Changes In Hormone Levels Research Articles

Mechanisms of Heat Stress on Neuroendocrine and Organ Damage and Nutritional Measures of Prevention and Treatment in Poultry

Heat stress (HS) due to high temperatures has adverse effects on poultry, including decreased feed intake, lower feed efficiency, decreased body weight, and higher mortality. There are complex mechanisms behind heat stress in poultry involving the neuroendocrine system, organ damage, and other physiological systems. HS activates endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal, by the action of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nerves, ultimately causing changes in hormone levels: HS leads to increased corticosterone levels, changes in triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, decreased gonadotropin levels, reduced ovarian function, and the promotion of catecholamine release, which ultimately affects the normal productive performance of poultry. Meanwhile, heat stress also causes damage to the liver, lungs, intestines, and various immune organs, severely impairing organ function in poultry. Nutrient additives to feed are important measures of prevention and treatment, including natural plants and extracts, probiotics, amino acids, and other nutrients, which are effective in alleviating heat stress in poultry. Future studies need to explore the specific mechanisms through which heat stress impacts the neuroendocrine system in poultry and the interrelationships between the axes and organ damage so as to provide an effective theoretical basis for the development of preventive and treatment measures.

Thyroid hormones in female and male reproduction with special reference to dogs and cats

Thyroid hormones have an important function in numerous physiological processes in humans and animals, including the regulation of metabolism, growth and development of individual and reproductive function. The thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), have a direct effect on the reproductive organs and an indirect effect in interaction with other hormones. Thyroid hormones influence the reproductive system by regulating metabolism and tissue development of the ovaries, uterus and placenta. Changes in the serum concentrations of T3 and T4 lead to disturbances in overall body function. Thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, can lead to significant reproductive problems. The aim of this review was to describe the functions of thyroid hormones and the effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the animal reproductive system. Hypothyroidism is often caused by autoimmune diseases such as lymphocytic thyroiditis, and is associated with later puberty, reduced fertility and abnormalities in reproductive organ development. Hypothyroidism can lead to a prolonged interval, absent cycles, silent oestrus cycles, prolonged oestrus bleeding, and a lack of libido, with the occurrence of infertility, miscarriages, stillbirths and mummified foetuses. In males, hypothyroidism leads to a decrease in libido, semen quality, ejaculate volume, testicular atrophy, hypospermia and azoospermia. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, is usually the result of thyroid cancer, which produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. Increased concentrations of thyroid hormones lead to disturbances in the physiological balance of reproductive hormones, irregular oestrus cycles, anovulation and reduced fertility, as well as a decrease in the weight of the ovaries and the number of healthy follicles, with a simultaneous increase in the number of atretting follicles. The effects of hyperthyroidism on male fertility include disorders of spermatogenesis, changes in sex hormone levels and changes in sperm quality, such as hypospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia. It is important to diagnose and treat thyroid disorders in time in order to prevent negative effects on fertility and reproduction in animals.

Systematic identification and prediction of sex-specific MADS-box genes in Zanthoxylum armatum during flower development

Zanthoxylum armatum, as a vital economic tree species serving both as a food source and medicinal plant, it stands as one of the key industries supporting rural revitalization in southwestern China, offered significant economic, ecological, and social benefits. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the occurrence of male flowers being sterile, which has greatly impeded the industrial development of Z. armatum. In this study, we investigated the MADS-box gene as a pivotal transcription factor (TFs) influencing flower development. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of MADS-box genes in Z. armatum and establish a solid foundation for future research on this significant gene family, we conducted a genome-wide investigation and analyzed the expression patterns of MADS-box genes. The present study identified a total of 72 MADS-box genes (ZaMADS1–72) from Z. armatum and proposed that the ZaMADS41 gene is pivotal candidate gene influencing the female-to-male transformation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes can be categorized into two types: Type I (29 genes) and Type II (43 genes), with the latter exhibiting more complex protein domains and motifs compared to the former. Protein-protein interactions were observed among members of the ZaMADS-box gene family, while their promoter regions contained cis-acting elements associated with light response, hormone response, and plant growth and development. Expression profiling during different stages of male and female flower development demonstrated distinct high expression patterns for certain genes specifically in mature male or female flowers. Furthermore, the determination of endogenous hormone content indicated a potential correlation between iP9G and MEJA with sex transformation, while iP9G exhibited a significantly negative association with ZaMADS33 expression. This comprehensive study on MADS-box genes in Z. armatum combined with changes in endogenous hormone levels during male and female flower development, provides a solid theoretical foundation for investigating bud differentiation mechanisms and regulatory techniques in this species.

The Relationship Between Ghrelin and Iron Metabolism In Beta Thalassemia Major Patients

IntroductionStudies in beta thalassemia major (β-TM) patients have shown that the responses of HIF2α, hepcidin and ferroportin molecules to high iron levels are impaired. In recent years, studies conducted in patients with iron deficiency anemia have investigated the relationship between ghrelin hormone and iron metabolism. In this study, we aimed to contribute to the etiopathogenesis of this disease by examining the changes in ghrelin hormone levels in patients with β-TM.Material and methodsFifty-two β-TM and 23 controls were included in our study. Blood counts, routine biochemical parameters, HIF2α, hepcidin and ghrelin levels were studied in blood samples taken from the volunteers.ResultsErythrocyte indexes, serum bilirubin, iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity and ferritin levels showed significant differences between two groups (p<0.05) . There was no significant difference between two groups for serum HIF2α and hepcidin levels. When two groups were compared, ghrelin levels were found to be significantly higher in patients (p<0.05). When the correlation between parameters was examined in all subjects, a weak positive correlation was found between ghrelin and HIF2α (r=0.263) (p<0.05) and a significant positive correlation was found between ghrelin and ferritin (r=0.417) (p<0.05).ConclusionsOur study showed that there is a positive correlation between ghrelin and ferritin levels. Elevated ghrelin levels in patients with β-TM may have an important role in regulating impaired iron metabolism. Molecular level studies are needed to determine synthesis pathways.

Evaluation of auditory middle latency response during the menstrual cycle

Aim: The hormone levels during the menstrual cycle, directly and indirectly, affect the hearing system. In our study, it was aimed to examine the effects of changing hormone levels during the menstrual cycle on auditory middle latency responses in healthy individuals with different stimuli types and the psychosomatic effects of premenstrual complaints on auditory performance. Methods: In the study, 20 healthy women aged 18-35 years, with regular menstrual cycles and no auditory or vestibular complaints were evaluated for auditory middle latency responses with click and level-specific (LS) CE-Chirp® stimuli during the menstruation period of the follicular phase (1-5 day, menstrual phase), the ovulation phase (14-17 day) and the luteal phase (21-28 day). To evaluate the effect of premenstrual complaints on auditory performance, the participants were asked 5 questions. Results: In the auditory middle latency assessment with click stimuli, a statistically larger Na-Pa amplitude was obtained in the menstruation phase compared to the ovulation phase in both ears. In the auditory middle latency evaluation with LS CE-Chirp® stimulus, statistically shortened Nb latencies were obtained in the right ear in the menstruation phase compared to the ovulation phase. Conclusion: Although the clear effect of changing gonadal hormone levels on auditory evoked middle latency responses could not be determined, the findings show that neural transmission increases in the menstrual phase when the estrogen level is low. Click stimulus is more sensitive to hormonal changes, and the use of click stimulus has been recommended in the later side of lesion studies. In our study, no psychosomatic effect of complaints in the premenstrual period on auditory performance was observed.

Asiaticoside improves depressive-like behavior in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Asiaticoside, the main active ingredient of Centella asiatica, is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound. Previous studies have suggested that asiaticoside possesses neuroprotective and anti-depressive properties, however, the mechanism of its anti-depressant action not fully understood. In recent years, a growing body of research on anti-depressants has focused on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, we noted that disruption of the gut microbial community structure and diversity can induce or exacerbate depression, which plays a key role in the regulation of depression. Behavioral experiments were conducted to detect depression-like behavior in mice through sucrose preference, forced swimming, and open field tests. Additionally, gut microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in mouse feces were analyzed 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) expression in mice was assessed by western blotting. Changes in serum levels of inflammatory factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones were measured in mice using ELISA. This study revealed that oral administration of asiaticoside significantly improved depression-like behavior in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. It partially restored the gut microbial community structure in CUMS mice, altered SCFA metabolism, regulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and inflammatory factor levels, upregulated BDNF and 5-HT1A receptor protein expression, and increased serum serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) concentration. These findings reveal that asiaticoside exerts antidepressant effects via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These results suggested that asiaticoside exerts antidepressant effects through the microbiota-gut-brain axis in a CUMS mouse model.

A Phase3, Open-Label, Single-Arm Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Triptorelin 6-Month Formulation in Chinese Children with Central Precocious Puberty.

This phase3 study assessed the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of the 6-month prolonged release (PR) formulation in Chinese children with central precocious puberty (CPP). In this open-label study (NCT05029622), Chinese children (girls < 9years, boys < 10years) received two doses of triptorelin pamoate 22.5mg (day1 and month6). Primary endpoint was the proportion at month6 with luteinizing hormone (LH) suppression (stimulated peak LH ≤ 5IU/L after gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation). Secondary endpoints included safety assessments, hormone level changes, and clinical parameters from baseline. Overall, 66 children completed the study (93.9% girls; median age 8.0 [range 5-9] years). At month6, all patients had LH suppression; this was maintained at month12 in 98.5% of patients. Mean basal and peak LH and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were suppressed throughout follow-up. All patients at months3 to 12had sex hormone suppression to prepubertal levels. Stable or reduced breast development was seen for 98.4% and 93.5% of girls at month6 and 12, respectively; all boys had regression or stable genital development until month12. Compared with baseline (9.82cm/year), mean growth velocity was 5.88cm/year at month6 and 5.17cm/year at month12. Mean bone age/chronological age ratio decreased from 1.27 at baseline to 1.23 and 1.21 at month6 and 12, respectively. In girls, 64.5% showed decreased uterine length at month6 and 12 versus baseline, while 75.0% of boys showed stable testicular volume versus baseline. Thirteen patients (19.7%) had 22 drug-related treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs); no grade ≥ 3 TEAEs were reported. The efficacy and safety profile of triptorelin 6-month PR in Chinese children with CPP was consistent with data previously reported in non-Chinese children with CPP, supporting this as a viable treatment option for Chinese children with CPP. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT05029622.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function and hormone levels in early stroke patients with low thyroid hormone levels.

This study aimed to observe the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive function and thyroid hormone levels in early older stroke patients with low thyroid hormone levels, and to investigate the correlation between the changes in thyroid hormone levels and the improvements in cognitive function after stroke. Forty older stroke patients who met the inclusion criteria were recruited and randomized into a magnetic-stimulation group (rTMS group) and a sham-stimulation group (Sham group). The rTMS group received low-frequency true stimulation and the Sham group received low-frequency sham stimulation. Patients' cognitive scores, activity of daily living(ADL) scores, and their levels of triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxin (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed before the intervention, after the 4-week intervention, and after an additional 4 weeks of follow-up; Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used to compare the changes of each index in the two groups at different times and the correlations between patiens' cognitive function scores and their changing hormone levels were subsequently investigated. Thirty-one patients were included in this study: 16 patients in rTMS group and 15 patients in the Sham group. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that patients' T3,FT3 and TSH levels tended to increase at 4-week intervention and at the follow up (p < 0.05), and that the rTMS group had a better effect on improving T3 than the Sham group (Fgroup = 5.319, p = 0.028); The cognitive scale at different time points in both groups showed an upward trend (p < 0.05), and the MoCA, DSF, DSB scores in the rTMS group were statistically higher than those in the Sham group at the end of the 4-week intervention and at the follow-up (p < 0.05); The changes in the levels of T3 before and after 4-week intervention were positively correlated with the changes in the MoCA scores (r = 0.638, p < 0.05). And the difference in T3 level change was positively correlated with the difference in delayed recall, attention and naming score change (r = 0.562, p < 0.05; r = 0.562, p < 0.05; r = 0.531, p < 0.05); and the difference in FT3 level change was positively correlated with the visuospatial and executive function (r = 0.514, p < 0.05). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improved cognitive function and elevated T3 levels in older patients with post-stroke cognitive dysfunction who had low thyroid hormone levels. Within the normal range, increases in T3 levels are positively correlated with changes in cognitive function.

Volatile-mediated plant–plant communication in natural beech forests

ABSTRACT Natural forests present complex environments due to abiotic and biotic heterogeneity. While studies on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediated plant–plant communication have been conducted in controlled environments such as laboratories, research in natural forests remains scarce. To determine whether beech (Fagus crenata) exhibits plant–plant communication in natural forests, we investigated plant hormones and leaf damage as defense responses considering wind direction, forest stand structure and genetic relatedness. Our findings indicated that trees closer to the VOCs source accumulated more salicylic acid than those farther away downwind, resulting in less damage from pathogens and herbivores. Conversely, there was no distance-dependent change in hormone levels or leaf damage upwind. Additionally, genetic relatedness between the VOC source tree and surrounding trees did not influence the levels of plant hormones or leaf damage. Thus, our results suggested that beech exhibits plant–plant communication in natural forests influenced by abiotic and biotic heterogeneity of forest ecosystems.

Decreased Circulating Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Associated with Keratoconus.

Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal thinning dystrophy that leads to visual impairment. While the cause of KC remains poorly understood, changes in sex hormone levels have been correlated with KC development. This study investigated circulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in control and KC subjects to determine if this master hormone regulator is linked to the KC pathology. Plasma and saliva were collected from KC subjects (n = 227 and n = 274, respectively) and non-KC controls (n = 58 and n = 101, respectively), in concert with patient demographics and clinical features. GnRH levels in both plasma and saliva were significantly lower in KC subjects compared to controls. This finding was retained in plasma when subjects were stratified based on age, sex, and KC severity. Control and KC corneal fibroblasts (HKCs) stimulated with recombinant GnRH protein in vitro revealed significantly increased luteinizing hormone receptor by HKCs and reduced expression of α-smooth muscle actin with treatment suggesting that GnRH may modulate hormonal and fibrotic responses in the KC corneal stroma. Further studies are needed to reveal the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the onset and progression of KC and to explore this pathway as a novel therapeutic target.

Acupoint catgut embedding: a potential intervention strategy for obesity-related precocious puberty.

Obesity-related precocious puberty is induced by obesity, and acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) therapy is known to treat obesity. This study aims to validate the hypothesis that ACE can delay the onset of obesity-related precocious puberty. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, 21 days old, were randomly divided into three groups: the high-fat diet combined with ACE treatment group (ACE), the high-fat diet group (HFD), and the normal control diet group (NCD), with 8 rats in each group. The vaginal opening (VO) time was monitored, and serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and total estradiol (E2) were measured, followed by statistical analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, with VO as the endpoint, showed that vaginal opening was delayed in the ACE group compared to the HFD group, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The changes in levels of FSH, LH, and E2 indicated that sexual development was delayed in the ACE group compared to the HFD group and was more similar to the NCD group. Combining the vaginal opening time and changes in hormone levels, this study confirms the potential role of ACE in delaying the onset of obesity-related precocious puberty.

Magnitude of cardiac abnormality and its associated factors among hyperthyroidism patients on follow-up at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundThyroid hormones have an effect on every organ system, in particular, the heart responds to minimal changes in serum thyroid hormone level. Thyroid hormone causes a lot of changes in the cardiovascular system, such as increased heart rate, contractility, systolic hypertension, changes in peripheral vascular resistance, atrial fibrillation (AF), and hypercoagulability from the direct effect of thyroid hormone on cardiac myocyte and /or due to increased metabolic state. However, the magnitude of such heart abnormalities and its associated factors were not well studied in Ethiopia.ObjectiveTo determine the magnitude of cardiac abnormality and its associated factors among hyperthyroidism patients on follow-up at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 318 hyperthyroid patients who were on follow-up at the endocrine clinic of TASH, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from June to October 2022. The data were collected using a pretested structured interviewer administered questionnaire. The data were entered into the computer using EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to determine the association between the independent and dependent variables. Adjusted odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval and p-value < 0.05 were used to declare the presence and strength of statistically significant associations.ResultIn this study a total of 318 hyperthyroid patients were participated, most (90.9%) of them were females. The overall prevalence of heart failure among hyperthyroid patients was 17.0% (95% CI = 13.0, 21.6). More than half (52.7%) and one third (33.2%) of the participants showed abnormal electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings respectively. Marital status (not married) [AOR = 2.37, 95% CI (1.03, 5.44)], pattern of hyperthyroidism [AOR = 13.09, 95% CI (4.70, 36.41)], being Asthmatic [AOR = 7.63, 95% CI (1.55, 37.52)], type of medication [AOR = 3.49, 95% CI (1.11, 11.02)] and duration of treatment [AOR = 4.95, 95% CI (2.05,11.99)] were significantly associated with cardiac abnormality.ConclusionA significant portion of hyperthyroid patients overburdened by cardiac abnormalities. Being unmarried, overt hyperthyroid, Asthmatic, long stay on treatment and type of treatment were significantly associated with cardiac abnormality. Hence, attention should be given for cardiac abnormalities while treating hyperthyroid patients.

Short-Term Responsive Mating Intentions Increase with Estradiol and Testosterone across the Menstrual Cycle: Scale Development and an Observational Study

The extent to which estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone influence mating behavior across the menstrual cycle is unclear. The Proactive and Responsive Mating Strategies Scales (PARMSS) were developed to separately examine two specific components of sexuality and were used here to test divergent hormonal associations. Preliminary psychometric data (N = 364 females) suggest that both scales consist of one factor and demonstrate strong psychometric properties (internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct and convergent validity). The PARMSS were used in a repeated-measures observational study to examine the relationships between changes in endogenous hormone levels and both proactive and responsive mating intentions with potential new short-term or long-term partners in healthy pre-menopausal participants (N = 38). At two points in their cycle, participants provided salivary hormone samples in the laboratory and reported the likelihood of engaging in proactive and responsive behaviors with men in photos and vignettes. Participants reported greater responsive than proactive intentions. Increases in estradiol and testosterone across the cycle were associated with increases in short-term mating intentions, particularly responsivity to potential short-term relationship partners. No associations were found for intentions that were proactive or that involved potential long-term partners or for progesterone. Changes in the three hormones explained changes in short-term responsive mating intentions (22% of the variance). The results suggest (a) cyclical changes in estradiol and testosterone are differentially associated with changes in responsive vs. proactive mating intentions and (b) context-dependent changes (i.e., short-term vs. long-term mating intentions and possibly relationship status). The findings require replication with larger and diverse samples.

Cross-Sectional Examination of Thyroid Hormones and Environmental Exposure to Multiclass Pesticides in Women of Reproductive Age in China.

Some pesticides have been shown to interfere with thyroid functions through changes in thyroid hormone (TH) levels. However, few human studies have explored associations between TH levels and environmental exposure to currently used pesticides, including neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazoles, phenoxy acids, and azoles. Moreover, such studies often measure biomarkers of exposure in urine or blood, and thus reveal only recent exposure. In contrast, hair has been demonstrated to be a suitable matrix for assessing chronic exposure to both persistent and nonpersistent organic pollutants. We investigated 54 biomarkers of pollutant exposure in relation to tetraiodothyronine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2). In a cross-sectional study of 196 healthy Chinese women of reproductive age (25-45 years of age), concentrations of both pollutants and THs were analyzed in the first (starting from the scalp) of the hair matrix, collected in 2016. Associations between pollutants and TH levels were explored using stability-enhanced least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) by regressing all exposures against each outcome of interest, adjusted for age, body mass index, and city. Each TH was associated with the mixture of at least eight of the examined pesticides. We found associations of -HCH, PCP, DMP, DETP, 3Me4NP, carbofuran, , imidacloprid, 2,4-D, metolachlor, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole with THs. For example, a 2-standard deviation (SD) increase in -transformed hair DMP concentration was associated with lower hair T4 concentration [ (95% CI: , )] and higher hair T3 concentration [8.16% (95% CI: 1.73, 15.0%)] in the adjusted unpenalized regression models. We also found associations of some pesticides with T3/T4, rT3/T4, and rT3/T3 molar ratios, including PCP, DMP, 2,4-D, metolachlor, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole. Our results suggest that exposure to the low levels of pesticides examined here may disrupt thyroid homeostasis in humans. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and to evaluate the long-term consequences of these subtle interferences. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14378.

Prevalence, Incidence, and Risk Factors of Hypothyroidism in Adult Residents of Yazd Greater Area, 2015-2021: Results of Yazd Health Study.

Any abnormal change in thyroid hormone levels leads to thyroid disorders, including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, and so on. Recent studies have reported an increasing prevalence and incidence of thyroid disorders worldwide. This study aims to determine the hypothyroid prevalence, incidence, and risk factors related to this disorder. Data from a comprehensive prospective cohort study, collected from a population of 10,000 Yazd (Iran) individuals over a period of 6 years (2015-2021) was analyzed. Physicians diagnosed hypothyroidism and reported it. Data processing and preparation were performed using SQL18 and Excel, while STATA17 and SPSS22 software were employed for data analysis. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and Chi-square tests were conducted at a significance level of 0.05. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was found to be 93/1000, and the incidence was 15/1000 of the population, respectively. Women had five folds more chance of hypothyroidism (adjusted OR=5.31, 95% CI=3.06-9.19 vs. unadjusted OR=6.28, 95% CI=3.90-10.12), and they usually developed it between the ages of 30 and 39. Eating less (iodized) salt also increased the risk of hypothyroidism (unadjusted OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.02-2.11). Iron supplementation (unadjusted OR=2.09, 95% CI=1.26-3.48) was identified as one of the significant risk factors. Based on our findings in the unadjusted model, tooth brushing once or twice a day increases the chance of hypothyroidism (OR=1.89, P=0.008, and OR=2.12, P=0.016, respectively). Tobacco smoking (unadjusted OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.107-0.786) was also among the factors that need further investigation. The increasing trend of hypothyroidism is concerning in our population. The high prevalence, particularly among women of childbearing age, is notable.

The role of anatomical and functional orientation in identification of parathyroid glands for patients with parathyroidectomy.

To investigate diagnostic approaches for preoperative localization of secondary hyperparathyroidism, as well as to give surgeons with precise parathyroid gland localization and imaging so that surgery can be performed safely. The clinical data of 710 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism who underwent surgery in our center from October 2009 to October 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The changes in calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels were observed to ascertain the anatomical location and number of parathyroid glands. Among the 710 patients, 55 underwent total parathyroidectomy, the others underwent total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. In total, 2,658 parathyroid glands were removed, with 43 glands being removed in 35 reoperation cases. The median parathyroid hormone level at 6 months postoperatively was 13.40 (interquartile range, 7.00-29.80) pg/mL. The detection rates of the parathyroid glands before first and repeat surgeries were higher using 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT fusion imaging than ultrasound (P<0.05). The sensitivity of combined preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT and ultrasound was 92.31%, higher than that of either 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT fusion imaging or ultrasound alone (P < 0.05). The incidence of ectopic parathyroid glands was 23.8%, and the incidence of ectopic left lower parathyroid glands was 13.2%. The left lower parathyroid gland was the most prone to ectopia. 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT fusion imaging, paired with high-frequency ultrasound, can be utilized to diagnose SHPT preoperatively. The most common ectopia site is the left lower parathyroid gland, which is located primarily in the thymus and superior mediastinum. Understanding the functional anatomical distribution of the parathyroid glands is critical for developing effective surgical methods for secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The long-term effects of norgestrel on the reproductive and thyroid systems in adult zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations

Progestins are crucial steroid hormones that have attracted wide attention due to their endocrine disrupting effects in fish. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to low concentrations of norgestrel (NGT) on the reproductive and thyroid endocrine systems of adult zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 7 and 39 ng/L NGT for a duration of 90 days. The results revealed that exposure to 39 ng/L NGT led to a significant up-regulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (hsd3b) and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (hsd20b) genes in the ovary of female zebrafish. Additionally, there was a significant up-regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (hsd11b2) gene in the testis of male zebrafish. Furthermore, egg production decreased significantly, accompanied by notable alterations in the proportion of ovarian development stages, as well as reductions of sex hormone levels (E2, 11-KT, and T) in both females and males. However, long-term exposure to low concentrations of NGT did not lead to changes in thyroid hormone levels and thyroid histopathology in adult zebrafish. The overall results imply that environmental concentrations of NGT have a strong endocrine disrupting effect on the reproductive system of zebrafish, while the thyroid system is not sensitive to NGT exposure. The present study underscores the reproductive endocrine impacts of NGT and emphasizes the necessity for prolonged exposure at environmental concentrations.

Associations between Thyroid Hormones and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

This study aims to explore the correlation of serum thyroid hormone levels to cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. In this retrospective study, 106 Chinese patients without cognitive impairments and 94 patients with cognitive impairments, including 55 with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and 39 with PD dementia (PDD), were analyzed. Clinical data regarding the PD assessments, including disease duration, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part 3 scores, and Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) staging, were analyzed. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3), were measured using ELISA. Significantly altered H-Y staging, disease duration, and UPDRS Part 3 scores were observed in PD patients with cognitive impairment compared with those without. Serum levels of FT3 were significantly decreased, while FT4 and TSH levels were significantly elevated in PD patients with cognitive impairment compared with those without. Combined detection of TSH, FT3, and FT4 showed value in distinguishing PD patients with and without cognitive impairment. Furthermore, a comparison of serum levels between PD-MCI and PDD patients revealed significant association between thyroid hormone levels and the degree of cognitive impairment in PD patients. Our findings suggest a relationship between changes in serum thyroid hormone levels and cognitive impairments in PD patients. Thyroid hormone levels, particularly FT3, may serve as potential markers for cognitive dysfunction in PD.

Features of true gynecomastia in adult males

In recent years, the incidence of gynecomastia in adult men has increased significantly. It is of interest to study the specific features of the disease in these patients. To identify the main characteristics of acute gynecomastia in adult men. A continuous one-stage study including 160 adult males with acute onset gynecomastia, who were he was treated in Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow. Total bilirubin, hepatic transaminases, creatinine, urea, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, sex hormone binding globulin, estradiol, total testosterone, alpha-fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin and mammary gland condition were evaluated in all patients. Baseline significance threshold level of p&lt;0.05. The incidence of gynecomastia increased from 5,4% in 2020 to 14,4% in 2024. Tumor forms of gynecomastia were rare, with 1,2% (95% CI 0,0; 3,0) of cases. In 30% (95% CI 22,9; 37,1) of men, gynecomastia was due to the intake of anabolic steroids for athletic stimulation. In 11,2% (95% CI 6,4; 16,1) of patients, gynecomastia was hepatogenic. In 7,5% (95% CI 3,4; 11,6), it was due to elevated sex hormone binding globulin. 47,5% (95% CI 39,8; 55,2) were endocrine non-tumorigenic form of gynecomastia due to excess body weight with formation of changes in sex hormone levels. The patients who took anabolic steroids were characterized by young age, as well as decreased luteinizing hormone levels and increased testosterone levels. The group of patients with elevated sex hormone binding globulin had no clinically significant features. Men from the group of hepatogenic gynecomastia were characterized by hyperestrogenism. Patients in the group with altered sex hormone levels were characterized by high body mass index and either increased estradiol or decreased testosterone or a combination of both. The number of adult male patients with acute gynecomastia is progressively increasing. In the examined sample of patients, the main causes of gynecomastia were patients taking anabolic steroids, liver dysfunction and weight gain with the formation of changes in sex hormone levels. Patients taking anabolic steroids were characterized by a drug--induced increase in testosterone and estradiol levels, which was accompanied by suppression of pituitary gonadotropic function. Estradiol elevation was also characteristic of patients with hepatogenic form of gynecomastia and men with excess body weight with formation of changes in sex hormone levels.

Activation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Adrenal Zona Fasciculata Cells Promotes Cortisol Secretion: Implications for the Development of Menopause-Associated Diseases.

Changes in postmenopausal hormone levels are associated with a variety of disorders. This study elucidated the mechanism by which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increases cortisol production involved in development of menopause-related diseases. The expression of FSH receptors (FSHRs) in murine adrenal zona fasciculata (AZF) cells and ATC7 cells was verified by immunofluorescence, western blotting and RT-PCR. The function of FSHR in promoting cortisol production was analyzed by cell culture and molecular biological methods. FSHR signaling pathways in ATC7 cells were analyzed by ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blotting. Further, a mouse model was established by ovariectomy. Ovariectomized mice were treated with GnRHa. Ovariectomized mice initially received physiological doses of estrogen and were then injected with recombinant FSH. Then serum FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and cortisol, and bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined. FSHRs were expressed in murine AZF cells and ATC7 cells. FSH accelerated cortisol production through activated protein kinase A (PKA), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways by Gsα-coupled FSHRs in ATC7 cells. Serum FSH levels (P<0.001) were elevated in ovariectomized mice with concurrent increases in cortisol (P<0.01), areal BMD (aBMD) (P<0.05), volumetric BMD (vBMD) (P<0.05), systolic BP (SBP) (P<0.05), diastolic BP (DBP) (P<0.05), and HR (P<0.05). However, the administration of GnRHa suppressed the increase in FSH levels and the elevation of cortisol, aBMD, vBMD, SBP, DBP, and HR induced by ovariectomy, even in the presence of normal serum estradiol levels. The study findings indicate that elevated FSH levels stimulate cortisol secretion, through a mechanism related to FSHRs expression in AZF cells.