Changes In Glucose Concentration Research Articles

An Aerobic Cooldown After Morning, Fasted Resistance Exercise Has Limited Impact on Post-exercise Hyperglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study

ObjectivesExpert guidelines recommend an aerobic cooldown to lower blood glucose for the management of post-exercise hyperglycemia. This strategy has never been empirically tested. Our aim in this study was to compare the glycemic effects of performing an aerobic cooldown vs not performing a cooldown after a fasted resistance exercise session. We hypothesized that the cooldown would lower blood glucose in the 30 minutes after exercise and would result in less time in hyperglycemia in the 6 hours after exercise. MethodsParticipants completed 2 identical resistance exercise sessions. One was followed by a low-intensity (30% of peak oxygen consumption) 10-minute cycle ergometer cooldown, and the other was followed by 10 minutes of sitting. We compared the changes in capillary glucose concentration during these sessions and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) outcomes over 24 hours post-exercise. ResultsSixteen participants completed the trial. Capillary glucose was similar between conditions at the start of exercise (p=0.07). Capillary glucose concentration decreased by 0.6±1.0 mmol/L during the 10-minute cooldown, but it increased by 0.7±1.3 mmol/L during the same time in the no-cooldown condition. The resulting difference in glucose trajectory led to a significant interaction (p=0.02), with no effect from treatment (p=0.7). Capillary glucose values at the end of recovery were similar between conditions (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in CGM outcomes. ConclusionsAn aerobic cooldown reduces glucose concentration in the post-exercise period, but the small and brief nature of this reduction makes this strategy unlikely to be an effective treatment for hyperglycemia occurring after fasted exercise.

Effect of intermittent hypoxia on glucose tolerance in adults with type 2 diabetes

Hypoxia stimulates glucose uptake through an insulin-independent pathway. The purpose of this single-blind randomized study was to determine the acute effect of intermittent hypoxia, consisting of alternating short bouts of breathing hypoxic and normoxic air, on glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test in adults with type 2 diabetes. It was hypothesized that intermittent hypoxia would attenuate the increase in glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test. Six adults with type 2 diabetes (5 men, age: 51±15 years, HbA1c: 7.3±1.5%) visited the laboratory on two occasions. On both visits, a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed, with venous blood samples collected 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after ingestion of a high-glucose drink. Following ingestion of the drink, participants were exposed to either an intermittent hypoxia (IH) protocol, consisting of eight 4-min hypoxic cycles at a targeted arterial oxygen saturation of 80% interspersed with breathing room air to resaturation, or an intermittent normoxia (IN) protocol consisting of eight 4-min normoxic cycles interspersed with breathing room air. By design, oxygen saturation was lower during intermittent hypoxia than intermittent normoxia (81±3 vs. 97±1%, p<0.01). Relative changes in plasma glucose concentrations in response to the oral glucose tolerance tests were not different between conditions (IH vs. IN: 30: 42±15 vs. 35±15; 60: 57±26 vs. 65±30; 90: 73±32 vs. 88±30; and 120: 78±26 vs. 83±29 mg/dl, interaction effect: p=0.13). Similarly, the relative changes in insulin concentrations in response to the oral glucose tolerance tests were not different between conditions (IH vs. IN: 30: 14±17 vs. 25±17; 60: 42±36 vs. 48±35; 90: 70±58 vs. 86±60; and 120: 103±72 vs. 125±94 ulU/ml, main effect for condition: p=0.12). While these preliminary results did not reach statistical significance, the observed trends for reduced glucose concentrations in combination with lower insulin concentrations during intermittent hypoxia suggest that short bouts of hypoxia improve glucose tolerance by stimulating glucose uptake independently from the action of insulin. Data from a larger sample size of adults with type 2 diabetes are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. None. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Neuronal glucose sensing mechanisms and circuits in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion.

Glucose homeostasis is mainly under the control of the pancreatic islet hormones insulin and glucagon, which, respectively, stimulate glucose uptake and utilization by liver, fat, and muscle or glucose production by the liver. The balance between the secretion of these hormones is under the control of blood glucose concentrations. Indeed, pancreatic islet b-cells and a-cells can sense variations in glycemia and respond by an appropriate secretory response to restore euglycemia. However, the secretory activity of these cells is also under multiple additional metabolic, hormonal, and neuronal signals that combine to ensure the perfect control of glycemia over a lifetime. The central nervous system (CNS), which has an almost absolute requirement for glucose as a source of metabolic energy and, thus, a vital interest in ensuring that glycemic levels never fall below ~5mM, is equipped with populations of neurons responsive to changes in glucose concentrations. These neurons control pancreatic islet cells secretion activity in multiple ways: through both branches of the autonomic nervous system, through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and by secreting vasopressin (AVP) in the blood at the level of the posterior pituitary. Here, we will present the autonomic innervation of the pancreatic islets; the mechanisms of neurons activation by a rise or a fall in glucose concentration; how current viral tracing, chemogenetic, and optogenetic techniques allow to integrate specific glucose sensing neurons in defined neuronal circuits that control endocrine pancreas function. Finally, how genetic screens in mice can untangle the diversity of the hypothalamic mechanisms controlling the response to hypoglycemia.

A Biochemical and Histological Assessment of Postmortem Changes to the Eyes of Domestic Pigs: A Preliminary Study.

The Postmortem Interval (PMI) is the time from the death of an animal to its discovery. From a veterinary forensic standpoint, an accurate estimation of the PMI is of particular importance, especially with the observed increase in deaths of domestic and wild animals. A preliminary study was conducted using the eyes of domestic pigs. A biochemical analysis was conducted on the vitreous humor of the eye, whilst a histological analysis was conducted on the retina. The eyes were stored at +4 °C and changes were assessed at time intervals of 0, 12, 24, 48, and 120 h. The biochemical analysis during the PMI established a decrease in sodium, chlorine, and glucose concentrations, and a rise in potassium concentration. Accordingly, a simple linear regression showed a significant correlation between changes in concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and glucose, in relation to the PMI. The histological analysis showed evident morphological changes in the retina, which included homogenization of the rod and cone cells, pyknosis of the outer nuclear layer, homogenization of the outer plexiform layer, pyknosis of the inner nuclear layer, homogenization of the inner plexiform layer, and pyknosis of the nuclei of the ganglion layer of the retina.

Improvement in insulin sensitivity after switching from an integrase inhibitor-based regimen to doravirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine in people with significant weight gain.

We performed an observational, retrospective, cohort study to assess changes in insulin sensitivity after a switch from dolutegravir/lamivudine (DOL/3TC) or bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/F/TAF) to doravirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/3TC (DOR/TDF/3TC) in virologically suppressed people living with HIV with recent significant weight gain. All non-diabetic patients with HIV treated with DOL/3TC or BIC/F/TAF for ≥12 months, with HIV RNA <20 copies/mL, and with a weight increase ≥3 kg in the last year, who underwent a switch to DOR/TDF/3TC were enrolled into the study. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were evaluated every 6 months during a 12-month follow-up. Overall, 81 patients were enrolled: 41 were treated with DOL/3TC and 40 with BIC/F/TAF. At baseline, median HOMA-IR index was 3.18 and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR index >2.5) was present in 49 subjects (60%). At 12 months after the switch to DOR/TDF/3TC, change in mean serum glucose concentration was not significant, but the reduction in median concentration of insulin was significant (-3.54 mcrUI/L [interquartile range -4.22 to -2.87]; p = 0.012), associated with a significant reduction in mean HOMA-IR index (-0.54 [interquartile range -0.91 to -0.18]; p = 0.021). A significant reduction in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was also reported, whereas decreases in mean body weight and mean body mass index were not significant. In our retrospective study in virologically suppressed people living with HIV treated with DOL/3TC or BIC/F/TAF and with recent weight gain, the switch to DOR/TDF/3TC led to a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity and plasma lipids, with a trend to decreased body weight.

Facile chemiresistive biosensor functionalized with PANI/GOx and novel green synthesized silver nanoparticles for glucose sensing

This article presents a Glossy Photo-Paper (GPP) based Screen-Printed Chemiresistive Interdigitate Electrode (SPCIDE) for enzymatic glucose sensing. A facile inexpensive screen-printing method was used to print the low sheet resistance Interdigitate Electrodes (IDEs) with graphene as conductive ink on the proposed GPP. The screen-printed IDE was functionalized with Polyaniline (PANI) material by drop-cast technique to create a chemiresistive matrix. Further, for selective sensing of glucose, Glucose Oxidase (GOx) enzymes with Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (GS-AgNPs) were immobilized on the PANI material. The proposed GPP-based SPCIDE sensor was used to detect glucose using amperometric measurements. With a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9803 and a lower Limit of Detection (LOD) equal to 198 nM, the proposed SPCIDE glucose sensor displays a linear association between change in current and corresponding glucose concentration in the range of 198 nM to 30 mM. An experimental result shows that the created SPCIDE sensor has a sensitivity of 291.19 µA mM−1 cm−2. The study shows that the proposed method may be used to produce facileGPP-based glucose sensors that are inexpensive, eco-friendly, bio-synthesizable, and biodegradable. This may result in developing a Point-of-Care (PoC) diagnostic kit for glucose testing as needed.

Effects of lunges inserted in walking (eccentric walking) on lower limb muscle strength, physical and cognitive function of regular walkers.

Walking is a popular exercise but does not increase lower limb muscle strength and balance. We hypothesized that muscle strength, physical and cognitive function would be improved by inserting lunges in conventional walking. Eleven regular walkers (54-88 years) who had more than 5000 steps in exercise walking a day at least 5days a week participated in this study. They walked as usual for the first 4weeks and included lunges and descending stairs or slope walking (i.e., eccentric walking) for the next 8weeks. The steps of eccentric walking were gradually increased from 100 to 1000 steps per week over 8weeks. The average steps per day were 10,535 ± 3516 in the first 4weeks, and 10,118 ± 3199 in the eccentric walking period without a significant difference. No significant changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque of the knee extensors (MVC), 30-s chair stand (CS), 2-min step, balance assessed by center of pressure movement area with eyes close, sit and reach, a digit symbol substitution test (DSST) for cognitive function were observed in the first 4weeks. However, significant (P< 0.05) improvements were evident in MVC (18.6 ± 15.7%), CS (24.2 ± 17.3%), balance ( - 45.3 ± 34.5%), and DSST (20.8 ± 16.7%) from weeks 4 to 12. Serum complement component 1q concentration decreased (P < 0.05) from weeks 4 to 12, although no changes in serum glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations were observed. These results supported the hypothesis, and suggest that eccentric walking provides effects that are not achieved by conventional walking.

Hypoxia suppresses glucose-induced increases in collective cell migration in vascular endothelial cell monolayers

Blood glucose levels fluctuate during daily life, and the oxygen concentration is low compared to the atmosphere. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) maintain vascular homeostasis by sensing changes in glucose and oxygen concentrations, resulting in collective migration. However, the behaviors of ECs in response to high-glucose and hypoxic environments and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the collective migration of ECs simultaneously stimulated by changes in glucose and oxygen concentrations. Cell migration in EC monolayer formed inside the media channels of microfluidic devices was observed while varying the glucose and oxygen concentrations. The cell migration increased with increasing glucose concentration under normoxic condition but decreased under hypoxic condition, even in the presence of high glucose levels. In addition, inhibition of mitochondrial function reduced the cell migration regardless of glucose and oxygen concentrations. Thus, oxygen had a greater impact on cell migration than glucose, and aerobic energy production in mitochondria plays an important mechanistic role. These results provide new insights regarding vascular homeostasis relative to glucose and oxygen concentration changes.

Validation of the efficacy of pooled serum for serum glucose inhouse quality control material in comparison with commercial internal quality control in clinical chemistry laboratory

BackgroundThis study aimed to create an in-house glucose quality control material for humans, addressing the challenge of obtaining high-cost commercially prepared quality control materials in developing countries. MethodsAn in-house quality control material for glucose was prepared using a pooled serum sample and analyzed using a fully automated chemistry analyzer following the ISO 80 guidelines. The mean, standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variance were calculated from the first 30 days of measurement, and the variability was checked over eight months using SPSS software. The study used Pearson's correlation with a 95% confidence interval and a P-value less than 0.05, which was statistically significant. ResultsThe average mean ± SD of human serum glucose was 185.2 ± 8.4 mg/dL, indicating that the precision between each measurement was better. The prepared in-house quality control material was stable for approximately five months without any significant change in the serum glucose concentration (mg/dl) (p-value<0.05). ConclusionsThe study suggests that room-temperature, 2–8 °C, and −20 °C to −30 °C storage of human serum samples for glucose analysis is a viable option, with stable glucose concentrations for up to 30 days. Pooled serum is a cost-effective method for in-house quality control, especially in resource-limited laboratories.

Acute toxicity profile of crude methanolic stem bark extract of Parkia biglobosa in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats

Despite the high demand for herbal medicines for treatment of health disorder, there are still concerns associated with not only their use, but their safety. This study was aimed at providing information on the potential toxicity profile of the stem bark extracts of P. biglobosa in goats. For this purpose, the stem bark parts of P. biglobosa were collected and processed. The acute toxicity, biochemical and histopathological analysis in goats were determined. The results of phytochemical constituents revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, oils, phlobatannins, reducing sugar, saponins and tannins (condensed and hydrolysable). The results of acute toxicity studies showed no mortality with up to 5000 mg/ kg of the body weight. The blood collected revealed that, CMSBE has no significant (p&gt;0.05) effect on biochemical parameters of WAD goats. However, there were slight changes in glucose concentration, cholesterol and triglyceride level, though they were no statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). The extracts did not also have deleterious effect on morphology of the tissues observed during histopathology. The study has scientifically established that, stem bark extract of P. biglobosa have LD50 that is greater than 5,000 mg/kg and it can be inferred that the plant might have a wide margin of safety typical of treatment of some diseases. It is therefore recommended that despite the non-toxicity as demonstrated in this present study, detailed toxic and pharmacological effects of the extracts of P. biglobosa stem bark in other animals should be investigated.

Metabolic Effects of Brown Adipose Tissue Activity Due to Cold Exposure in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs and Non-RCTs.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), specialized in thermoregulation in mammals, has been linked to improved glucose and lipid homeostasis when activated by cold exposure (CE). This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the metabolic effects of CE-induced BAT activation in healthy humans, examining changes in glucose and lipid metabolism compared to thermoneutrality (TN). A literature search was conducted, identifying relevant human studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, based on predefined inclusion criteria. Seven studies (a total of 85 participants) fully met the criteria. Data on plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TGs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) were extracted for meta-analysis. When comparing TN and CE under fasting conditions, there were no significant changes in glucose, insulin, or TG concentrations (all p > 0.36). In contrast, CE significantly increased FFA concentrations (p = 0.002; n = 38). Bias was absent for all parameters, but heterogeneity was observed for insulin (I2 = 74.8%). CE primarily affects FFA concentration, likely reflecting cold-induced BAT activity. This suggests that circulating FFAs, serving as the primary fuel for thermogenesis, could indicate BAT activation. However, understanding the effects of BAT activation on overall metabolism requires a broader approach beyond fasting glucose and lipid concentration measurements.

Double cross-linked graphene oxide hydrogel for promoting healing of diabetic ulcers.

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of a novel double cross-linked hydrogel composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), graphene oxide (GO), and glutathione (GSH), henceforth referred to as PVA/SA/GO/GSH. This innovative hydrogel system incorporates two distinct types of cross-linking networks and is meticulously engineered to exhibit sensitivity to high glucose and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) environments. A sequential approach was adopted in the hydrogel formation. The initial phase involved the absorption of GSH onto GO, which was subsequently functionalized with boric acid and polyethylene glycol derivatives via a bio-orthogonal click reaction. This stage constituted the formation of the first chemically cross-linked network. Subsequently, freeze-thaw cycles were utilized to induce a secondary cross-linking process involving PVA and SA, thereby forming the second physically cross-linked network. The resultant PVA/SA/GO/GSH hydrogel retained the advantageous hydrogel properties such as superior water retention capacity and elasticity, and additionally exhibited the ability to responsively release GSH under changes in glucose concentration and/or ROS levels. This feature finds particular relevance in the therapeutic management of diabetic ulcers. Preliminary in vitro evaluation affirmed the hydrogel's biocompatibility and its potential to promote cell migration, inhibit apoptosis, and exhibit antibacterial properties. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that the PVA/SA/GO/GSH hydrogel could facilitate the healing of diabetic ulcer sites by mitigating oxidative stress and regulating glucose levels. Thus, the developed PVA/SA/GO/GSH hydrogel emerges as a promising candidate for diabetic ulcer treatment, owing to its specific bio-responsive traits and therapeutic efficacy.

Hollow nanocages heterostructured NiCo-LDH/MWCNTs electrocatalyst for highly sensitive and non-invasive detection of saliva glucose

Monitoring salivary glucose has gained increased attention as a non-invasive approach to prevent and diagnose diabetes. Since the glucose concentration in saliva is lower than that in blood, the development of effective electrocatalysts for highly sensitive glucose detection is thus of great significance. In this study, a hollow nanocage from NiCo-layered double hydroxides (LDH) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is designed and further employed as the sensing material to construct a novel non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity. It is synthesized by utilizing pre-synthesized zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67)/MWCNTs as a sacrificial template and subsequently conducting a simple solvent-thermal reaction with Ni(NO3)2. Such a hollow nanocage preserves the polyhedral framework structure of the used precursor, where the hollow frame-like structure of NiCo-LDH offers accessible catalytic sites, and MWCNTs provides good conductivity. Their combination brings in a bridging effect between MWCNTs and NiCo-LDH, further leading to a large electrochemical active area and excellent catalytic activity of this hollow nanocage. The constructed sensor exhibits a detection limit as low as 0.03 μM for the glucose detection as well as wide linear ranges of 0.1–3000 μM and 3000–9231.8 μM, corresponding to the sensitivity of 2.55 and 1.15 μA mM−1 cm−2, respectively. Moreover, this sensor enables the tracking of glucose concentration change in salivary before and after food intake. This work offers new highly sensitive sensing materials and potentially valuable approaches for non-invasive glucose detection.

A Review on artificial pancreas mathematical models

The development of an artificial pancreas (AP) has been a topic of interest in the field of diabetes management for several decades. An AP system is designed to mimic the function of the pancreas by continuously monitoring blood glucose levels and delivering insulin or glucagon in response to changes in glucose concentration. Mathematical models play a crucial role in the development and evaluation of AP systems, as they enable the simulation and prediction of the system’s performance. This review paper provides an overview of the mathematical models used in AP research. The paper discusses the strengths and limitations of each type of model, as well as their applications in AP research. The review also highlights the challenges and opportunities in AP model development, such as the need for personalized models and the integration of data from multiple sources. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of mathematical models in AP research and their potential for improving diabetes management.

Effects of a 2-Week Kinect-Based Mixed-Reality Exercise Program on Prediabetes: A Pilot Trial during COVID-19.

Pre-diabetes can develop into type 2 diabetes mellitus, but can prevented by regular exercise. However, the outcomes when combining unsupervised Kinect-based mixed-reality (KMR) exercise with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) remain unclear. Therefore, this single-arm pilot trial examined changes in blood glucose (BG) concentrations over 672 hours (4 weeks), including a 2-week period of KMR exercise and CGM in individuals with pre-diabetes. This was a pre-and post-treatment case-control study with nine participants. General questionnaires were administered and body composition, fasting BG concentrations, and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (2-OGTT) results were measured pre-and post-treatment. Weekly average glucose concentrations, hyperglycemia rate, hypoglycemia rate, average glucose concentration over time, amount of physical activity, amount of food intake, and pre- and postprandial BG (immediately and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after lunch) were measured over 4 weeks (pre-test, exercise, and post -test weeks). Glucose concentrations were measured before exercising, between sets, and 30 and 60 minutes after exercise during the 2 weeks of unsupervised exercise (3 days/week). In all participants, body mass index (27.16±2.92 kg/m2), fasting BG (108.00±7.19 mg/dL), 2-OGTT (162.56±18.12 mg/dL), hyperglycemia rate (P=0.040), and 90-minute postprandial BG (P=0.035) were significantly reduced during the 2 exercise weeks, and the 2-OGTT result (P=0.044) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P=0.046) were significantly reduced at the post -test as compared with the pre-test. This study found that 2 weeks of unsupervised KMR exercise reduced 2-OGTT, DBP, hyperglycemia rate, and 90-minute postprandial BG concentration. We believed this effect could be identified more clearly in studies involving a larger number of participants and longer durations of exercise.

An integrated plant glucose monitoring system based on microneedle-enabled electrochemical sensor

Real-time monitoring of glucose concentration changes in plants and access to plant physiological information timely are of great significance to the development of precision agriculture. Here, we innovatively present an electrochemical sensing device that combines microneedle sensors and 3D printing technology to achieve real-time monitoring of glucose in plants in a minimally invasive manner. The device consists of two components: the inner part features a highly efficient sensing interface based on platinum wire (MPt-Au-Nafion-GOx-Pu), while the outer part consists of polymer microneedles formed by 3D printing. Additionally, the polymer hollow microneedle features a slender tip diameter of only 300 μm, minimizing plant damage during the detection procedure. The device shows good detection performance, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 33.3 μM and a detection sensitivity of 17 nA/μM·cm2. It can detect glucose concentrations in the range of 100 μM to 100 mM, providing a unique solution for timely agronomic management of crops tool. By performing 12 h real-time monitoring and salt stress treat on tomato and aloe vera, the results verified the feasibility of integrated device applied to real-time glucose detection in plants.

The effect of different types of oral or intravenous corticosteroids on capillary blood glucose levels in hospitalized inpatients with and without diabetes

PurposeThis study investigated: (1) the type of corticosteroid associated with the greatest degree of hyperglycemia, assessed using bedside capillary blood glucose monitoring, in hospitalized patients; and (2) the pattern of hyperglycemia throughout the day with the use of each type of corticosteroid. MethodsThis single-center, retrospective study used data from 964 adult inpatients receiving oral or IV corticosteroids. Data on capillary blood glucose concentrations and time taken over 7 days were collected. A mixed model for repeated measures was applied to investigate changes in glucose concentration over time with the use of four different corticosteroids. An autoregressive covariance structure was used to model correlations between repeated measurements. FindingsAcross all 7 days, the mean blood glucose concentration was greater with dexamethasone compared to that with hydrocortisone (mean difference, 16.6 mg/dL [95% CI, 8.1–24.8] [0.92 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.45–1.38)]) or prednisolone (mean difference, 20.0 mg/dL [95% CI, 14.2–25.7] [1.11 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.79–1.43)]). The mean blood glucose concentration was greater with methylprednisolone compared to that with hydrocortisone (mean difference, 23.9 mg/dL [95% CI, 11.3–36.4] [1.33 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.63–2.02)]), and with methylprednisolone versus prednisolone (mean difference, 27.4 mg/dL [95% CI, 16.4–38.3] [1.52 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.91–2.13)]). There were no significant differences in the patterns of hyperglycemia at six time points of the day with each type of corticosteroid. ImplicationsTreatment with oral or IV dexamethasone or methylprednisolone was associated with greater hyperglycemia in comparison to prednisolone and hydrocortisone. More vigorous monitoring and intervention, when necessary, are suggested in adult inpatients receiving corticosteroids, in particular dexamethasone and methylprednisolone.

Photonic Spin Hall Effect as a Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing Platform for Glucose

AbstractThis study presents an innovative refractive index (RI) sensor that measures glucose concentration by utilizing the photonic spin Hall effect (SHE) in a resonant optical tunneling effect (ROTE) structure. The ROTE structure consists of three InP layers with the high RI and two analyte layers (with a high‐low‐high‐low‐high RI distribution), in which glucose solution samples with the low RI are injected. By subjecting the InP layers to external bias‐assisted light, the photonic SHE can be flexibly manipulated, enabling the modulation of the sensing performance accordingly. It is found that the transverse shift of photonic SHE presents a large variation in response to the tiny change in glucose concentrations. By optimizing the parameters (i.e., intensity or wavelength) of bias light, the sensitivity of this sensor can reach as high as 735.7 µm RIU−1. Compared to traditional glucose sensors, this original work implements the novel photonic SHE with the superior sensing performance. Therefore, the proposed design shows promising potential for biomedical applications, such as medical diagnoses and drug discovery.

Comparison of wild-type KT2440 and genome-reduced EM42 Pseudomonas putida strains for muconate production from aromatic compounds and glucose

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a robust, aromatic catabolic bacterium that has been widely engineered to convert bio-based and waste-based feedstocks to target products. Towards industrial domestication of P. putida KT2440, rational genome reduction has been previously conducted, resulting in P. putida strain EM42, which exhibited characteristics that could be advantageous for production strains. Here, we compared P. putida KT2440- and EM42-derived strains for cis,cis-muconic acid production from an aromatic compound, p-coumarate, and in separate strains, from glucose. To our surprise, the EM42-derived strains did not outperform the KT2440-derived strains in muconate production from either substrate. In bioreactor cultivations, KT2440- and EM42-derived strains produced muconate from p-coumarate at titers of 45 g/L and 37 g/L, respectively, and from glucose at 20 g/L and 13 g/L, respectively. To provide additional insights about the differences in the parent strains, we analyzed growth profiles of KT2440 and EM42 on aromatic compounds as the sole carbon and energy sources. In general, the EM42 strain exhibited reduced growth rates but shorter growth lags than KT2440. We also observed that EM42-derived strains resulted in higher growth rates on glucose compared to KT2440-derived strains, but only at the lowest glucose concentrations tested. Transcriptomics revealed that genome reduction in EM42 had global effects on transcript levels and showed that the EM42-derived strains that produce muconate from glucose exhibit reduced modulation of gene expression in response to changes in glucose concentrations. Overall, our results highlight that additional studies are warranted to understand the effects of genome reduction on microbial metabolism and physiology, especially when intended for use in production strains.

Continuous Monitoring of Interstitial Fluid Glucose Responses to Endurance Exercise with Different Levels of Carbohydrate Intake.

We compared the 24 h changes in interstitial fluid glucose concentration (IGC) following a simulated soccer match between subjects consuming a high-carbohydrate (HCHO; 8 g/kg BW/day) diet and those consuming a moderate-carbohydrate (MCHO; 4 g/kg BW/day) diet. Eight active healthy males participated in two different trials. The subjects were provided with the prescribed diets from days 1 to 3. On day 3, the subjects performed 90 min (2 bouts × 45 min) of exercise simulating a soccer match. The IGC of the upper arm was continuously monitored from days 1 to 4. No significant difference in the IGC was observed between trials during exercise. The total area under the curve (t-AUC) value during exercise did not significantly differ between the HCHO (9719 ± 305 mg/dL·90 min) and MCHO (9991 ± 140 mg/dL·90 min). Serum total ketone body and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were significantly higher in the MCHO than in the HCHO after a second bout of exercise. No significant differences in the IGC were observed between trials at any time point during the night after exercise (0:00-7:00). In addition, t-AUC value during the night did not significantly differ between the HCHO (32,378 ± 873 mg/dL·420 min) and MCHO (31,749 ± 633 mg/dL·420 min). In conclusion, two days of consuming different carbohydrate intake levels did not significantly affect the IGC during a 90 min simulated soccer match. Moreover, the IGC during the night following the exercise did not significantly differ between the two trials despite the different carbohydrate intake levels (8 vs. 4 g/kg BW/day).