Changes In Cropping Patterns Research Articles

Dynamic of Cropping Pattern Changes in Selected Block of Virudunagar District, India

Dynamic of Cropping Pattern Changes in Selected Block of Virudunagar District, India

Evaluating the Climate Change Trends and Spatiotemporal Variations of Evapotranspiration: A Case Study in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt

Aims: Evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for determining crop water requirements, while climate change and global warming are major concerns. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at evaluating the climate change trends and the spatiotemporal variations in ET in a selected area located in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, while accounting for potential land use/land cover (LULC) changes. Methodology: We analyzed three Landsat images acquired in 1984, 2001, and 2020 to assess LULC changes in the study area. Climate change was studied from 1984 to 2021 using data from NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) project. We also used the Terra MODIS MOD16A3GF Version 6.1 ET product from 2000 to 2021 to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of ET. Results: LULC change detection showed that the unchanged agricultural area from 1984 to 2020 accounted for 29.3% of the study area and was used to evaluate the changes of ET. Evaluating climate change revealed that there was an increased trend in temperature, relative humidity (RH), and precipitation, while no change was observed in wind speed. Similarly, the anomalies changes of temperature, RH, and precipitation had an increasing trend while wind speed was constant. On the other hand, the yearly ET values calculated from 2000 to 2021 had an increasing trend. There was a moderate correlation between RH and precipitation, as well as between ET and precipitation. Conclusion: The increased trends in climatic parameters such as temperature will eventually require changes in crop patterns to adjust to these changes and maintain a profitable yield. Furthermore, the increase in ET will result in an increase in crop water requirements, which is problematic, especially considering the limited water resources in Egypt.

How a price‐support policy can hurt the environment: Empirical evidence from Northeast China

AbstractDuring the corn stockpiling system reform in Northeast China between 2008 and 2015, corn production expanded dramatically, and corn residue, which was mostly burned in‐situ, caused severe air pollution issues. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach, we assessed the effects of the corn stockpiling system reform in China and its associated environmental outcomes with a provincial‐level dataset. Our results suggest that the implementation of this policy significantly increased annual corn production in Northeast China by 15.1%. We also observed a substitution pattern between corn and soybean cultivation in the treatment area, with a percentage point increase in the net soybean‐to‐corn profit ratio leading to a decrease in corn production by 0.023 percentage points. Overall, based on changes in crop patterns during the system reform, increased straw resulted in increased burning and the resulting consequence to the environment is a net pollution increase equivalent to 16.03%, 0.33%, and 3.64% of the smoke and dust, SO2, and NOX, respectively, from the industrial sector in the treatment provinces.

Watershed Development and its impact on LULC Changes in Bedwatti of Koppal district, Karnataka: A Geo Spatial Techniques

Present study focuses on analyzing the impact of watershed development on land use/land cover and cropping pattern changes using Spatial techniques. Bedwatti Sub-watershed of Koppal district in Karnataka state where Sujala watershed development project was implemented.simple method used to analysis and Methodology is used as High resolution LISS IV and Cartosat imageries were procured and analyzed by generating hybrid products to carry out change detection between 2015 and 2020. The results show that there is an increase in the areal extent of agriculture, forestand water bodies. On other hand, fallow land and waste land are significantly reduced due to watershed development,and significantly increased over a period of 5 years.Due to supply of water in the study area. Key Words Remote Sensing, GIS, Watershed, Land Use/Land Cover, Cropping Pattern etc,

Climate change and cropping pattern in Keonjhar District of Odisha, India

Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity and the natural environment in the 21st century. The agriculture sector is particularly vulnerable to climate change, as it depends on the availability and quality of natural resources, such as land, water, and soil. Climate change can affect the cropping pattern in various ways, such as altering the length and timing of the growing season, changing the water availability and quality, increasing the frequency and intensity of pests and diseases, and creating new opportunities and challenges for crop diversification. The agriculture sector in the Keonjhar district of India has been experiencing changes in its cropping pattern. This study investigates the key drivers for changing cropping patterns in the district. Secondary data was collected from 2011 to 2019 on the areas under crops and production of agricultural and horticultural crops grown in Keonjhar. For primary data, the interview method has been adopted with a sample of 327 marginal and small farmers from two villages in the district. The study revealed positive changes in the area allocated for paddy and mango, but negative changes in the area allocated for maize, mung (Yellow Lentil), biri (White Lentil). Climate change, market status, land ownership, education, the decline in yield, and the production of crops were the main drivers of the changes in crop patterns during the past few decades. This research proposes agricultural intensification and policy direction to promote the cultivation of paddy, maize, and mango trees to sustain livelihoods in the Keonjhar district.

Spatiotemporal Economic Analysis of Corn and Wheat Production in the Texas High Plains

The aim of this study is to visualize the historical changes in wheat and corn cropping patterns in the Texas High Plains from the perspective of geographical concentration and spatial autocorrelation. Historical county-level agricultural census data were collected from the United States Department of Agriculture and the National Agricultural Statistics Service from 1978 to 2017. Exploratory data analysis techniques were employed to examine the geographical concentration and spatial dependence of crop production among nearby locations. The results of temporal changes indicate that the harvested acres of corn and wheat tended to decrease throughout the study period. Total and irrigated harvested corn and wheat acreages were concentrated in a smaller number of counties over time while wheat production was mainly concentrated in the northern part of the region. The Moran’s I test statistic for total and irrigated areas of cropland suggest that there was spatial dependence among the neighboring counties in crop production in this region. In summary, there was a spatiotemporal change in cropping patterns in the Texas High Plains over the study period. Based on the results of the spatiotemporal changes in cropping patterns in the Texas High Plains, policy makers should promote and support non-irrigated varieties of crops in order to decrease the dependence on irrigation water from the Ogallala Aquifer.

Examination of crop pattern change in the economic sustainability of agriculture

Türkiye, in the 1980s, passed from an import substitution economic model to a free market economy. The agriculture sector has been the most affected by this transition. In this period, it was decided to abandon some production activities on the grounds that the deficit in the was due to country’s budget was due to price supports in agriculture. Farmers whose agricultural potential has narrowed their field of activity have changed their crop patterns by embarking on new searches. In this study, the results of the product pattern changes of the local farmers after the national policy change were examined in a sample field (Akhisar), and the problems experienced after the unplanned production pattern changes and the solution proposals in the transition period from Turkey’s protectionist agricultural policies to the liberal agricultural policies were examined. It is intended to be an example and a guide. In total, the opinions of 42 olive producers regarding their expectations from the state and other stakeholders in solving the problems they are experiencing after this change were analyzed with the qualitative method using the data obtained using the semi-structured question technique and the inductive approach. As a result, it was determined that the individual and courageous decisions taken by the farmers about product change forty years ago were not wrong, but in this process, the farmers experienced decreases in productivity and quality in production due to changes in climate, land structure and diseases. It has been determined that farmers need medium and long-term policies (structural and social tools) rather than short-term policies (price tools) currently applied. In addition, it has been concluded that the state should share the cost of crop pattern choices with farmers in order to ensure the sustainability of agriculture in the country.

Increasing Wages, Factor Substitution, and Cropping Pattern Changes in China

AbstractThis article analyzed the influence of increasing wages on cropping patterns from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The results showed that the increasing labor cost provided a significant incentive to adjust the grain cropping pattern, which increased the production of the three major cereal grains but reduced the production of other grain crops. Increasing wages had a significant negative impact on cash crops. More labor‐intensive cash crops experienced a larger negative impact in the context of increasing wages. The increase in labor costs also had a negative impact on the proportion of vegetables produced, which was more evident in northern China. A further mechanism test indicated that factor substitution was a significant reason for cropping pattern changes; this illustrated the substitution of labor by machinery not only between grain crops and cash crops but also among different cash crops.

Modeling runoff management strategies under climate change scenarios using hydrological simulation in the Zarrineh River Basin, Iran

Abstract Lake Urmia has experienced climate change over the last decades, dramatically reducing the water level. This study applies the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to evaluate runoff management strategies under different climate change scenarios in the Zarrineh River Basin. We examined two runoff management strategies: the projected runoff based on the business-as-usual (BAU) trend and the Changes in Cropping Pattern (CCP). The climate variables were downscaled and projected using Climate Change Toolkit (CCT) for the near future (2025–2049) and the far future (2075–2099) periods under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (2.6 and 8.5). The results revealed that runoff decreased by 6–23 and 9–52% for the near and far future, respectively, under the BAU scenario compared to the baseline period. Antithetically, it increased by 3.5–21 and 13–55% for the near and far future periods, respectively, based on the CCP strategy estimated up to 30% higher than the BAU strategy. The findings suggested that the CCP strategy can be considered a pragmatic management strategy since the surcharged runoff collected into Lake Urmia caused the mitigation of the imminent environmental disasters in the region and provided the environmental needs of its ecosystems.

Simulation of the effects of climate change, crop pattern change, and developing irrigation systems on the groundwater resources by SWAT, WEAP and MODFLOW models: a case study of Fars province, Iran

Simulation of the effects of climate change, crop pattern change, and developing irrigation systems on the groundwater resources by SWAT, WEAP and MODFLOW models: a case study of Fars province, Iran

Land Use Changes and Extent of Crop Diversification in North Western Zone of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu, one of the important agrarian states in India, has experienced remarkable growth in the agricultural sector. Among the seven agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu, north western zone is known for intensive agrarian economy of which, the economy of Salem district is predominantly agrarian having 2.20 lakh hectares of net cultivated area (42.31 percent of total geographical area). The district has distinctive cropping patterns and the major crops grown in the district include Paddy, Tapioca, Maize, Sorghum and Vegetables. Given the importance of changing scenarios in cropping patterns, this study was undertaken to analyze the land use and cropping pattern changes and to examine the extent of crop diversification in Salem District over the year using the time series data for 20 years, i.e., from 2000-01 to 2019-20. Direction of changes in land use and cropping pattern was investigated using Markov chain analysis and for each year, crop diversification index was calculated. It was concluded from the study that the compound annual growth rate of area under crops like cereals and millets, pulses, spices and condiments, fruits, fibres. drugs, narcotics & plantation crops and other non-food crops were positive whereas it was negative for sugar crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fodder and green manure. Based on the crop diversification index value, it is evident that Salem district is moving towards crop diversification rather than specialization however the process as analysed on a time series basis is stagnant.

MODELLING IMPACT OF CROPPING PATTERN AND URBAN AREAON GROUNDWATER RESOURSES OF NAGARJUNA SAGAR RIGHTCANAL COMMAND AREA USING VISUAL MODFLOW

Groundwater models can be used for the assessment of the impact of the different cropping pattern andchange in urban area on groundwater resource and modeling is the best tool to optimize the differentcombinations or scenarios and to select the best combination or scenario for management of sustainablegroundwater resources. In this study, three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model VisualMODFLOW 2.8.1 was used to simulate the groundwater dynamics in Nagarjuna Sagar Right CanalCommand area. The net area irrigated under Nagarjuna Sagar Right Canal is 4.75 lakh ha. Calibration andvalidation of the model has been carried out and used to predict the static groundwater storage availabilityin the study area for different cropping pattern scenarios and change in the urban area. The validatedVisual MODFLOW 2.8.1 was used to simulate the groundwater dynamics in the study area for the years2030 and 2040 with different cropping pattern scenarios and change in the urban area. Global climatemodel MarkSim, which is developed by the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) was usedto generate future weather data for the years 2030 and 2040. The impact of change in cropping pattern onstorage of static groundwater resource in the study area for the years 2030 and 2040 was assessed with twoscenarios of change in rice cropped area decreased by 50 per cent and 100 per cent with this cropped areacultivated equally by the ID crops. These results showed that the lesser storage of static groundwaterresources in future lesser. The change in the cropping pattern affects the net recharge of the groundwaterwhich influences the groundwater levels. Increase in paddy area increases the recharge and rise ingroundwater level has been identified. In the study area, cropping pattern could be changed from rice cropto other irrigated dry crops to prevent the increase of groundwater resources which leads the water loggingcondition in the study area. The urbanization is one of the most significant factor considering for assessmentof the response on the groundwater levels and availability of static groundwater resources. The groundwaterrecharge is very less in case of increase in urban area and generates more runoff rather than the intake ofrainfall in the ground surface as having the impervious nature. In view of increase in urban area in thestudy area, the four scenarios are proposed with the combination of 10 per cent and 20 per cent decrease inrecharge and 50 per cent and 100 per cent increase in groundwater draft and simulated the groundwater fluctuations for the years 2030 and 2040. The impact of change in the urban area on storage of availablestatic groundwater resource in the study area for the years 2030 and 2040 was assessed with four scenarioscombination of groundwater recharge and groundwater pumping. The storage of static groundwaterresources would be expected in future lesser than the present storage of static groundwater resources in allscenarios due to increase in urban area as increased in impervious nature of the ground surface. The declinein available static groundwater resources would be expected 6.38 per cent and 7.08 per cent during 2030and 2040 respectively. The rapid expansion in the urban area and their settlements is also one of the reasonsfor the depletion of groundwater resources with low recharge and high groundwater draft.

Agricultural crop pattern mapping and change analysis at a sub-district level in South-eastern region, Bangladesh using Landsat satellite data from 2010 to 2019

The study first time identified and analyzed winter season agricultural crop patterns (ACP) derived from Land use (LU) maps in between 2010 to 2019 of south-eastern regions of Chittagong, Bangladesh. ACP identification was a challenging task in the worldwide research relevant to crop-related studies. To overcome this, we have considered frequently used traditional unsupervised classifier, such as K-means clustering algorithm technique. This has been applied on 30m pixel Landsat satellite reflectance images to identify crop pattern of the study area using the ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.8 software’s, respectively. Multiple crops with seven classes were identified with the validation of in-situ ground-truth data and Google Earth (GE) images. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient values were found at 81.96% and 0.79, respectively. The results suggest a significant variation of crop patterns in the study area and in recent time, the area largely dependent on mixed irrigation approach. Moreover, the crop pattern change was observed in the studied period as mixed crop 19% (9282.17 ha), Lentils (Pelon) 24.80% (11594.38 ha), Melon (Bangi) 22.37% (10461.08 ha), Chilis 17.90% (8367.48 ha), Paddy rice, unused land, and other crops, respectively. Among them, Lentils (Pelon) and Melon (Bangi) are identified as two common crops followed by mixed crops category, cultivated in the winter season as it required less irrigation compared to paddy rice area

Impact of change in cropping pattern on bioenergy system design: Analysis and stochastic optimization

The availability of agricultural residues as feedstock for lignocellulosic biorefinery systems is uncertain due to changes in cropping pattern. This work first analyses the impact of change in cropping pattern on biorefinery systems considering both single and multi-feedstock systems. Subsequently, stochastic optimization is performed to generate a resilient design. For a case study of ethanol production in India, the deterministic single feedstock system was much less economical than the multi-feedstock system, with an associated ethanol cost of ₹89/l ($1.2/l) and ₹56/l ($0.76/l), respectively. The resilient design for the multi-feedstock system resulted in an ethanol cost of ₹55/l ($0.75/l) and showed up to 60% lesser variation as compared to the deterministic design. Changes in cropping pattern were shown to primarily impact the feedstock procurement and transportation expenses. The results imply that the expected cropping pattern changes must be taken into account while designing biorefinery systems.

Constraints in Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Nagaur District of Rajasthan

The practice of growing herbs is a very ancient trend, and several studies have been conducted and are still being conducted in this field. It is terrible that we do not seem embarrassed to admit this, even when we are just beginning this practise. It is true that there has never been a complete standardisation of this agricultural certification. Herbs are a good option during this transitional time. It is imperative that you proceed with extreme caution if you plan to engage in agriculture. The present study deals with the problems and prospects in cultivation of Medicinal Plants. The study was conducted in Nagaur district of Rajasthan. A sample study of 11 villages out of ten tehsils of Nagaur district has been done. By selecting 11 sample villages from different tehsils of Nagaur district as primary sources, an attempt has been made to collect data and information and analyse various aspects of problems related to the cultivation of medicinal plants in the area. In the past years, the surprising changes in the general cropping pattern and the facts related to it have been studied and various dimensions of cultivation of medicinal plants have been studied considering tehsil wise level as the regional base unit. The problem of saline water, lack of surface water resources and problems in propagation of medicinal plants are the major problems faced by the farmers in the study area.

Spatial optimization of cropping pattern in the upper-middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China

Agriculture has by far the largest water footprint of human activities. Improving the water productivity of crop production is key to enhancing both water and food security. Irrigation is a significant pressure on water resources in the arid region of Northwest China. Here, we examine optimizing the regional cropping distribution within the Heihe River basin for achieving the dual goals of improving productivity and reducing irrigation water demand. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and a cellular automata model are employed to model the processes of cropping pattern changes. The optimization takes the maximum of crop water productivity (CWP), the maximum economic water productivity (EWP) and the maximum nutrient water productivity (NWP) as the objective function. The model optimizes the spatial distribution of six crops including corn, spring wheat, spring barley, spring canola-Polish, alfalfa and upland cotton. Results show that under the premise of considering food security, the maximization of water productivity for CWP, EWP, and NWP, leads to the reduction of corn planting area and the eastward shift of corn planting region. A significant decrease in the proportion of wheat planting occurs in the objective of EWP maximization, while the planting proportion of barley and canola increased significantly. All three optimization objectives yield cropping distributions that reduce the irrigation water demand of cultivated land and improve the water productivity of the basin, among which maximizing CWP scenario has the greatest water-saving intensity. Furthermore, from the perspective of ecosystem services, the cropping distribution of maximizing EWP is more reasonable for the basin. Different cropping change scenarios provide effective references for decision makers to make a reasonable cropping distribution in the region.

Genetic improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) genotypes by developing short duration hybrids

Peanut, the only cash crop of rainfed areas of Pakistan, is facing immense challenges due to global warming. Climatic factors particularly the temperature fluctuations and rain pattern shift significantly impact the production and yield of peanut and unavailability of resilient varieties exacerbate this impact. To deal with the cropping pattern change and yield losses, due to climate vagaries, a study was conducted to develop early maturing hybrids using line into tester mating design. The F1 hybrids from the parental lines were produced in the year 2018 using Line × Tester mating design and then grown in the field in the year 2019 for further evaluation. The hybrids were evaluated based on the early maturity and yield-related attributes in comparison with the parental lines. Based on the general combining ability estimate, line V-3 (Golden), was found as best parent with highly significant values for plant height, days to peg formation, days to maturity, number of pegs per plant, number of pods per plants, number of seeds per plant, 100 pod weight 100 seed weight. Similarly, tester V-7 (PI 635006 01 SD) showed highly significant results of GCA for days to germination, day to 50% flowering, plant height, days to peg formation, days to maturity, number of pegs per plant, number of pods per plants, number of seeds per plant, 100 kernel weight, shelling percentage. All the combinations were evaluated for specific combining ability and significant results were observed for V-3 × V-4 (Golden × PI 619175 01 SD) and V-1 × V-6 (BARI-2000 × PI 564846 01 SD) by developing or maturity and yield-related attributes. The hybrid combinations V-3 × V-5 (Golden × PI 635006 01 SD) followed by V-3 × V-6 showed highly significant results for mid parent heterosis and better parent heterosis for days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to peg formation, number of pegs, days to maturity, number of mature seeds per plant, shelling ratio, 100 pod weight and 100 kernel weight. These parents and hybrid combinations with early maturity genes and high yield attributes can further be used for the development of short duration variety.

Determinants of Land use and Cropping Pattern Changes in Kerala

Land is one of the most limited natural resources and land use dynamics is a complex process The present study examined the causes of land use and cropping pattern changes in Kerala from 1985–2019. The time series data were collected from various published sources and the analysis was done at the state level. Population pressure, increase in number of factories, emigration, literacy rate, rainfall etc., were identified as the major causes of land use change in Kerala. The analysis of determinants of cropping pattern was done for paddy using the area response model and it was observed that the previous year's area under the crop, expected price of paddy, and average annual rainfall positively influenced the farmer's acreage response.

Temporal and Spatial Changes in Crop Patterns, Use of Inputs and Hydrological Alteration in the Case of Fogera Floodplain, Ethiopia

More than half of the world’s population consumes rice. Recently, the area sown with modern rice varieties has expanded, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has increased in various countries. Wetland hydrology is also influenced by chemical and physical characteristics. Hence, this research focused on temporal and spatial changes in crop patterns, input usage, and hydrology in the Ethiopian Fogera floodplain, with the following objectives: (a) What are the spatial and temporal trends in crop production patterns? (b) What input changes have occurred to produce rice and other crops? (c) What hydrological changes have occurred in the area with intensification of production systems? Primary data were gathered through a questionnaire, focus group discussions, interviews, and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from Landsat imageries, the SWAT model, water flow measurements, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). NDVI results indicated that the area cultivated for rice is increasing while the area of other crops is decreasing. Agricultural inputs are used in rice systems but were not used before the introduction of rice. Recession farming activities have also diminished wetland areas. Water flow showed a decrease, whereas Nitrogen and Phosphorus showed an increase with Pearson’s correlation values −0.069 and −0.072, respectively. Flow of water was negatively correlated with N and P water concentration, whereas N and P contents were positively correlated. In conclusion, growth of intensive rice systems has had negative environmental consequences on wetland ecology. Therefore, policies to regulate and manage wetland uses are recommended.

ПОЛИТИКА СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ВЬЕТНАМ ПО РАЗВИТИЮ СЕЛЬСКИХ РАЙОНОВ

In connection with the development of the Republic of Vietnam, which is accompanied by the growth of its importance in the Asia-Pacific region, it becomes relevant to analyze the current state and prospects of the republic in various industries and regions, including in agriculture. In order to eliminate the imbalance between the declining share of agricultural production in the national economy and more than 60% of the population living in rural areas, a competent state policy in the field of integrated rural development is necessary. In addition to this disparity, there are growing problems associated with the income gap between the peasantry and urban residents, with a strong orientation of agriculture towards exports, and with the implementation of the idea of creating peasant cooperative farms. To date, the basis for working with rural areas is the resolution of the Communist Party of Vietnam “Agriculture, farmers and rural areas” adopted in August 2008. On its basis, the “National target program - New rural development” was created, designed for the period from 2010 to 2020. Data analysis showed that the area of agricultural land in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam gradually increase, and the cropping pattern change, for example, reduces the area of rice fields and increases the area occupied by permanent crops, especially fruit. Production of grain per capita has been steadily decreasing. In animal husbandry, there is a gradual transition from small-scale dispersed production to its concentration on large farms. The measures taken for the development of agriculture are aimed, among other things, at minimizing the negative impact on the environment and introducing modern achievements of science and technology in order to increase the economic efficiency of production. At the same time, Vietnam’s food security in general cannot be called sustainable, especially because of the need to import barley, without which Vietnam’s livestock farms cannot feed their existing livestock