Changes In Hemogram Research Articles

Serum vitamin D3 (25-OH vit D3) concentrations and hemogram changes in calves with enzootic pneumonia.

Enzootic pneumonia is an important disease complex associated with insufficient colostrum intake after birth, adverse environmental conditions, and stress. Vitamin D deficiency may be an important predisposing factor for this disease. This study aimed to investigate in calves with enzootic pneumonia. A total of 30 calves, aged 3-5 months, under the same care and feeding conditions were used. Groups were formed according to Clinical Respiratory Scoring as the group with mild/moderate enzootic pneumonia (n = 10), the group with severe enzootic pneumonia (n = 10), and the healthy control group (n = 10) without any disease. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of animals in all groups on Day 0; a complete blood count was performed, and serum vitamin D levels were measured using the Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Although no statistical differences were observed in total leukocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels between groups, statistically significant differences in blood neutrophil, monocyte, and erythrocyte counts were found between the groups. Monocyte counts were statistically decreased in the mild/moderate group compared with the control group. Neutrophil counts were significantly higher in the mild/moderate and severe groups than in the control group. Erythrocyte counts were increased in the mild/moderate and severe groups compared with the control group. Vitamin D concentrations were statistically lower in the mild/moderate and severe groups than in the control group. However, no statistical differences in Vitamin D concentrations were observed between the mild/moderate and severe groups. There was a negative and significant correlation between erythrocyte counts and vitamin D concentrations (r = -0.64, P < .0001). While erythrocyte counts increased in the severe group compared with the mild/moderate group, vitamin D concentrations decreased. Also, a negative and significant correlation was observed between platelet counts and vitamin D concentrations (r = -0.74, P < .0001). The results of this study determined that serum vitamin D concentrations in calves with pneumonia were lower than those in healthy calves. Detailed studies on the etiologic and prognostic importance of low vitamin D levels in calves with enzootic pneumonia may provide valuable data for prevention and treatment.

The relationship between posttonsillectomy bleeding to hemogram and coagulation parameters.

Tonsillectomy is a common surgery performed for indications such as chronic tonsilitis, tonsil hypertrophy and obsructive sleep apnea. Although posttonsillectomy bleeding (PTB) is rare and can be controlled with simple interventions in many patients, it is one of the most feared complications of tonsillectomy surgery. In our study, we investigated the effects of changes in hemogram and coagulation values and seasonal effects on PTB. Pediatric and adult patients who underwent tonsillectomy with cold knife method between August 2020 and August 2023 in our clinic were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, hemogram and coagulation values of the patients in the control and study groups were recorded and the differences between the two groups in terms of these parameters were evaluated. Our study included 991 patients aged 1-51years. The rate of PTB was calculated as 2.82%. No patient with primary PTB was found. The duration of bleeding development was 7.03days. Age, WBC and neutrophil values were statistically significantly higher in the study group. There were no significant differences between two groups in terms of gender, season and other hemogram and coagulation parameters. Age, high WBC and neutrophil levels were determined as possible risk factors for PTB. Seasonal and gender distribution, aPTT and INR values were similar in the two groups. In order to prevent and predict bleeding, detailed infection investigation should be performed and the risk of bleeding should be considered to increase with increasing age.

High Hydroxyurea Usage in Sickle Cell Anemia Regardless of Patient Demographic

Introduction/Background: Hydroxyurea is highly effective in sickle cell disease, yet it is still underutilized. The Pediatric Sickle Cell Program of Northern Virginia recently published a 10-year analysis of uniform hydroxyurea (HU) implementation starting in infancy for all patients with sickle cell disease of severe genotype (SCA), demonstrating rise in HU usage from 32.5% baseline rate to 79.6% after two years, and to &amp;gt; 90% after 8 years. 1 Other HU utilization studies reporting lower rates largely use Medicaid data, and lower socioeconomics is often cited as a barrier to HU utilization. The Northern Virginia study reported on all patients with SCA regardless of insurance coverage, thus raising the question whether the high HU usage rate achieved in this program was influenced by a high proportion of non-Medicaid patients or other unusual demographic features. Therefore, we analyzed 10 years of HU usage data by insurance, ethnicity, and age. Methods: HUdata extracted from a longitudinal REDCap database and electronic medical records (EMR) with IRB approval (Children's National Medical Center IRB, Pro00002745, Pro00013374) previously reported 1 for five 2-year intervals are additionally analyzed for insurance, ethnicity, and age, with new data for 2019-2021. HU-eligibility includes SCA patients age ≥ 9 months and not chronically transfused. HU users (on HU) are patients demonstrating Hgb F rise and expected hemogram changes in response to HU, monitored every 2-3 months; HU non-users (not on HU) are patients who refuse HU or are grossly non-adherent as evidenced by lack of changes in Hgb F and hemogram. Pharmacy dispense records available in Epic EMR are used as corroborative information. Results: 1. Medicaid patients comprised 39 - 46% and non-Medicaid patients comprised 54 - 61% of all patients over the five 2-year periods. African-American (AA) and African patients comprised 85% of all patients. Medicaid coverage ranged from 24 - 39% for AA patients and 38 - 48% for African patients. (African is defined as born in Africa or having parents born in Africa who immigrated to the US.) 2. Comparing HU usage by insurance over the five 2-year periods, HU users increased from 72% to 91% for Medicaid patients and from 83% to 95% for non-Medicaid patients. Conversely, HU non-users decreased from 28% to 9% for Medicaid patients and from 17% to 5% for non-Medicaid patients. No statistical difference was detected in HU usage by Medicaid versus non-Medicaid insurance in any interval (p = 0.13 to 0.91) (Table 1). 3. HU usage rates in AA and African patients were not statistically different (p = 0.07 to 0.32), except in one interval (2013-15) (p = 0.006) (Table 1). 4. Comparison of HU usage in two age groups, 9 months-12 years and ≥ 13 years, showed that while HU non-acceptance/non-adherence tended to be higher in the age ≥ 13 group, no statistical significance was reached in any interval (p = 0.13 to 0.97) (Table 1). 5. The uniform HU implementation program targeted for fetal hemoglobin (Hgb F) 30% or higher by frequent HU dose optimization and close adherence monitoring. Hgb F &amp;gt; 20% was considered good adherence, and Hgb F 10-20% reflected partial adherence. Partially adherent patients did not distribute differently between Medicaid and non-Medicaid insurance (p = 0.07 to 0.86) but were predominantly age &amp;gt; 13 (p = 0.0005 to 0.001) (Table 2). Conclusion: 1. HU users and HU non-users did not disproportionately distribute to any demographic group. 2. Uniform HU implementation was effective in both Medicaid and non-Medicaid populations. 3. Ethnicity and age were not significant factors in HU uptake or acceptance, but decreased HU adherence is more frequent in teenagers. 4. HU can be effectively implemented for all SCA patients across demographic groups. Medicaid insurance, as a proxy for socioeconomic level, is not a barrier to high HU usage. Reference: 1. Phan V, Park JA, Dulman R, Lewis A, Briere N, Notarangelo B, Yang E. Ten-year longitudinal analysis of hydroxyurea implementation in a pediatric sickle cell program. Eur J Haematol. 2022 Nov;109(5):465-473. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13827. Epub 2022 Sep 2. PMID: 35811388.

Hemogram Findings in Cats from an Area Endemic for Leishmania infantum and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections.

Simple SummarySome cats positive for Leishmania infantum (Li) show clinical signs and clinicopathological changes, including hemogram abnormalities. However, co-infections or co-morbidities are often detected in cats with leishmaniosis, and they can have a role in the clinical abnormalities observed. In feline Leishmania infantum infections and in clinical cases of feline leishmaniosis, a significant association with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been detected, but the role of this co-infection is controversial. The aims of this study were to retrospectively evaluate hemogram changes in cats from areas endemic for Leishmania infantum and feline immunodeficiency virus infections (Sicily and Calabria regions, Southern Italy) and to analyze the role of both pathogens in the abnormalities detected. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on 496 cats. Hematological changes in cats positive for Leishmania infantum were found, particularly abnormalities compatible with chronic inflammation including moderate anemia, monocytosis, and morphologically activated monocytes. Moreover, some abnormalities, such as thrombocytosis, seem to arise when cats are co-infected with FIV. Feline leishmaniosis should be considered when some hemogram abnormalities compatible with chronic inflammation are detected.In feline Leishmania infantum (Li) infection and in clinical cases of feline leishmaniosis, co-infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been reported. However, the role of the retroviral co-infection in the impairment of feline clinical health is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate hemogram changes in cats from regions endemic for both Li and FIV infection. Four hundred and ninety-six cats tested for Li (EDTA blood polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence antibody test) and for FIV infection (enzyme-linked immune assay) were retrospectively evaluated. Hemogram results including blood smear morphological evaluation were statistically compared considering four infection patterns: Li+FIV+, Li+FIV−, Li−FIV+, and Li−FIV−. Significantly lower values of erythrocytes (Li+FIV−: p = 0.0248; Li−FIV+: p = 0.0392) and hemoglobin (Li+FIV: p = 0.0086; Li−FIV+: p = 0.0249) were found in both infections when compared to Li−FIV− cats, and severity of anemia was more frequently moderate in Li-positive cats (p = 0.0206) and severe in FIV infection (p = 0.024). Li infection was associated with monocytosis (p = 0.0013) and morphologically activated monocytes (p = 0.0209). Moreover, FIV infection was associated with the presence of inflammatory leukogram (p = 0.023), and an association between thrombocytosis and the co-infection was found (p = 0.0347). Li infection in cats induces hematological changes compatible with chronic inflammation, some of which are due to co-infection with FIV.

SMALL ROUND CELL TUMORS PRESENTING AS ORBITAL PROPTOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH BONE MARROW INVOLVEMENT: A STUDY OF HAEMATO- MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURE.

Introduction: Childhood proptosis is an interesting clinical presentation of underlying hematological and non-hematological disorders. Malignant proptosis is most commonly caused by retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, leukemia/lymphomas and other metastatic tumors such as neuroblastoma. Bone marrow examination is a commonly used diagnostic and staging modality in the evaluation of hematological and non- hematological disorders in pediatric population. Patients with proptosis present with subtle changes in hemogram which point towards metastatic or hematologic etiology and hence a detailed hematologic work-up is mandatory. A descriptive cross-sectional study wasAim/objective: conducted to study the clinical, hematological and pathological data of interesting pediatric malignancies presenting as orbital proptosis with or without bone marrow involvement at the time of diagnosis from July 2020 to June 2021. All cases of orbital proptosis presenting withMethods: cytopenias referred for bone marrow examination were included in the study. Primary diagnosis of was made on histopathology/ne needle aspiration cytology combined with clinico-radiological features. Bone marrow procedure was done from posterior superior iliac spine. The informed consents were taken from the patients in the vernacular language after explaining the procedures. All procedures performed in the current study were approved by Institutional ethical committee. Aspirate smears and biopsy sections were stained by May-Grunwald-Giemsa and Hematoxylin and eosin respectively as per standard protocols. Special stains Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Alcin blue, PAS (perioidic acid and Schiff) and reticulin were performed when required. Samples were also processed for molecular genetics studies in acute leukaemias. The descriptive analysis of the data was done, and the results were presented as mean, frequencies, and percentages. Results: Of total 20 cases presenting as orbital-proptosis, only 11 cases showed bone marrow involvement as acute myeloid leukemia (45%) and as a metastatic site (55%). The most common cause of bilateral orbital proptosis was metastatic malignancies followed by acute myeloid leukaemias. Anaemia and thrombocytopenia were signicantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with marrow inltration. The present analysis showedConclusion: different types of pattern bone marrow inltration had prognostic implications. Pancytopenias/bicytopeinias were most commonly seen in association with solid malignancies. Acute leukaemias presented with leukocytosis along with reduction in red cells and megakaryocytic lineages. Some cases primary diagnosis was initially made from bone marrow examination only. The present study highlights the signicance of bone marrow examination in patients with proptosis wherein subtle changes in hemogram point toward metastatic or hematologic etiology.

PECULIARITIES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITH IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

The article presents changes in hemogram and oxidative stress in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) on the background of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Iron deficiency anemia is an additional factor that contributes to the deepening of myocardial ischemia and deepens the processes of peroxidation and damage to cardiomyocytes, which is an important factor in the unfavorable course, both acute period and recovery processes in myocardial necrosis. In order to study the indicators of the general analysis of blood and functional state of the antioxidant system in patients with acute myocardial infarction with IDA, 36 patients with AMI with IDA were examined, including 39% men and 61% women. The first group consisted of 10 patients with AMI without IDA, the second 26 patients with AMI and IDA of varying severity, the control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals. Hemogram parameters, glutathione system function, oxyproline, arginase and magnesium levels in the blood were determined. It has been established that women with mild and moderate anemia predominate among patients with acute myocardial infarction with concomitant iron deficiency anemia. Among men, half of the patients have severe anemia. In addition to a decrease in Hb levels, patients with ACS with IDA have the following laboratory signs of anemia: a tendency to increase the average concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte, low serum iron levels and an increase in serum transferrin levels. In the presence of IDA in patients with ACS there are changes in the antioxidant system. Anemic syndrome in such patients is accompanied by increased concentrations of glutathione transferase and peroxidase, as well as decreased concentrations of oxyproline.&#x0D; Anemia can trigger oxidative stress, and an increase in OS may be associated with changes in cardiac function. Possible cardiovascular effects in patients with comorbid conditions should also be considered.&#x0D; Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient disorder globally. When severe, iron deficiency leads to anemia, which can be deleterious to cardiac function. Given the central role of iron and oxygen in cardiac biology, multiple pathways are expected to be altered in iron-deficiency anemia, and identifying these requires an unbiased approach.&#x0D; Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant molecules that can play an important role in the pathogenesis of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA).&#x0D; Maintenance of the iron homeostasis is essential for metabolic and physiological processes. Iron plays a critical role in erythropoiesis, is incorporated into erythroblasts and reticulocytes, and has a crucial role in oxygen transport and oxygen storage. Moreover, iron is essential for cardiac and skeletal muscle metabolism, the synthesis and degradation of proteins, lipids, ribonucleic acids, and mitochondrial function.&#x0D; Research has now focused on non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the roles of iron and iron deficiency (ID) in patients with cardiovascular disease.&#x0D; The Iron required for immune response, hormonal balance, and plays an important role in regulating oxidative stress and aerobic metabolism. The myocardial tissue has a mainly aerobic cellular metabolism, which depends of mitochondria's Krebs cycle enzymes that need iron as an essential cofactor. In this regard, there is some evidence that myocardial iron deficiency is highly prevalent in HF and may play a role in the progression of the disease.

Особливості ураження печінки при інфекційному мононуклеозі в дітей

У даний час спостерігається тенденція до зростання захворюваності на інфекційний мононуклеоз (ІМ). Мета дослідження — виявити клінічні особливості ураження печінки при ІМ у дітей. Матеріали та методи. Проаналізовано дані історій хвороби 42 дітей віком від 4 до 15 років із діагнозом хронічного гепатиту. Визначали активність аланінамінотрансферази, аспартатамінотрансферази, лужної фосфатази, гамма-глутамілтранспептидази, рівень білірубіну, маркери вірусних гепатитів. Проводили ультра­звукове дослідження, імуноферментний аналіз із визначенням у крові маркерів Епштейна — Барр вірусу (ЕБВ) (IgM VCA, IgG EA, IgG VCA, авідність) і цитомегаловірусу (ЦМВ) (IgM, IgG, авідність); ДНК-ЕБВ і ДНК-ЦМВ методом полімеразно-ланцюгової реакції. Виділено 3 групи: 1-ша група — хворі на ІМ ЕБВ-етіології (17 пацієнтів), 2-га група — хворі на ІМ ЦМВ-етіології (16 пацієнтів), 3-тя група — мікст-ІМ ЕБВ + ЦМВ (9 пацієнтів). Дані оброблені методами статистичного аналізу з використанням прикладної програми Statistica 6. Результати. У 85,7 % випадків ІМ перебігав у типовій формі із середнім ступенем тяжкості (збільшення розмірів лімфовузлів у 98,6 % хворих, тонзиліт — у 54,7 %, гепатомегалія — у 71,4 %, спленомегалія — у 38,1 %). Характерні зміни гемограми при ІМ: лейкоцитоз (64,2 %) і атипові мононуклеари (73,5 %). У 15 дітей (35,7 %) підвищені трансамінази. Жовтяничні форми гепатиту спостерігалися в п’яти пацієнтів. Рівень атипових мононуклеарів у крові понад 20 % відзначався в 43,3 % хворих. УЗД виявило дифузне підвищення ехогенності печінки в 36,6 % пацієнтів. Висновки: 1. Гепатит при ІМ виявлений більше ніж у половини хворих, його розвиток і вираженість корелюють з етіологічними особливостями захворювання (мікст-інфекція ЕБВ + ЦМВ, rs = 0,60 ± 0,07); віком (rs = 0,40 ± 0,07), статтю (rs = 0,80 ± 0,07). 2. Гепатит на фоні ІМ характеризується вірогідним переважанням безжовтяничних форм із помірним і короткочасним підвищенням трансаміназ, супроводжується спленомегалією й рівнем атипових мононуклеарів у крові понад 20 %.

Study of hemoglobin and red blood cell indices during first week of life in normal term neonates

Background: Transition from foetal to neonatal life is associated with major changes in hemogram due to homeostatic control. There are very wide ranges of hemogram levels that seem to be abnormally high or low in healthy term neonate at birth and during first week of life but these were actually normal for that neonatal period depending upon gestational and post-natal age.Method: Hemogram was studied in 100 normal term neonates born in RNT medical college during June 2009 to Dec 2009.Results: The ranges of various hemogram indices at birth, 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days are as follows: Hemoglobin 12.2-23.2 gm/dl, 11.6-22.8 gm/dl, 11.5-21.3 gm/dl and 11.3-21.3 gm/dl respectively. Hematocrit 36.8-64.3%, 35.2-61.3%, 34.4-60.6% and 32.2-60.1% respectively. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 82.2-126.5 fl, 82.5-126.1 fl, 82.1-126.3 fl and 80.5-126.4 fl respectively. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 26.2-40.9 pg, 26.0-39.7 pg, 26-40.5 pg and 25.4-39.4 pg respectively. MCH concentration (MCHC) 29.6-38 g/dl, 28.5-37.7 g/dl, 28.4-38.6 g/dl and 28.4-38.5 g/dl respectively. Total red blood cell count (TRBC) 3.7-6.9×106/µl, 3.3-6.9×106/µl, 3.3-6.7×106/µl and 3.3-6.3×106/µl respectively.Conclusions: Hemoglobin level falls in early life in healthy term neonate. Also, there is wide range of RBC parameters in healthy term neonates. The normal values of hemogram in neonates are different from other age groups and it varies with postnatal age and gestational age. A reference range derived from large neonatal datasets of varied gestational and postnatal age should be used such as those presented here for healthy term neonates.

Analysis of the Clinical Features of Intrauterine Ureaplasma urealyticum Infection in Preterm Infants: A Case-Control Study.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of intrauterine Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection in premature infants.Method: In this single-center retrospective case-control study, 291 preterm infants born in our hospital and hospitalized in our department and gestational age no more than 32 weeks, birth weight no more than 2000 g were included from January 2019 to January 2021. Lower respiratory tract secretion, gastric fluid and urine were collected for UU RNA detection within 48 h after birth. Intrauterine UU infection is defined by at least one positive UU-PCR test of secreta or excreta of preterm infants after birth. The UU infection group included 86 preterm infants and the non-UU infection group included 205 preterm infants. We compared their clinical features, hemogram changes and disease outcomes using statistical analyses.Results: The clinical characteristics of premature infants such as the duration of oxygen use and ventilator use in hospital were significantly prolonged in the UU infection group (P < 0.05). The levels of leukocytes, platelet and procalcitonin in the UU infection group were significantly higher than in the non-UU infection group (P < 0.05). In terms of preterm complications, only the incidences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity and metabolic bone disease in premature infants in the UU infection group were significantly higher than those in the non-UU infection group (P < 0.05). The mode of delivery, maternal premature rupture of membranes, and postnatal leukocyte level were independent risk factors for UU infection, while gestational hypertension was a protective factor for UU infection. The level of leukocytes in postnatal hemogram of premature infants could be used as a diagnostic index of UU infection, but the diagnostic accuracy was poor.Conclusion: In our study, UU infection can increase the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity and metabolic bone disease in preterm infants, but have no effect on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, intracranial hemorrhage, white matter damage and other diseases in preterm infants. For high-risk premature infants, UU should be detected as soon as possible after birth, early intervention and drug treatment necessarily can improve the prognosis as much as possible.

Efficiency and safety of eltrombopag for multi-line failed Chinese patients with immune thrombocytopenia: cases with decreased megakaryocyte response well from single-center experience.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) was defined using the International Consensus Guidelines as a platelet count <100×109/L in the absence of other causes or disorders that may be associated with thrombocytopenia. For patients without response to first-line treatment or refractory, TPO receptor agonist (RA) is an ideal choice. This study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of eltrombopag for multi-line failed Chinese patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and analyze the possible factors that may contribute to the differences based on personal characteristics. Thirty-five multi-line failed ITP patients who received eltrombopag treatment were enrolled retrospectively at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University from January 2018 to August 2020. The general information, peripheral hemogram changes, count of bone marrow megakaryocyte (MK), peripheral T cell subsets were recorded, the response, and adverse effects, was evaluated. Results showed that the overall, complete, and partial response rates were 54.3% (n=19), 48.6% (n=17), and 5.7% (n=2) respectively to eltrombopag in our center. The overall response rate of patients with decreased MK was 70%, which was unexpectedly higher than that of the patient with increased or normal MK count (52.9% and 40%, respectively). For patients with poorer eltrombopag response group, more NK cells were found in peripheral blood, andthe patient with decreased MK have a higher level of T helper (Th) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Nine eltrombopag-related adverse events were reported, and most commonly were upper respiratory tract infection (8.6%), elevated alanine transaminase (ALT, 5.7%), and venous thrombosis (5.7%). In conclusion, this study revealed that ITP patients with decreased megakaryocyte respond well to eltrombopag, and the abnormality of NK cells may play a role in patients with a poor eltrombopag response.

Blood's Concentration of Lead and Arsenic Associated with Anemia in Peruvian Children.

This exploratory, descriptive cohort study (N = 60) determined lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) blood concentrations in Peruvian children and their association with hematological parameters of iron-deficient anemia (IDA) and anthropometric measurement. The mean age of children was 10.8 months (SD = 4.7) and ranged from 3 to 24 months old. Anemia (Hb levels below 10.5 g/dL) was found in 20% of this cohort. Additionally, microcytosis (MCV < 70 fL) was present in 54%, and hypochromia (MCH < 23 pg) in 42% of the group of children. Chi-square analysis showed that 88% of the children with anemia also had microcytosis and hypochromia (p < 0.001). Pb and As were detected in 100% of the infants' blood samples, and the concentrations were significantly higher in older infants than in younger ones. Pb and As were not associated with the sex, anthropomorphic parameters, or infant hemogram changes. Infants who received iron supplementation were 87% less likely to have low Hb compared with those who did not (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02–0.88, p=0.04). Herbal tea intake was significantly associated with microcytosis and hypochromia. Our finding uncovered that hematological parameters for anemia are modified in Peruvian children with high levels of microcytosis and hypochromia. Concentrations of Pb and As were above method detection limits in all Peruvian children, but these were not associated with IDA or anthropometric measurements. A large study, including other variables, would benefit from allowing a more complex model predicting anemia in Peruvian children.

Erythrocyte Autoantibody Positivity in Serological Cross-matching.

To investigate the erythrocyte autoantibody positivity detected in the serological cross-matching (XM), and its possible effects on salient hemogram parameters. A descriptive study. Balıkesir Atatürk City Hospital's Blood Transfusion Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Balıkesir University, Turkey, from 2017 to 2018. Erythrocyte autoantibody positivity, which was detected in the traditional serological cross-matching for a pre-transfusion laboratory test were analysed retrospectively. Later, hemogram changes in the previous (no erythrocyte autoantibodies) and following (erythrocyte autoantibodies present) transfusions were investigated using statistical methods. Erythrocyte autoantibody positivity rate was 10.16% (342/3,365). There was no statistically significant difference in the increase of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell between the period when erythrocyte autoantibodies were detected or not, (p = 0.27, 0.13, and 0.09, respectively). Erythrocyte autoantibodies positivity found on routine cross-match exmination, which must be considered together with parameters such as previous transfusion history, other pre-transfusion laboratory test results, and clinical presentation and management. Key Words: Transfusion, Erythrocye autoantibody, Alloantibody, Hemogram, Cross-matching.

CHARACTERISTICS CHANGES IN PRO-OXIDANT-ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE LEUKEMIA DURING CHEMOTHERAPY

Changes in the processes of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system activity are involved in the pathogenesis of carcinogenesis and can affect tumor resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this study to investigate the nature of changes in pro-oxidant-antioxidant status in patients with acute leukemia during remission induction chemotherapy. Materials and methods. The study involved 42 patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia, 22 of them were diagnosed to have acute myeloid leukemia and 20 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The age range was 18-58 years, there were 19 women (45.2%) and 23 men (54.8%). The patients were divided into two groups: I (n=22) included patients with acute myeloid leukemia, who had chemotherapy modes "7+3" and "5+2" for variants M0-2 and "7+3+etoposide" or "5+2+etoposide" for M4-5 variants; II (n=20) group included patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who received chemotherapy according to D. Hoelzer protocol. Hemogram parameters (red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, platelets) were evaluated at baseline and on the 28th day of chemotherapy. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and catalase activity in the blood serum were assessed as well. Examination of acute myeloid leukemia patients was performed before the chemotherapy, on the 4th and 28th days since chemotherapy started; acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients were examined before chemotherapy, on the 23rd and 28th days. The group of healthy individuals consisted of 20 persons, including 9 (45%) women and 11 (55%) men, aged 22-26 years. Results. The detailed clinical picture of acute leukemia was accompanied by typical changes in hemogram in the patients of both test groups, and namely, by the development of leukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia. At the same time, the patients with acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia demonstrated an increased concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in 1.8 and 1.89 times, respectively (p&lt;0.05) that was accompanied by an increased serum catalase activity in 1.96 and 1.8 times, respectively (p&lt;0.05) compared to healthy individuals. During "7+3" chemotherapy, acute myeloid leukemia patients were found to show thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased in 1.9 times on the 4th day of treatment and decreased on the 28th day.The patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia managed according to the D. Hoelzer protocol demonstrated an increased concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the blood serum in 1.33 times on the 23rd day of treatment (p&lt;0.05), maintaining this level up to the 28th day. The catalase activity in the patients of the comparison groups did not change. Conclusion. The debut of acute leukemia is accompanied by activation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system enzymes. Сhemotherapy promotes the shift of the prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium towards the lipid peroxidation activation.

Leukocyte and Platelet Characteristics of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Morphological, Cytochemical, and Ultrastructural Features.

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a vulnerable species and a charismatic member of zoological collections worldwide. Despite its importance as a representative species for global wildlife conservation efforts, no studies to date have described normal cell morphology or cytoplasmic constituents by traditional techniques such as cytochemical staining and evaluation of ultrastructural features. The objective of this study was to accurately identify and characterize the leukocytes and platelets of clinically healthy giant pandas using routine Wright-Giemsa stain, eight cytochemical stains, immunocytochemistry (CD3), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to further the collective understanding of normal cellular morphological features, cytochemical reactivity, and cytoplasmic contents found in health. Voluntary venipuncture was performed on four healthy individual animals (two adults and two juveniles), as part of routine preventive health evaluation. Blood was collected for routine and cytochemical stains, and into 2.5% glutaraldehyde for TEM. On Wright-Giemsa-stained blood films, leukocytes were differentiated into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, monocytes). Cytochemical staining revealed similar leukocyte and platelet staining patterns to those reported in other mammals, with some notable differences. By TEM, leukocytes with nuclear and cytoplasmic features of mononuclear cells were readily differentiated from granulocytes, and platelets had similar ultrastructural features to those reported in other mammals. Neutrophils were the predominant cell type followed by lymphocytes, while basophils were rare. Rare large or reactive lymphocytes, rare reactive monocytes, and rare large platelets were noted in apparently healthy giant pandas of this study. A unique mononuclear cell, with a moderately indented nucleus and shared cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of lymphocytes and monocytes, was discovered in this species. The combined cytochemical, immunocytochemical (CD3), and ultrastructural features of these unique cells more closely resemble those of monocytes, but the definitive cell lineage remains unknown at this time. This study provides novel information on giant panda leukocyte morphology and cellular constituents in health, shows the importance of manual blood film review, has important implications for hemogram interpretation in future clinical cases and research, and provides a baseline for future characterization and understanding of hemogram changes in response to disease.

Dynamics of hemogram indicators in children with pathology of the hip joint before and after treatment by the Ilizarov method.

The pathology of the hip joints in children is the object of increased attention of specialists both in our country and abroad. Despite the wide coverage of this problem, most studies are devoted to analysis of the advantages of various surgical intervention technologies. To determine the significance of differences in hemogram indices in children with different nosological forms of hip joint pathology and indicators of healthy children. Hemogram and leukoformula parameters were determined in 10 healthy children and 47 children with hip joint pathology. The significance of differences in indicators compared with the norm and between different nosological groups of patients was evaluated. The dynamics of hemogram changes was evaluated at a long time after surgery. The largest deviations from normal hemogram values were found in a group of children with hip dysplasia complicated by aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Two months after surgery, the main hemogram parameters in all groups of patients are normalized. The reactions of lipid peroxidation are changing, as evidenced by a decrease in the number of peroxidation products, primarily diene conjugates. Along with this, the activity of individual antioxidant enzymes changes - the activity of catalase decreases and the activity of superoxide dismutase increases. The most extreme values were noted in the group of children with epiphyseal dysplasia. In children with hip dysplasia complicated by aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, prior to surgical treatment, a statistically significant increase in the number of leukocytes and platelets in the blood serum is observed. In patients with epiphyseal dysplasia, osteochondropathy, both in the early and late stages, changes in the hemogram indices relate to the indicators of red blood cells and hemoglobin. In children with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, hemogram values did not have statistically significant differences from the norm. In all groups of patients, destabilization of the peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems was noted.

Lack of Relevant Haemogram Changes During Percutaneous Radiotherapy of Localised Prostate Cancer.

In percutaneous radiotherapy dose-distribution and volumetric-load of normal tissue varies in different radiation-techniques. Haematotoxicity may lead to deficiencies of the immune and blood system or to secondary malignancies. Therefore, regular blood-counts are carried out during fractionated radiotherapy. The aim was to investigate patient haemogram courses during radiotherapy of localised prostate-cancer treated with different radiation-techniques (n=3). In this prospective study, blood count changes were examined during fractionated radiotherapy (3D-conformal-RT/step-and-shoot-IMRT/helical-IMRT) on the prostate-region in localised prostate-cancer cases (n=50). The whole patient group displayed a small but significant reduction in leukocytes. This reduction was higher in the two IMRT groups compared to the 3D-group but without any case of leukopenia. Haemoglobin- or thrombocyte-levels did not significantly change. Regardless of the delivery mode used, localised fractionated irradiation of prostate region did not cause any clinically relevant haemogram changes in this study. These findings question the necessity of regular blood counts during fractionated radiotherapy of the prostate region for patients without any risk factors.

Trend in Occurrence of Diseases Causing Abnormal Haematological Values In Domestic Animals Based on Haematological Records of Cases In Zaria And Its Environs

Haematology could be defined as a branch of medical science that studies the blood and blood-forming tissue and organs, which employ blood cells as principal effectors of the physiologic functions determination (Waugh and Grant, 2001). Blood is a specialized fluid that makes up the greatest percentage of total body fluid that serves as the major route of drugs, nutrients and oxygen transport to the body cells (Guyton and Hall, 2001; Katzung et al., 2009; Sembulingam and Sembulingam, 2010; Saka et al., 2011). It also eliminates waste products away from the cells (Cheeke and Shull, 1999). Hence, it is important for pulmonary and tissue respiration. It is the major medium of endocrine and neurohumoral transmissions, biotransformation, and metabolic excretion, nutritional and immunological processes, as well as homeostatic responses and drug transport (Oze, 1992; Adebayo et. al., 2005; Saka et al., 2011). Disease factors, which have continued to be limiting factors to improved livestock production in tropical Africa are common causes of alterations in haematological values (Useh et al., 2003; Hostetter and Andreasen, 2004; Adamu et al., 2007). Any significant changes in the haemogram could result in anaemia or polycythemia, leucopenia or leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis, as the case may be (Useh et al., 2003; Hostetter and Andreasen, 2004; Adamu et al., 2007). Assessment of haematological parameters is a prerequisite to understanding how the body systems function in health and diseased state (Siros, 1995; Awah and Nottidge, 1998). The parameters include; red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total white blood cell count (WBC), and differential leukocyte count (lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes). Blood is formed essentially in the mesenchyme, endothelium, liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of an embryo; but as bone marrow develops, the formation of the blood cells is transferred to this organ (Coles, 1986). causes of alterations in hematological values such as those of erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes as well as their developmental forms (Sirois, 1995; Hostetter and Andreasen, 2004). Blood is used as one of the diagnostic vital parameters to detect any physiologic or pathologic disturbances in the body. The recognition of this clinical importance of the blood makes hematological and serum biochemistry analyses essential and routine diagnostic tools in medicine (Bush, 1993; Awah and Nottidge, 1998). Changes in haemogram could have serious clinical implications; often with attendant clinical implications irrespective of the cause. This paper attempts to predict the trend in the occurrence of diseases that cause changes in haematological parameters of animal patients presented to Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Zaria for either routine checkup or with one clinical ailment or the other using clinical pathology laboratory records. Keywords : low PCV, high PCV, low WBC, high WBC

NEW DATA ON SUBCLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SIDEROPENIC SYNDROME IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS

To determine the functional state of the pituitary-thyroid system in conditions of iron deficiency in 371 girls aged 12-17 years was examined. The data of clinical blood tests, biochemical indices of iron metabolism, urinary iodine excretion, thyroid structure, and function are presented. Analysis of the seven-years observation in adolescent girls revealed a significant prevalence of iron deficiency conditions and euthyroid goiter. The iron deficiency in girls was found to increase the risk for euthyroid goiter formation by 10 times. Significant correlations were determined between thyroid volume indices, levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (cT4), the titer of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (A-TPO) in blood plasma, changes in hemogram and iron metabolism. Violations of thyroid status and iron metabolism are subclinical manifestations of latent iron deficiency in adolescent girls, which are a risk group for the development of iron deficiency conditions. Iron deficiency has been proven to be a significant risk factor for the formation of euthyroid goiter in girls. In iron deficiency conditions in adolescent girls, structural and functional disorders of the thyroid gland should be excluded and its damage should be prevented.

Studies on Blood Protozoal Diseases with Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Some Cultured and Wild Freshwater Fishes

A total number of 350 cultured and wild freshwater fishes of different body weights. They were randomly collected from kafer El-sheikh cultured fish farms and also from various water sourses for detection of blood protozoal diseases. The collected fishes were represented as 100 wild Clarias gariepinus, 100 wild Oreochromis niloticus, 75 cultured O. niloticus and 75 cultured Cyprinus carpio. The cultured and wild fishes were collected seasonally. The main clinical picture of the infested fishes with blood protozoal parasites were abrasions on the external body surface, off food, emaciation, dullness, respiratory manifestation. Pale gills and external body surface with distended abdomen . The total prevalence of blood parasites in all examined fishes was 29.7 %. The highest rate of infestation of Trypanosoma mukasai and Babesioma clarias wasin wild C. gariepinius. Babesioma tilapae in cultured & wild tilapia and Babesioma sp.in cultured C. carpio showedthe highest infestation in summer, summer and spring seasons respectively. Protozoal blood parasites showed dramatic changes in haemogram, leukogram picture, total proteins, albumin, globulin blood level, glucose and creatinine on all examined fishes. The infected fishes with Trypanosoma and Babesioma sp. showed different histopathological changes in liver, kidneys, spleen, gills, skin and musculature.

Comparison of the efficacy of autologious blood transfusion combined with preoperative hemodilution, with homologous blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective surgical procedure

Background: To study the changes in haemogram and coagulation profile in patients undergoing autologous and homologous blood transfusion and suitability of the technique of autologous blood transfusion in routine blood bank management.Methods: Patients who were waiting to undergo elective surgical procedures were randomly distributed in two groups, Group A: Autologous blood transfusion, with or without haemodilution: wherein pre-operative period a predicted volume of blood was collected and Group B: Homologous blood transfusion: where required blood was arranged from Blood Bank. The cardiovascular status, the haemogram and the coagulation profile were recorded at various stages.Results: Out of 240 patients registered only 43 could fulfil the basic requirements only 25 could be motivated in each group. In Group A cases were of age group 51-60 years while it was 41-50 years in Group B. Male:Female ratio was 2:1. 47 Units were retransfused to Group A patients, Group B cases received 45 blood transfusions. In Group A patients 8% cases showed mild hypotention and 1% showed mild hypersensitivity to Haemacel. In Group B, 40% cases showed transfusion reactions. Fall in Hb was lesser in Group A (2.4) on first and (1.7) on second postoperative day compared to Group B (3.3) on first and (2.7) on second postoperative day. The haematocrit levels declined more sharply after operation in Group B (7) rather than Group A (10.4).Conclusions: Advantage of avoiding transfusion reactions, major changes in blood parameters, entry of infections proves Autologous blood transfusion to be the safest, cost effective and easy form of transfusion therapy.