measure of Overall Change in the Incidence of Selected Laboratory-Confirmed Infections With Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 1996–2010

To measure overall change in the incidence of illness, we combined data for infections caused by 6 bacterial pathogens monitored by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network for which >50% of illnesses are estimated to be transmitted by food. The overall incidence for these pathogens was 23% lower in 2010 than during the period 1996-1998. This estimate provides a summary of changes in incidence of infection for these pathogens.

Prevalence of HIV-infection in Saudi Arabia

Human immunodeficiency virus infection prevalence in Saudi Arabia was shown to be 0.02% in previous study. Following the annual incidence of HIV-infection can evaluate the degree of change in incidence of infection.

Ten-year survey of incidence of infection as a cause of death in hematologic malignancies: study of 90 autopsied cases.

We investigated 90 autopsied cases with hematologic malignancy, including malignant lymphoma (ML), acute leukemia (AL), and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) peculiar to our district, during the 10-year period 1982-1991 to determine the change in incidence of infection as a cause of death. We divided the cases into two groups representing the first half decade (1982-1986) and the second half decade (1987-1991) and compared the findings made in the two groups. Although infection was the major cause of death in those autopsied cases, the incidence of fatal infections decreased during the latter period. The incidence of fatal bacterial infections decreased, while fungal infections showed a relative increase. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurred more frequently in patients with ATL than in those with ML or AL. Combined infection by more than three pathogens was observed in 2 cases of ATL. Our study revealed the characteristics of ATL specific to our district, and indicated the need to apply new strategies to prevent and treat fungal and viral infections in patients with hematologic malignancies.