Changes In Copper Concentrations Research Articles

Urban Public Spaces, Public Health, and Heavy Metal Pollution Threatening in Ankara City Center: Strategies for Urban Planning

In the last century, worldwide population growth and concentration in urban areas cause many problems, especially in the central areas of metropolitan cities. One of these problems is air pollution it reduces the quality of life of the citizens and threatens public health. Among the components of air pollution, heavy metals are the most dangerous because they accumulate in metabolism, some of them are toxic and poisonous even at low concentrations, and they are deadly for human health at high concentrations. Studies on the determination of air pollution are limited to revealing the current situation and do not offer solutions for urban planning. In this context, the accumulation of copper elements, which is extremely dangerous for public health, in plants located in the city center was investigated by using landscape plants as a tool in the research. Within the scope of the study, the change of copper concentration in five plant species grown in areas with no traffic, less dense, and dense areas were investigated. As a result of the research, the increase in the concentration of copper in the air due to traffic has been revealed statistically. The research emphasizes the relationship between heavy metal pollution, which poses a serious threat to public health, and urban planning, and reveals the basic strategies in terms of urban planning.

Transdermal Application of Soluble CuII(atsm) Increases Brain and Spinal Cord Uptake Compared to Gavage with an Insoluble Suspension

CuII(atsm) is a blood–brain barrier permeant copper(II) compound that is under investigation in human clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Imaging in humans by positron emission tomography shows the compound accumulates in affected regions of the CNS in patients. Most therapeutic studies to date have utilised oral administration of CuII(atsm) in an insoluble form, as either solid tablets or a liquid suspension. However, two pre-clinical studies have demonstrated disease-modifying outcomes following transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide. Whether differences in the method of administration lead to different degrees of tissue accumulation of the compound has never been examined. Here, we compare the two methods of administration in wild-type mice by assessing changes in tissue concentrations of copper. Both administration methods resulted in elevated copper concentrations in numerous tissues, with the largest increases evident in the liver, brain and spinal cord. In all instances where treatment with CuII(atsm) resulted in elevated tissue copper, transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) led to higher concentrations of copper. In contrast to CuII(atsm), an equivalent dose of copper(II) chloride resulted in minimal changes to tissue copper concentrations, regardless of the administration method. Data presented herein provide quantitative insight to transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) as a potential alternative to oral administration of the compound in an insoluble formulation.

Fatty Acid Uptake in Liver Hepatocytes Induces Relocalization and Sequestration of Intracellular Copper.

Copper is an essential metal micronutrient with biological roles ranging from energy metabolism to cell signaling. Recent studies have shown that copper regulation is altered by fat accumulation in both rodent and cell models with phenotypes consistent with copper deficiency, including the elevated expression of the copper transporter, ATP7B. This study examines the changes in the copper trafficking mechanisms of liver cells exposed to excess fatty acids. Fatty acid uptake was induced in liver hepatocarcinoma cells, HepG2, by treatment with the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid. Changes in chaperones, transporters, and chelators demonstrate an initial state of copper overload in the cell that over time shifts to a state of copper deficiency. This deficiency is due to sequestration of copper both into the membrane-bound copper protein, hephaestin, and lysosomal units. These changes are independent of changes in copper concentration, supporting perturbations in copper localization at the subcellular level. We hypothesize that fat accumulation triggers an initial copper miscompartmentalization within the cell, due to disruptions in mitochondrial copper balance, which induces a homeostatic response to cytosolic copper overload. This leads the cell to activate copper export and sequestering mechanisms that in turn induces a condition of cytosolic copper deficiency. Taken together, this work provides molecular insights into the previously observed phenotypes in clinical and rodent models linking copper-deficient states to obesity-associated disorders.

Getting copper out of your cocktail and petroleum off your produce

Cocktail copper count The Moscow mule is a classic American cocktail made with vodka, ginger beer, and lime juice and traditionally served in a copper mug. Though some say the copper’s taste or thermal conductivity enhances the experience, most sources agree that the mugs are mostly a marketing shtick cooked up in the 1940s by the distiller Smirnoff to goose vodka sales. It does look cool. But the World Health Organization sets a maximum safe ingestion limit for copper at 10 mg per day, and chemistry professors Caroline R. Pharr and John G. Rowley of Montana’s Carroll College wondered how much copper the drink’s acidic ingredients leach from the metal mugs. So Pharr and Rowley dug into the question with a group of undergraduate students, who placed standardized Moscow mules in pure-copper mugs and measured the change in copper concentration over time using ultraviolet-visible and atomic absorption spectroscopy. They found

Effect of high intake of cod or salmon on serum total neopterin concentration: a randomised clinical trial

PurposePrimarily, to investigate the effect of high intake of cod (lean fish) or salmon (fatty fish) on serum concentration of total neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation that is associated with cardiovascular disease. Second, to investigate effects of high cod/salmon intake on antioxidant vitamins and elements essential for activity of antioxidant enzymes.MethodsIn this randomised clinical trial, 63 participants with overweight/obesity consumed 750 g/week of either Atlantic cod (N = 22) or Atlantic salmon (N = 22) or were instructed to continue their normal eating habits but avoid fish intake (Control group, N = 19) for 8 weeks. Food intake was recorded, and fasting serum were collected at baseline and endpoint.ResultsSerum total neopterin concentration was reduced in the Cod group (median change − 2.65 (25th, 75th percentiles − 3.68, − 0.45) nmol/l, P = 0.018) but not in the Salmon group (median change 0.00 (25th, 75th percentiles − 4.15, 3.05) nmol/l, P = 0.59) when compared with the Control group after 8 weeks. The estimated daily intake of selenium, iron, magnesium and zinc were similar between all groups. Increased serum concentration of selenium was observed only after cod intake when compared to the Control group (P = 0.017). Changes in serum concentrations of copper, iron, magnesium, all-trans retinol, α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were similar between the groups.ConclusionA high intake of cod, but not of salmon, lowered serum total neopterin concentration when compared to the Control group.Clinical trial registrationThis trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02350595

Simulation of Copper-Dependent Regulation Dynamics in ATP7B

Membrane proteins control the flow of ions across biological membranes by selective import or export and are of vital importance for all living cells. ATP7B is a human P-type ATPase that exports copper from the cytoplasm for excretion or incorporation into proteins, and mutations in ATP7B lead to the copper metabolism disorder Wilson's disease. ATP7B activity is regulated by an N-terminal heavy metal binding domain (HMBD), which is believed to display different dynamics and interaction patterns of its six metal binding domains (MBDs) in response to changes in copper concentration. Because the HMBD is highly dynamic, does not form a compact structure, and contain MBDs that move as rigid bodies with transient copper-dependent interactions, experimental characterization is highly challenging. Despite much effort it is still unknown how the HMBD is arranged around the core protein, and the mechanism of regulation by copper binding is poorly understood. To determine copper-dependent differences in the HMBD structural dynamics, and possible interactions with the core protein, we simulated a homology model of ATP7B in an E2 ion-free state in a membrane environment in the presence and absence of HMBD-bound copper. The results show that the HMBD interacts extensively with the core protein, with distinct differences between the apo and holo state. Specifically, the HMBD adopts more extended conformations in the holo state, with MBD2 and MBD3 showing the greatest differences. The observed results support a regulation mechanism where copper binding results in loss of MBD1-3 interactions as a first step of enzyme activation.

Effects of Dietary Glucose and Fructose on Copper, Iron, and Zinc Metabolism Parameters in Humans.

Alterations of transition metal levels have been associated with obesity, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome in humans. Studies in animals indicate an association between dietary sugars and copper metabolism. Our group has conducted a study in which young adults consumed beverages sweetened with glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or aspartame for two weeks and has reported that consumption of both fructose- and HFCS-sweetened beverages increased cardiovascular disease risk factors. Baseline and intervention serum samples from 107 participants of this study were measured for copper metabolism (copper, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity, ceruloplasmin protein), zinc levels, and iron metabolism (iron, ferritin, and transferrin) parameters. Fructose and/or glucose consumption were associated with decreased ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity and serum copper and zinc concentrations. Ceruloplasmin protein levels did not change in response to intervention. The changes in copper concentrations were correlated with zinc, but not with iron. The decreases in copper, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity, ferritin, and transferrin were inversely associated with the increases in metabolic risk factors associated with sugar consumption, specifically, apolipoprotein CIII, triglycerides, or post-meal glucose, insulin, and lactate responses. These findings are the first evidence that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages can alter clinical parameters of transition metal metabolism in healthy subjects.

ОЦЕНКА ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ АТМОСФЕРЫ МЕДЬЮ В ФОНОВЫХ РАЙОНАХ ЕВРОПЫ

The state of copper pollution of atmospheric air and precipitation in the background regions of the Europe was considered according to data obtained in 2015 and in 2016 at 50 observation stations operating according to the programs: “A joint program of observations and assessment of the long-range transport of air pollutants in Europe” (EMEP), and “Comprehensive Background Monitoring ”(CPM) in the European territory of Russia. The main sources are identified and the volumes of global anthropogenic copper emission into the atmosphere are given. It was shown that in most of the background areas of the Europe a low copper content in atmospheric air and precipitation is observed, varying within the limits of monthly mean concentrations of 0.02-6.6 ng/m3 in air and 0.5-4.2 µg/dm3 in precipitation. Stable patterns of seasonal changes in copper concentrations in the air and precipitation have not been identified. Copper enrichment factors for atmospheric aerosols relative to Clark's element in the Earth's crust showed extremely weak influence of anthropogenic copper on the state of atmospheric pollution in background areas. The field of spatial distribution of copper concentrations in atmospheric air is characterized by a tendency of growth from the Scandinavian countries towards the continental and further eastward. In atmospheric precipitation a mosaic pattern is observed

Effects and control of metal nutrients and species on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and bloom.

The effects and control of typical metal nutrients, copper, iron, and zinc, on the growth and bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated with a series of flask-shaking tests. The optimal concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc for algal growth were 0.001, 3-12, and 0.05mg/L, respectively. The order of toxicity to the alga was Cu>Zn>Fe. The effects of the species, for a trace metal at the same concentrations, on the growth of M.aeruginosa were relatively remarkable. Ionic and complexation species induced more algal growth than the carbonate and sulfide-bound species. Changes in copper concentration and iron species were adopted to adjust and control the bloom of M.aeruginosa. Increases in copper concentrations significantly suppressed the M.aeruginosa bloom. The growth rate of M.aeruginosa slowed significantly when ionic iron was replaced with sulfide-bound iron, and the control of bloom was remarkable. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Using trace metal nutrient species and concentration to regulate and control algal growth and bloom may pave another way for the management of cyanobacterial bloom.

Study the kinetics of electrochemical removal of copper from dilute solutions using packed bed electrode

A kinetic investigation of the electrochemical removal of copper ions from solutions of different initial metal concentrations using fixed packed-bed electrode in circulated batch system was made. The electro-deposition of copper was found to be electron transfer controlled and follows first-order kinetics. The rate was found to be dependant on initial copper concentration, applied current density and supporting electrolyte concentration. The change of copper concentration with time could be described by the equation:C=C0e-ktwherek=k0e-α(C·D)The value of k0 seemed to be independent of the initial concentration of copper in the treated solution. However, the value of α depends on the initial concentration of copper and equals:–α=0.0073 for C0⩽100mg/l–α=0.0058 for 100<C0⩽200mg/l–α=0.0041 for C0⩾250mg/l

Changes in copper concentrations affect the protein levels but not the mRNA levels of copper chaperones in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Copper chaperones are critical regulators of intracellular copper metabolism and distribution. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of changes in copper concentrations on the abundance of copper chaperones. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with siRNA targeting copper transporter 1 (CTR1) or tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) to decrease, or with copper sulfide to increase, intracellular copper concentrations, assayed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Western blot analyses showed that CTR1 silencing or TEPA treatment increased the protein levels of copper chaperone ATOX1 and copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1 (CCS-1), but decreased copper chaperone for cytochrome c oxidase (COX17). In contrast, copper supplementation decreased the protein levels of ATOX1 and CCS-1 and increased COX17. Real-time RT-PCR analyses found no difference in the mRNA levels of the copper chaperones examined under the conditions defined above. This study thus demonstrated that changes in copper concentrations alter the protein levels, but not the mRNA levels, of copper chaperones, suggesting a role of copper in the post-translational modification of these proteins.

Utilizing NMR and EPR spectroscopy to probe the role of copper in prion diseases

Copper is an essential nutrient for the normal development of the brain and nervous system, although the hallmark of several neurological diseases is a change in copper concentrations in the brain and central nervous system. Prion protein (PrP) is a copper-binding, cell-surface glycoprotein that exists in two alternatively folded conformations: a normal isoform (PrP(C)) and a disease-associated isoform (PrP(Sc)). Prion diseases are a group of lethal neurodegenerative disorders that develop as a result of conformational conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc). The pathogenic mechanism that triggers this conformational transformation with the subsequent development of prion diseases remains unclear. It has, however, been shown repeatedly that copper plays a significant functional role in the conformational conversion of prion proteins. In this review, we focus on current research that seeks to clarify the conformational changes associated with prion diseases and the role of copper in this mechanism, with emphasis on the latest applications of NMR and EPR spectroscopy to probe the interactions of copper with prion proteins.

Changes in the concentrations of available zinc and copper in soil fertilized with sulfur

The concentrations of available forms of trace elements in the soil are mostly determined by their total content and soil processes. Soil organic matter and pH are the key factors affecting the content and mobility of heavy metals in soil. According to many authors, the toxicity of heavy metals and their availability to plants increase due to soil acidification caused by sulfur deposition. The direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization on changes in the heavy metal content of soil has to be taken into account in environmental analyses in agricultural areas, including environmental impact assessments and predictions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing doses of sulfate and elemental sulfur on changes in the concentrations of available zinc and copper in soil samples collected at a depth of 0-40 and 40-80 cm. A three-year field experiment was conducted on Dystric Cambisols (FAO), of the granulometric composition of heavy loamy sand. Soil samples were collected from each plot, prior to the establishment of the trials, after each harvest and before sowing the consecutive crop. The soil samples were used to determine the concentrations: Zn and Cu in soil (extractions with 1 mol HCl dm–3, the ratio between soil and extraction – 1:10) was determined by the AAS method using a Schimadzu AA apparatus. The results of the yields and chemical analysis of soil were processed statistically with the analysis of variance. The application of sulfate and elemental sulfur decreased the zinc content of 0-40 and 40-80 cm soil layers, as compared with soil sampled before the experiment. Sulfur fertilization had no effect on changes in copper concentrations in both soil horizons. The sulfur doses applied in the experiment did not affect the natural content of zinc and copper in the soil, and had no negative agricultural or environmental impacts.

The cell labeling efficacy, cytotoxicity and relaxivity of copper-activated MRI/PET imaging contrast agents

A new class of nanoparticle-based dual-modality positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) contrast agents has been developed. The probe consists of a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) or manganese oxide core coated with 3,4-dihydroxy- d, l-phenylalanine ( dl-DOPA). The chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was conjugated to DOPA termini. The DOTA modified nanoparticles allow chelation of copper for PET imaging. These surface functionalized nanoparticle-based probes have been characterized by various analytical techniques. The cell-labeling efficacy, cytotoxicity and relaxivity of these nanoparticles have been evaluated and compared with the same properties of one of the most commonly utilized MRI contrast agents, Feridex ®. Evidently, this new nanoparticle has a great potential for use in cell tracking with MRI and PET in the absence of transfecting agent. It is noteworthy that there is a sharp increase in r 2 relaxivity of these nanoparticles on coordination with Cu 2+ ions. Thus these iron oxide nanoparticles can also be explored as the smart magnetic resonance (MR) sensor for the detection of micromolar changes in copper concentration for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Menkes and Wilson’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion diseases.

Measurment of Copper Concentration in ACQ, CUAZ, and CB-HDO Solutions by Using a Spectrophotometer

This research was performed to develop the simple techniques to predict the copper concentration in alkaline copper quat (ACQ), copper azole (CUAZ), and bis-(N-cyclohexyl-diazeniumdioxy)-copper (CB-HDO) solutions. Two simple methods measuring the color due to copper compounds were evaluated by using a spectrophotometer. One is to directly measure the color of the preservative solutions. The other is to measure the color developed on the surface of a treated sample with the preservatives. The <TEX>$L^*$</TEX> of the measured color values appeared to be the most sensitive to the change of copper concentration. The <TEX>$a^*$</TEX> values of the preservative solutions tended to be decreased at above a certain concentration condition, and the <TEX>$b^*$</TEX> values showed no trend with the concentration of copper compounds in preservative solutions. The surface color of the treated samples were changed from bluish to greenish as time passed. Both methods showed the high <TEX>$R^2$</TEX> values of the regression models determined by using the lightness, which suggested that the methods might be applicable in preservative-treatment mills for the easy and fast prediction of the copper concentration.

Changes in Concentrations of Copper and Nickel on Boron-Doped Czochralski-Grown Silicon Surface at Room Temperature

In the diffusion of metal impurities in single-crystal silicon (c-Si), it is well known that Cu and Ni atoms diffuse very quickly within the crystal matrix. From various studies on diffusivity in bulk Si, it is clear that such elements can easily move through the Si matrix. In this paper, the time-dependent change in the concentrations of Cu and Ni metals on the Si surface at room temperature is reported. In this study, this change is evaluated by wet chemical analysis, and it is shown that this change results from the high diffusivity of Cu and Ni in Si at room temperature. Furthermore, it is shown that the Ni atoms move independently of the B concentration in Si, and it is possible to predict the diffusion behavior of Cu and Ni in p-type Si at room temperature on the basis of using the conventional thermal diffusion theory.

Relationship between radial diffusion of copper ions released from a metal disk and cytotoxic effects. Comparison with results obtained using extracts

The extended use of metallic biomaterials yields to increasing sources of metal ions within the human body and may result in inflammation of the surrounding tissues, cell damage, and cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the radial diffusion of metal ions released from a metal disk by the corrosion process and the toxic effect on a cell line that grew around it. Results obtained with the metal disks (direct contact) were compared with assays made with extracts obtained from the dissolution of a metallic sample ex situ and then added to the cell culture to elucidate the cause of apparent inconsistencies in previous reports. The change of copper concentration due to corrosion and transient diffusion of copper ions from the copper disks into the cell line was evaluated according to Fick's 2nd law. Surviving cells distribution was interpreted considering the radial and time-dependence of copper concentration. We concluded that the toxic effect on those cells close to metallic biomaterials may be underestimated when only the extract methodology is employed for cytotoxic tests or when during the experiments with disks the presence of concentration gradients and the non-homogeneous distribution of dead cells are disregarded.

STUDY THE DEFICIENCY OF POTASSIUM, MANGANESE, COPPER AND ZINC CONCENTRATION IN THE ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURISM BY PIXE ANALYSIS

The concentration of some trace elements especially potassium calcium, manganese, copper and zinc in the arterial wall tissue for the aneurism patients was studied by PIXE (Proton Induced X-Ray Emission) analysis. Comparing the results with normal aortic wall tissues has been done. All the patients are in the age range of 40-60 years. The samples are derived from 15 patients by surgical operation. The results show the absence of manganese, and decreasing of potassium, Copper and Zinc in the aneurismal tissues. Change in copper concentration in the arterial wall is important in the breakdown of the elastic layer in the aneurism. Elevation of the Calcium and Iron in the aneurism tissues are obtained in the comparison with the control groups. Deficiency or elevation of some elements in the aneurism aorta can be encountered as an indicator in the biopsy analysis.

Effect of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Insult on Iron, Copper, and Zinc Concentration in Liver, Bursa of Fabricius, Spleen, Pancreas, and Serum of Chickens

The effect of a systemic disease on the dynamics of iron, zinc, and copper in chickens fed ad libitum was examined by infecting 10-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Liver, bursa of Fabricius, pancreas, spleen, and serum were sampled in 10 controls and 10 challenged chickens at 3-day intervals postinfection (PI) for 15 days. The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Serum levels were similar to that reported in the literature. Concentrations of iron and zinc did not change significantly in the pancreas, but there was an increase in copper in infected pancreatic tissue on days 9 and 15 PI. Iron concentration in the spleen showed a significant increase on days 6, 9, and 15 PI, whereas zinc was only significantly increased on day 15 PI. There was no significant change in copper concentrations in the spleens of infected chickens vs. controls. This finding is in line with previously reported data. The results showed that the liver was not a major tissue where iron and zinc were sequestered, as previous data have shown in mammals. Instead, the bursa of Fabricius had significantly increased levels of both iron and zinc in infected tissue vs. control tissue from 9 days PI on. Furthermore, the bursa had increased levels of copper in the latter portion of the study. These findings suggest that the bursa of Fabricius rather than the liver is the major organ for metallic ion sequestering during IBDV infection.

Long‐term corrosion‐induced copper runoff from natural and artificial patina and its environmental impact

The overall objective of this paper is to present an extensive set of data for corrosion-induced copper dispersion and its environmental interaction with solid surfaces in the near vicinity of buildings. Copper dispersion is discussed in terms of total copper flows, copper speciation and bioavailability at the immediate release situation, and its changes during transport from source to recipient. Presented results are based on extensive field exposures (eight years) at an urban site, laboratory investigations of the runoff process, published field data, generated predictive site-specific runoff rate models, and reactivity investigations toward various natural and manmade surfaces, such as those in soil, limestone, and concrete. Emphasis is placed on the interaction of copper-containing runoff water with different soil systems through long-term laboratory column investigations. The fate of copper is discussed in terms of copper retention, copper chemical speciation, breakthrough capacities, and future mobilization based on changes in copper concentrations in the percolate water, computer modeling using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model, and sequential extractions. The results illustrate that, for scenarios where copper comes in extensive contact with solid surfaces, such as soil and limestone, a large fraction of released copper is retained already in the immediate vicinity of the building. In all, both the total copper concentration in runoff water and its bioavailable part undergo a significant and rapid reduction.