Changes In Caloric Intake Research Articles

Nutritional guidance through digital media for glycemic control of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial.

To compare the effectiveness of outpatient nutritional guidance supplemented by digital media with exclusively standard outpatient nutritional guidance in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This was a randomized, patient-blinded clinical trial conducted at the Diabetes and Pregnancy outpatient clinic from February 2021 to January 2023. Pregnant women with GDM were randomly allocated into two groups: the control group received exclusively outpatient nutritional guidance, and the Intervention Group received outpatient nutritional guidance along with reminders via WhatsApp. Dietary intake (calories, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fibers) was evaluated using 24 h dietary recalls. Glycemic control and the need for pharmacological treatment were also assessed. A total of 81 women were included, 34 allocated to the control group, and 47 to the intervention group. Patients were followed for a period of 4-8weeks. Significant differences were observed in some points of glycemic control between the two groups over the follow-up period. There were no statistical differences in pharmacological therapy (p=0.498); 188 24 h dietary recall were conducted inthe control group and 290 in the intervention group. Astatistically significant increase in lipid intake was observed in the intervention group over the follow-up period compared to the control group (p<0.001). No changes in calorie intake, other macronutrients, or fiber consumption were noted. Glycemic control was significantly improved with the addition of frequent text reminders about dietary choices, and a significant increase in lipid intake was seen in all women, more so in the reminder group.

Daily Orange Consumption Reduces Hepatic Steatosis Prevalence in Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Exploratory Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Consumption of flavonoid-rich orange juice has been shown to reduce adiposity and liver steatosis in murine models of diet-induced obesity. However, little is known about the effects of whole orange intake, independent of body weight changes, on liver function and steatosis in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The goal is to understand the direct impact of orange consumption on metabolic health. Methods: Sixty-two men and women aged 30-65 with MASLD (Controlled Attenuation Parameter, (CAP) > 275 dB/m) were randomly assigned to consume either 400 g of whole oranges or non-citrus fruits daily for 4 weeks. Baseline evaluations included medical assessments, blood tests, and body composition. Liver health was assessed using transient elastography (FibroScan®) for steatosis and fibrosis, conducted by blinded personnel. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05558592). Results: After 4 weeks of orange supplementation, liver steatosis decreased in the treatment group, with 70.9% showing steatosis compared to 100% in controls (p < 0.004), indicating a 30% reduction in liver disease prevalence. There were no significant changes in fibrosis or plasma liver enzymes, though plasma gamma glutaril transferase (GGT) levels decreased significantly. Body weight, waist circumference, body composition, lipid profile, fasting glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein levels remained unchanged. Dietary analysis revealed no change in caloric intake, but vitamins C, A, thiamine, and riboflavin increased in the orange group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that phytochemical-rich foods, especially whole fruits like oranges, may enhance liver function as an adjunct treatment for MASLD. The notable reduction in liver steatosis prevalence occurred independently of body weight changes. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of orange supplementation on steatosis and fibrosis progression and to identify the specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms involved.

Estimated reduction in obesity prevalence and costs of a 20% and 30% ad valorem excise tax to sugar-sweetened beverages in Brazil: A modeling study.

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. Given their health consequences, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries implement taxes on SSB. Over the last 10 years, obesity prevalence has almost doubled in Brazil, yet, in 2016, the Brazilian government cut the existing federal SSB taxes to their current 4%. Since 2022, a bill to impose a 20% tax on SSB has been under discussion in the Brazilian Senate. To simulate the potential impact of increasing taxes on SSB in Brazil, we aimed to estimate the price-elasticity of SSB and the potential impact of a new 20% or 30% excise SSB tax on consumption, obesity prevalence, and cost savings. Using household purchases data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) from 2017/2018, we estimated constant elasticity regressions. We used a log-log specification by income level for all beverage categories: (1) sugar-sweetened beverages; (2) alcoholic beverages; (3) unsweetened beverages; and (4) low-calorie or artificially sweetened beverages. We estimated the adult nationwide baseline intake for each beverage category using 24-h dietary recall data collected in 2017/2018. Taking group one as the taxed beverages, we applied the price and cross-price elasticities to the baseline intake data, we obtained changes in caloric intake. The caloric reduction was introduced into an individual dynamic model to estimate changes in weight and obesity prevalence. No benefits on cost savings were modeled during the first 3 years of intervention to account for the time lag in obesity cases to reduce costs. We multiplied the reduction in obesity cases during 7 years by the obesity costs per capita to predict the costs savings attributable to the sweetened beverage tax. SSB price elasticities were higher among the lowest tertile of income (-1.24) than in the highest income tertile (-1.13), and cross-price elasticities suggest SSB were weakly substituted by milk, water, and 100% fruit juices. We estimated a caloric change of -17.3 kcal/day/person under a 20% excise tax and -25.9 kcal/day/person under a 30% tax. Ten years after implementation, a 20% tax is expected to reduce obesity prevalence by 6.7%; 9.1% for a 30% tax. These reductions translate into a -2.8 million and -3.8 million obesity cases for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively, and a reduction of $US 13.3 billion and $US 17.9 billion in obesity costs over 10 years for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively. Study limitations include using a quantile distribution method to adjust self-reported baseline weight and height, which could be insufficient to correct for reporting bias; also, weight, height, and physical activity were assumed to be steady over time. Adding a 20% to 30% excise tax on top of Brazil's current federal tax could help to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed beverages, empty calories, and body weight while avoiding large health-related costs. Given the recent cuts to SSB taxes in Brazil, a program to revise and implement excise taxes could prove beneficial for the Brazilian population.

Effect of a 6-Week Carbohydrate-Reduced High-Protein Diet on Levels of FGF21 and GDF15 in People With Type 2 Diabetes.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are increased in type 2 diabetes and are potential regulators of metabolism. The effect of changes in caloric intake and macronutrient composition on their circulating levels in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. To explore the effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet with and without a clinically significant weight loss on circulating levels of FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes. We measured circulating FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes who completed 2 previously published diet interventions. Study 1 randomized 28 subjects to an isocaloric diet in a 6 + 6-week crossover trial consisting of, in random order, a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) or a conventional diabetes (CD) diet. Study 2 randomized 72 subjects to a 6-week hypocaloric diet aiming at a ∼6% weight loss induced by either a CRHP or a CD diet. Fasting plasma FGF21 and GDF15 were measured before and after the interventions in a subset of samples (n = 24 in study 1, n = 66 in study 2). Plasma levels of FGF21 were reduced by 54% in the isocaloric study (P < .05) and 18% in the hypocaloric study (P < .05) in CRHP-treated individuals only. Circulating GDF15 levels increased by 18% (P < .05) following weight loss in combination with a CRHP diet but only in those treated with metformin. The CRHP diet significantly reduced FGF21 in people with type 2 diabetes independent of weight loss, supporting the role of FGF21 as a "nutrient sensor." Combining metformin treatment with carbohydrate restriction and weight loss may provide additional metabolic improvements due to the rise in circulating GDF15.

Alterations in plasma protein N-glycosylation after caloric restriction and bariatric surgery

BackgroundProtein glycosylation is an enzymatic process known to reflect an individual’s physiologic state and changes thereof. The impact of metabolic interventions on plasma protein N-glycosylation has only been sparsely investigated. ObjectiveTo examine alterations in plasma protein N-glycosylation following changes in caloric intake and bariatric surgery. SettingUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, US and Oxford University Hospitals, UK. MethodsThis study included 2 independent patient cohorts that recruited 10 and 37 individuals with obesity undergoing a period of caloric restriction followed by bariatric surgery. In both cohorts, clinical data were collated, and the composition of plasma protein N-glycome was analyzed chromatographically. Linear mixed models adjusting for age, sex, and multiple testing (false discovery rate <.05) were used to investigate longitudinal changes in glycosylation features and metabolic clinical markers. ResultsA low-calorie diet resulted in a decrease in high-branched trigalactosylated and trisialylated plasma N-glycans and a concomitant increase in low-branched N-glycans in both cohorts. Participants from one cohort additionally underwent a washout period during which caloric intake and body weight increased, resulting in reversal of the initial low-calorie diet–related changes in the plasma N-glycome. Immediate postoperative follow-up revealed the same pattern of N-glycosylation changes in both cohorts—an increase in complex, high-branched, antennary fucosylated, extensively galactosylated and sialylated N-glycans and a substantial decline in simpler, low-branched, core fucosylated, bisected, agalactosylated, and asialylated glycans. A 12-month postoperative monitoring in one cohort showed that N-glycan complexity declines while low branching increases. ConclusionsPlasma protein N-glycosylation undergoes extensive alterations following caloric restriction and bariatric surgery. These comprehensive changes may reflect the varying inflammatory status of the individual following dietary and surgical interventions and subsequent weight loss.

SAT430 Effect Of Organochlorine Pesticides On Brown Adipose Thermogenesis

Abstract Disclosure: S. Huang: None. J.A. Jugan: None. J. Harrigan: None. A. Singla: None. V. Huang: None. C.M. Mann: None. M. La Merrill: None. Mammalian non-shivering thermogenesis is canonically controlled by β-adrenergic signaling in brown adipose tissue. The β-adrenergic receptors Adrb1, Adrb2, and Adrb3 receive the signals from upstream sympathetic neurons, activate adenylyl cyclase, and increase the expression of uncoupled protein-1 (UCP1) which dissipates energy to produce heat. The banned but persistent pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) along with its metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), jointly referred to as DDX, are consistently associated with increased risk of present-day obesity and type II diabetes. In addition, DDX reduced body temperature by reducing sympathetic axons innervation in mice. However, the effect of DDX on the expression of β-adrenergic receptors and thermogenesis in brown adipocytes and other mammals is unclear. Therefore, the association between DDX exposure and the expression of β-adrenergic receptors and thermogenesis in vitro and in vivo was investigated. To this aim, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed high-fat diet and gavage of either a very low dose DDX mixture (5.6μg/kg weekly for 4 weeks) or olive oil vehicle control. DDX caused a significant reduction in body temperature after two weeks without significant changes in caloric intake or food efficiency. Notably, among all the β-adrenergic receptors, only Adrb3, and Ucp1 were downregulated in the brown adipose of DDX-treated rats. These results suggest that DDX reduces body temperature by attenuating Adrb3 expression in rat brown adipose tissue. To test whether this could explain the previously observed risk of human obesity associated with DDX exposure, we used immortalized human brown adipocytes to evaluate the effect of DDX on the RNA expression of β-adrenergic receptors, UCP1, and thermogenic function. As observed in rat brown adipose, DDT and DDE each reduced the expression of ADRB3 and UCP1, but not ADRB1 or ADRB2 in immortalized human brown adipocytes. Further, DDT and DDE each decreased heat produced by the human brown adipocytes. In addition, the reduced expression of UCP1 in DDX-treated human brown adipocytes was dependent on the presence of adenylyl cyclase (AC) activator, forskolin, demonstrating that the expression of UCP1 can be rescued by bypassing the upstream β3-adrenergic receptor. In conclusion, this evidence supports the hypothesis that obesogenic pesticides, DDT and DDE, attenuate thermogenesis by impairing brown adipocyte expression of the β3-adrenergic receptor and UCP1 in several mammalian species. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

FRI002 IGF-1R Targeting As A Strategy For Reducing Obesity And Improving Metabolism

Abstract Disclosure: S. Al-Samerria: None. S. Farooq: None. N. Nandankar: None. A.L. Negron: None. S. Radovick: None. There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity over the past four decades, and it is projected that by 2030, the majority of the global population will fall into the overweight or obese categories if this trend continues. In a previous study, we reported that the ablation of the IGF-1R in GHRH neurons and somatotrophs (S-GIGFRKO) resulted in a sustained decrease in weight gain velocity due to increased lipolysis and higher energy expenditure, despite no changes in caloric intake. To evaluate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on this metabolic phenotype, we challenged S-GIGFRKO mice with a 60% HFD beginning at 4 weeks of age. The S-GIGFRKO mice on the HFD showed normal linear growth, but after 8 weeks on the HFD, both males and females exhibited a sustained decrease in weight gain velocity compared to control mice on the HFD. Metabolic analysis revealed that the male and female S-GIGFRKO mice had higher oxygen consumption, lower carbon dioxide production, reduced body fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and improved glucose tolerance compared to the control mice on the HFD. No differences in food intake or total activity were observed between the two groups. These results demonstrate the important role of the GHRH-GH axis in regulating energy expenditure and fat metabolism, despite an environmental challenge induced by a HFD. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Changes in caloric consumption, physical activity, body mass index and sleeping pattern during holy month of Ramadan among doctors of a public sector University.

To determine the change in caloric intake, physical activity, body mass index and sleeping pattern during Ramadan among doctors. The longitudinal study was conducted at a public-sector medical university in Karachi from April to May 2020, and comprised healthy doctors of either gender who planned to fast during Ramadan. Data was collected using a multitude of validated structured tools by trained data collectors. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Of the 193 subjects, 103(53.4%) were females and 90(46.6%) were males. The overall mean age was 30.05±9.4 years. Caloric intake in the month before Ramadan was significantly higher 2288±495kcal/day than during Ramadan 2089±491kcal/day (p<0.001). Calories from proteins decreased and those from fats increased (p<0.001). Metabolic equivalent of task per minute per week increased significantly during Ramadan (p<0.001). Overall sleep per day decreased significantly, and there was an increase in daytime sleep and a decrease in night-time sleep (p<0.05). Body mass index also dropped significantly (p=0.005). Fasting during Ramadan had a positive effect on body mass index and physical activity levels of doctors, while the quality of diet and sleep was affected negatively.

370-OR: Optimized Weight Loss with Bimagrumab—Reduced Fat Mass with Increased Muscle Mass by Appetite-Independent Mechanisms

Background: Obesity is managed with lifestyle changes or incretin Tx to produce wt loss that is challenging to maintain long-term, perhaps because lean mass loss accounts for 20-40% of total wt loss. Semaglutide Tx results in rapid wt loss with 35% lower caloric intake, no further wt loss after 1 yr and rapid wt regain post-Tx. Bimagrumab (bima), a mAb to ActRIIA/ActRIIB, blocks activin pathways, leading to increased lean mass/decreased fat mass in numerous clinical studies (N=1561). Effects of bima IV or SC on fat and muscle were evaluated by DXA and MRI. Results: In a Ph2 study of bima 10 mg/kg IV q4wks vs placebo (respectively) in persons with overweight/obesity and T2DM (N=75), LS mean change at Wk 48 in body wt was −5.9 vs −0.8 kg (p&amp;lt;0.001; −7.5% vs −1.1%), with minimal change in daily caloric intake. DXA: LS mean change at Wk48 in total body (TB) fat mass was −7.5 vs −0.2 kg (p&amp;lt;0.001; −22.2% vs −0.3%), TB lean mass +1.7 vs −0.4 kg (p&amp;lt;0.001; +3.6% vs -0.9%), and appendicular lean mass +0.5 vs −0.3 kg (p=0.009; +2.5% vs −1.1%); fat mass loss was maintained 12 wks post-last dose. MRI: LS mean change at Wk24 in visceral adipose tissue was −1.5 vs +0.2 L (p&amp;lt;0.001; −36.1% vs +3.6%), absolute hepatic fat fraction (FF, %) −4.6 vs +0.2 (p=0.006; -23.6% vs +14.3%), and paravertebral muscle (PVM) mass +363.3 vs −331.0 mm2 (p=0.003; +6.4% vs -4.6%); a trend for decreased PVM fat fraction and intermuscular adipose tissue was observed (p=NS). Bima improved HbA1c (%) by -0.76 vs +0.04. AEs included diarrhea, muscle spasms. In a Ph1 study comparing bima 525 mg SC (N=12) and 700 mg IV (N=8), q4wks X3, fat mass loss and lean mass (total body and appendicular) increase were similar, with fat mass loss maintained 12 wks post-last dose; SC arm had fewer AEs than IV arm. Conclusions: Bimagrumab Tx results in decreased fat deposition in tissues and increased muscle mass despite minimal change in caloric intake, which could lead to durable, high quality wt loss. A study of bima in obesity without T2DM is ongoing (NCT05616013). Disclosure K.M.Attie: Employee; Versanis Bio. S.B.Heymsfield: None. L.Mindeholm: Consultant; Versanis Bio, Novartis AG, Stock/Shareholder; Novartis AG, Alcon Research, LLC, Novo Nordisk A/S. S.Spruill: None. M.Pruzanski: None. L.Klickstein: None.

Behavioral activation for smoking cessation and the prevention of smoking cessation-related weight gain: A randomized trial

BackgroundPost-cessation weight gain (PCWG) is an obstacle to smoking cessation. This trial evaluated a behavioral intervention targeting alternative rewards to smoking and high calorie snacking to promote smoking cessation while mitigating PCWG. MethodsAdult smokers (n = 288; 119 females, 169 males) received eight weeks of transdermal nicotine and were randomized to eight sessions of behavioral activation for smoking cessation and the mitigation of PCWG (BAS+) or standard smoking cessation counseling (SC). Primary outcomes were 7-day point prevalence abstinence and PCWG 26 weeks after the target quit date. Change in caloric intake from pre-treatment through the 26-week follow-up was a secondary outcome. Data were collected from September 2016 to February 2021, and analyses were completed in July 2022. ResultsBAS+ and SC did not differ in smoking abstinence rates at the 26-week follow-up (OR=0.80, 95%CI 0.50–1.27, p = 0.34; 18% versus 23%). There were no significant differences in PCWG between BAS+ and SC who were 7-day point prevalence abstinent (β = −0.29, 95%CI −2.13 to 1.65, p = 0.77; 2.60 versus 2.20 pounds, respectively) or among those continuously abstinent (5.78 versus 5.34 pounds, respectively). There were no significant differences in caloric intake between BAS+ and SC from baseline to the 26-week follow-up (β = 110.65, 95%CI −96.72 to 318.02, p = 0.30; −19.1 versus −116.9 kcals/day, respectively). ConclusionsThe results do not support the efficacy of BAS+ for smoking cessation and the prevention of PCWG. These findings join a growing body of research highlighting the challenge of minimizing PCWG and promoting smoking abstinence.

PMON53 Resistance to weight gain and obesity in mice lacking the IGF-1 receptor in GHRH neurons

Abstract IGF-1 signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating GH production through a negative feedback mechanism at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary. We created a transgenic mouse model with ablation of the IGF-1R in GHRH-neurons (GIGFRKO) that exhibited normal linear growth, however, when fed a normal chow diet, began to have a sustained decrease in weight gain velocity. This was associated with greater energy expenditure and a lower body fat mass, with no change in caloric intake. The aim of the current study was to determine whether this metabolic phenotype would be sustained with a high fat diet challenge. At 4 weeks of age, the mice were placed on a 45% fat diet for 16 weeks. The GIGFRKO mouse model fed a HFD had normal linear growth, but at 10 weeks of age, both male and female mice began to have a sustained decrease in weight gain velocity compared to their age and sex-matched controls. The metabolic assessment demonstrated that the GIGFRKO transgenic mice had higher O2 consumption, lower CO2 production, a reduction in body fat mass, an elevation in energy expenditure, and improved glucose tolerance compared to the control mice on HFD. This was not associated with changes in food intake or activity and was present in males and females. In conclusion, the GIGFRKO transgenic mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity due to the critical role of the GHRH-GH axis in controlling energy expenditure and fat metabolism. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Prader-Willi Syndrome: Possibilities of Weight Gain Prevention and Treatment.

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder which involves the endocrine and neurologic systems, metabolism, and behavior. The aim of this paper is to summarize current knowledge on dietary management and treatment of PWS and, in particular, to prevent excessive weight gain. Growth hormone (GH) therapy is the recommended standard treatment for PWS children, because it improves body composition (by changing the proportion of body fat and lean body mass specifically by increasing muscle mass and energy expenditure), linear growth, and in infants, it promotes psychomotor and IQ development. In early childhood, the predominant symptom is hyperphagia which can lead to early onset, severe obesity with different obesity-related comorbidities. There are several studies on anti-obesity medications (metformin, topiramate, liraglutide, setmelanotide). However, these are still limited, and no widely accepted consensus guideline exists concerning these drugs in children with PWS. Until there is a specific treatment for hyperphagia and weight gain, weight must be controlled with the help of diet and exercise. Below the age of one year, children with PWS have no desire to eat and will often fail to thrive, despite adequate calories. After the age of two years, weight begins to increase without a change in calorie intake. Appetite increases later, gradually, and becomes insatiable. Managing the progression of different nutritional phases (0–4) is really important and can delay the early onset of severe obesity. Multidisciplinary approaches are crucial in the diagnosis and lifelong follow-up, which will determine the quality of life of these patients.

Lipid droplets and autophagosomes together with chaperones fine-tune expression of SGK1.

Serum‐glucocorticoid‐induced kinase‐1 (SGK1) regulates ion homeostasis and promotes survival under stress conditions. The expression of SGK1 is under transcriptional and post‐translational regulations that are frequently altered in cancer and immune disorders. We report that an N‐terminal amphipathic alpha‐helix determines SGK1 expression levels through two distinct mechanisms. It tethers SGK1 to intracellular organelles generating a large pool of membrane‐bound SGK1, which is differentially stabilized in lipid droplets (LD) in fed conditions or degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum by ER‐phagy in starvation. Association of the α‐helix to organelles does not depend on dedicated receptors or special phospholipids rather, it is intrinsic to its physicochemical properties and depends on the presence of bulky hydrophobic residues for attachment to LDs. The second mechanism is recruitment of protein‐chaperones that recognize the α‐helix as an unfolded protein promoting survival of the cytosolic SGK1 fraction. Together, the findings unveil an unexpected link between levels of energy storage and abundance of SGK1 and how changes in calorie intake could be used to modulate SGK1 expression, whereas the inhibition of molecular chaperones could serve as an additional enhancer in the treatment of malignancies and autoimmune disorders with high levels of SGK1 expression.

Short-term Effects of Eating Behavior Modification on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Risks in Overweight and Obese Korean Adults.

BackgroundWe investigated whether eating behavior modification improves metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related risks in overweight/obese Korean adults, and identified dietary factors that improve metabolic status.MethodsAmong 159 volunteers, 71 with a body mass index ≥23 kg/m2 and without other chronic diseases participated in the 8-week intervention, among which 54 participants who completed the intervention were included in the analyses. At baseline, patients were categorized either metabolically healthy obese (MHO; <3 MetS risk factors, n=42) or metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO; ≥3 MetS risk factors, n=12), and then educated regarding how to choose healthy foods and meals.ResultsLipid profiles and anthropometric and glycemic parameters were significantly improved among all participants after the intervention. Changes in waist circumference (P=0.025), and glycemic parameters (glucose, P=0.046, insulin, P=0.005, C-peptide, P=0.041) were positively correlated with changes in calorie intake from snacks. Changes in visceral fat area were negatively correlated with changes in total calorie intake (P=0.046), and positively correlated with those in calorie intake from dietary fats (P=0.039). In addition, changes in insulin (P=0.013) and C-peptide (P=0.008) concentrations were negatively correlated with changes in dietary fiber intake at dinner. After the intervention, 83.3% of initially MUHO participants became MHO and 16.7% of MHO participants became MUHO.ConclusionEating behavior modification may be an important strategy to improve metabolic factors in overweight/obese people.

Effects of short-term sugary beverage consumption on glucose control and cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized controlled parallel-arm trial

Objective To determine differences in glucose control and cardiovascular disease risk factors following three weeks of added soda, 100% fruit juice, or water in apparently healthy, college-aged adults. Participants Thirty-six adults (18 males; 18 females) between the ages of 18 and 30 years of age. Methods A 3-arm randomized controlled parallel-arm trial; at baseline and after three weeks consuming the assigned beverage, participants completed glucose control and cardiovascular disease risk factor assessments. Results There were no significant differences between beverage conditions for glucose control or cardiovascular disease risk factors (ps > 0.05). There were no significant changes in caloric intake or differences in caloric intake between conditions, p = 0.17. Conclusions In healthy, young adults, under free-living conditions, short-term consumption of two commercially packaged servings of SBs did not lead to significant glucose control or cardiovascular disease risk factor changes, indicating potential compensation and/or resilience to negative short-term effects.

CTRP6 rapidly responds to acute nutritional changes, regulating adipose tissue expansion and inflammation in mice.

In chronic obesity, activated adipose tissue proinflammatory cascades are tightly linked to metabolic dysfunction. Yet, close temporal analyses of the responses to obesogenic environment such as high-fat feeding (HFF) in susceptible mouse strains question the causal relationship between inflammation and metabolic dysfunction, and/or raises the possibility that certain inflammatory cascades play adaptive/homeostatic, rather than pathogenic roles. Here, we hypothesized that CTRP6, a C1QTNF family member, may constitute an early responder to acute nutritional changes in adipose tissue, with potential physiological roles. Both 3-days high-fat feeding (3dHFF) and acute obesity reversal [2-wk switch to low-fat diet after 8-wk HFF (8wHFF)] already induced marked changes in whole body fuel utilization. Although adipose tissue expression of classical proinflammatory cytokines (Tnf-α, Ccl2, and Il1b) exhibited no, or only minor, change, C1qtnf6 uniquely increased, and decreased, in response to 3dHFF and acute obesity reversal, respectively. CTRP6 knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited increased adipogenic gene expression (Pparg, Fabp4, and Adipoq) and markedly reduced inflammatory genes (Tnf-α, Ccl2, and Il6) compared with wild-type MEFs, and recombinant CTRP6 induced the opposite gene expression signature, as assessed by RNA sequencing. Consistently, 3dHFF of CTRP6-KO mice induced a greater whole body and adipose tissue weight gain compared with wild-type littermates. Collectively, we propose CTRP6 as a gene that rapidly responds to acute changes in caloric intake, acting in acute overnutrition to induce a "physiological inflammatory response" that limits adipose tissue expansion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CTRP6 (C1qTNF6), a member of adiponectin gene family, regulates inflammation and metabolism in established obesity. Here, short-term high-fat feeding in mice is shown to increase adipose tissue expression of CTRP6 before changes in the expression of classical inflammatory genes occur. Conversely, CTRP6 expression in adipose tissue decreases early in the course of obesity reversal. Gain- and loss-of-function models suggest CTRP6 as a positive regulator of inflammatory cascades, and a negative regulator of adipogenesis and adipose tissue expansion.

Rapid refeeding does not worsen anxiety in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study

ABSTRACT The study aimed to describe the progression of state anxiety in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) hospitalized on a high calorie refeeding (HCR) protocol. Participants, 12–21 years, admitted for malnutrition due to AN were placed on a HCR protocol in which calories were advanced by 300 kcal/day. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) was given to participants within 24 hours of hospitalization and the state anxiety component of the STAIC was administered daily immediately before and after breakfast until discharge. Of 22 patients enrolled, 86% were female, mean age was 14.9 ± 2.0 years, and 95% had AN-restrictive type. The median state and trait anxiety scores at time of admission were 37.0 (28–55) and 35.5 (23–51), respectively. There was no significant difference in median pre-meal state anxiety from hospital day 1 to 6 (34.0(26–55) vs. 38.5(25–55), p-value = 0.079) or in median post-meal state anxiety from hospital day 1 to 6 (35.5(29–56) vs. 37(24–56), p-value = 0.484). Similarly, we found minimal correlation between change in caloric intake and change in pre-meal S-anxiety (Spearman correlation coefficient = −0.032) or post-meal S-anxiety (Spearman correlation = 0.032). While this was a small sample observing anxiety over one week, we found no evidence that state anxiety increased with advancing calories, providing additional support for the use of more rapid refeeding protocols.

Effects of macronutrient intake in obesity: a meta-analysis of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on markers of the metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises cardiometabolic risk factors frequently found in individuals with obesity. Guidelines to prevent or reverse MetS suggest limiting fat intake, however, lowering carbohydrate intake has gained attention too. The aim for this review was to determine to what extent either weight loss, reduction in caloric intake, or changes in macronutrient intake contribute to improvement in markers of MetS in persons with obesity without cardiometabolic disease. A meta-analysis was performed across a spectrum of studies applying low-carbohydrate (LC) and low-fat (LF) diets. PubMed searches yielded 17 articles describing 12 separate intervention studies assessing changes in MetS markers of persons with obesity assigned to LC (<40% energy from carbohydrates) or LF (<30% energy from fat) diets. Both diets could lead to weight loss and improve markers of MetS. Meta-regression revealed that weight loss most efficaciously reduced fasting glucose levels independent of macronutrient intake at the end of the study. Actual carbohydrate intake and actual fat intake at the end of the study, but not the percent changes in intake of these macronutrients, improved diastolic blood pressure and circulating triglyceride levels, without an effect of weight loss. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance improved with both diets, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol only improved in the LC diet, both irrespective of aforementioned factors. Remarkably, changes in caloric intake did not play a primary role in altering MetS markers. Taken together, these data suggest that, beyond the general effects of the LC and LF diet categories to improve MetS markers, there are also specific roles for weight loss, LC and HF intake, but not reduced caloric intake, that improve markers of MetS irrespective of diet categorization. On the basis of the results from this meta-analysis, guidelines to prevent MetS may need to be re-evaluated.

Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults.

Sleep restriction (SR) reliably increases caloric intake. It remains unknown whether such intake cumulatively increases with repeated SR exposures and is impacted by the number of intervening recovery sleep opportunities. Healthy adults (33.9 ± 8.9y; 17 women, Body Mass Index: 24.8 ± 3.6) participated in a laboratory protocol. N = 35 participants experienced two baseline nights (10 h time-in-bed (TIB)/night; 22:00–08:00) followed by 10 SR nights (4 h TIB/night; 04:00–08:00), which were divided into two exposures of five nights each and separated by one (n = 13), three (n = 12), or five (n = 10) recovery nights (12 h TIB/night; 22:00–10:00). Control participants (n = 10) were permitted 10 h TIB (22:00–08:00) on all nights. Food and drink consumption were ad libitum and recorded daily. Compared to baseline, sleep-restricted participants increased daily caloric (+527 kcal) and saturated fat (+7 g) intake and decreased protein (−1.2% kcal) intake during both SR exposures; however, intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. Similarly, although sleep-restricted participants exhibited substantial late-night caloric intake (671 kcal), such intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. By contrast, control participants showed no changes in caloric intake across days. We found consistent caloric and macronutrient intake increases during two SR exposures despite varying intervening recovery nights. Thus, energy intake outcomes do not cumulatively increase with repeated restriction and are unaffected by recovery opportunities.

Modelling food demand in the 21st century

Modelling food demand in the 21st century