We used paleolimnological methods to evaluate historical water quality in Lake Thonotosassa, Hillsborough County, Florida, USA. Sediment mapping shows that organic deposits are unevenly distributed in the lake. Two short ( 100 years of sediment accumulation. There is an abrupt change in sediment composition at about the turn of the century (∼80 cm depth), above which bulk density decreases and concentrations of organic matter, total C, total N, total P, and 226Ra activity increase. Diatom-based reconstructions of historical water-column trophic conditions indicate progressive nutrient enrichment in the lake during the past ∼100 years. Stratigraphic changes in diatom assemblages suggest that anthropogenic nutrient loading converted Lake Thonotosassa from a naturally eutrophic system to a hypereutrophic waterbody after ∼1900. Given the edaphic setting of Lake Thonotosassa, efforts to mitigate recent anthropogenic impacts will, at best, yield the eutrophic conditions that characterized the lake prior to human disturbance. This study illustrates the importance of paleolimnological data for targeting realistic water quality conditions when lake restoration is contemplated.