Changes In Body Composition Measures Research Articles

The temporal relationship between body composition and cardiometabolic profiles in an HIV-infected (on antiretroviral therapy) versus HIV-free Western Cape study population.

Cardiovascular risk is a health concern in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). This longitudinal study (baseline vs 36 months) aimed to investigate the relationship between body composition and markers of cardiovascular risk in a South African study population [HIV free, n = 22 vs HIV positive on antiretroviral therapy (HIV+ART), n = 73)]. Health questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, biochemical analyses and flow-mediated dilation were performed. Linear mixed-model statistical analyses were applied. The HIV+ART vs the HIV-free groups were independently associated with body mass index (BMI) [-4.92 (-7.99 to -1.84), p = 0.002] and waist circumference [-10.5 (-17.2 to -3.77), p = 0.003]. ART duration was associated with BMI [2.60 (0.57-4.62), p = 0.013], waist circumference [3.83 (0.03-7.63), p = 0.048] and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [20.18 (2.37-41.09), p = 0.025]. The data showed that intricate relationships existed in this study population between HIV, ART, body composition and cardiometabolic variables. There is a need for more research investigating cardiovascular risk in PLWH, particularly in the context of changes in body composition measures.

A Phase II Study of Isatuximab, Once Weekly Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, Dexamethasone, in Newly Diagnosed, Transplant-Eligible Multiple Myeloma (The SKylaRk Trial)

Background: Clinical data support the combination of a CD38 monoclonal antibody, an immunomodulatory drug, a proteasome inhibitor, and a glucocorticoid for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Isatuximab (Isa) is approved in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone (dex) for relapsed, refractory MM based on the results of the IKEMA study, as well as with pomalidomide and dex based upon ICARIA and is now being explored in novel combinations in the newly diagnosed setting. Our study evaluated the addition of isa to weekly carfilzomib (K), lenalidomide (len), and dex in all-risk, transplant-eligible patients with NDMM and stratifies maintenance based on cytogenetic risk. Study Design and Methods: Phase II study of isa-KRd in 50 transplant-eligible NDMM patients (NCT04430894). All patients received 4 cycles of isa-KRd followed by stem cell collection with option of upfront versus deferred stem cell transplant (SCT). Upfront SCT patients received 2 additional cycles then maintenance. Deferred SCT patients received 4 additional cycles then maintenance. Each 28-day cycle consisted of isa 10 mg/kg iv weekly cycles 1-2, Q2 weeks cycles 3-6, then Q4 weeks; K (20 mg/m 2 cycle 1, day 1 only) 56 mg/m 2 iv days 1, 8, 15; len 25 mg po days 1-21; and dex 20 mg po days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 (and days 22, 23 cycles 1-2). For maintenance, standard-risk received len 10 mg po days 1-21 and high-risk (del 17p, gain 1q, t(4:14), t(14;16), t(14;20)) isa 10 mg/kg iv day 1; K 56 mg/m 2 iv days 1, 15; len 10 mg po days 1-21. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary end point was complete response (CR + stringent CR) rate after 4 cycles by the IMWG response criteria. Secondary endpoints included safety and tolerability; minimal residual disease (MRD), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) rates, quality of life, body composition, and T cell repertoire. Results: Fifty patients enrolled between August 2020 and February 2022. Median age was 59 years (range 39-70) and 54% were male. Forty-six percent of patients had high-risk cytogenetics. Median follow-up is 26 months. Of 45 patients evaluable for response after 4 cycles, ORR was 100% and 89% (39/45) achieved a very good partial response (VGPR) or better and 36% (16/45) a CR. Of those, 43% (12/28) were MRD negative at 10 -5. After the completion of C6/C8, ORR was 100% and 64% (29/45) achieved a CR and 96% (43/45) achieved a VGPR or better. After C6/C8, 41 patients, 66% (27/41) were MRD negative at 10 -5. The 24-month PFS was 91.3% (95% CI 83.4% -99.8%) and OS was 95.8% (95% CI 90.2%-100%). SCT was deferred in most patients (40/45, 89%). Grade 3 or 4 side effects (≥2 patients) included neutropenia (24%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (10%), acute kidney injury (6%), and thrombocytopenia (6%). Grade 1-2 infusion-related reactions in 20%, no grade 3. Hypertension in 49% grade 1-2 and one grade 3; one grade 3 myocardial infarction. There was one death assessed as unrelated. Two patients withdrew for acute kidney injury. Two patients were not evaluable at C4 and C6/C8 because measurable disease could only be assessed by PET CT. There were statistically significant within-patient improvements in global health status ( p<.01), physical ( p<.01), role ( p<.01), emotional ( p=.01), and social functioning ( p<.01), body image ( p<.01), future perspective ( p<.01), fatigue ( p<.01), pain ( p<.01), loss of appetite ( p<.01), and symptoms ( p<.01). There were no statistically significant changes in body composition measurements between baseline and the completion of 4 cycles or consolidation/induction. There was a significant improvement in total lean mass ( p=0.01) between baseline and end of induction adjusted for SCT status. In terms of correlatives to-date, there were no significant differences in total T cells, total templates, total productive templates; total and productive rearrangements; or clonality, maximum productive frequency and T cell fraction between those patients achieving MRD negativity and those not and no significant differences between clonality at baseline and post-induction/consolidation. Conclusions: Isa-KRd induces deep and durable responses, with an ORR of 100% (including 96% VGPR or better, 66% MRD negative) as well as improved quality of life in transplant-eligible patients with NDMM, with or without SCT. The overall safety profile was favorable and consistent with similar regimens in this setting, with toxicities proving generally manageable.

Poster 219: Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density Following Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoral Acetabular Impingement in Collegiate Athletes: A Matched Cohort Study

Poster 219: Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density Following Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoral Acetabular Impingement in Collegiate Athletes: A Matched Cohort Study

Abstract 13514: Associations Between Plasma Metabolites With Body Composition Traits and Their Responses to Exercise Training

INTRODUCTION: Although exercise training can improve body composition, the molecular biomarkers and mechanisms related to these changes have not been fully elucidated. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that distinct metabolite signatures exist for both baseline levels and exercise responsiveness of body composition traits, with substantial overlap across traits. METHODS: Measurements were taken before and after 20 weeks of endurance training in self-identified Black and White adults of the HERITAGE Family Study (n=652). 300 targeted plasma metabolites were measured using LC-MS. Underwater weighing, CT scans, and anthropometric measurements were used to derive the 11 body composition traits included in this study: BMI, body surface area, fat mass, fat free mass, %fat, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body weight, and abdominal visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat. Linear mixed models were used to test the association between plasma metabolites and each body composition trait at baseline and in response to training with full covariate adjustment. Significance was set to FDR<0.05. Results: On average, subjects were [mean and (SD)] 35 (14) years old, 33% Black, 54% female, and had BMI of 26.2 (5.2) kg/m 2 . The number of metabolites significantly associated with body composition traits at baseline ranged from 57-141 ( Table 1 ). DMGV was among the top 3 associated metabolites at baseline for all 11 traits, while SM(d18:1/16:1) was associated with 8 of 11 baseline traits. Few if any significant associations were found between change in metabolites and change in body composition measures in response to exercise training (range: 0-10) ( Table 1 ). CONCLUSIONS: Although numerous metabolites were associated with body composition traits at baseline, few associations were observed with trait responses to training. These results suggest that intrinsic body composition and its response to exercise training may have differing underlying metabolic signatures.

Quantification of chemotherapy-induced changes in body composition in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult lymphoma using standard of care CT imaging.

The objective of this study was to use computed tomography (CT) imaging to quantify chemotherapy-induced changes in body composition (BC) in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult (AYA) patients with lymphoma and to compare image-derived changes in BC measures to changes in traditional body mass index (BMI) measures. Skeletal muscle (SkM), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes were manually segmented using low-dose CT images acquired from a 10-year retrospective, single-site cohort of 110 patients with lymphoma. CT images and BMI percentiles (BMI%) were acquired from baseline and first therapeutic follow-up. CT image segmentation was performed at vertebral level L3 using 5 consecutive axial CT images. CT imaging detected significant treatment-induced changes in BC measures from baseline to first follow-up time points, with SAT and VAT significantly increasing and SkM significantly decreasing. BMI% measures did not change from baseline to first follow-up and were not significantly correlated with changes in image-derived BC measures. Patients who were male, younger than 12 years old, diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and presented with stage 3 or 4 disease gained more adipose tissue and lost more SkM in response to the first cycle of treatment compared to their clinical counterparts. Standard of care CT imaging can quantify treatment-induced changes in BC that are not reflected by traditional BMI assessment. Image-based monitoring of BC parameters may offer personalized approaches to lymphoma treatment for pediatric and AYA patients by guiding cancer treatment recommendations and subsequently enhance clinical outcomes. • Standard of care low-dose CT imaging quantifies chemotherapy-induced changes in body composition in pediatric, adolescent, and young adults with lymphoma. • Body mass index could not detect changes in body composition during treatment that were quantified by CT imaging. • Pediatric and AYA patients who were male, younger than 12 years old, and diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and presented with stage 3 or 4 disease gained more adipose tissue and lost more skeletal muscle tissue in response to the first cycle of treatment compared to their clinical counterparts.

Loss of muscle mass during cancer therapy is associated with poor oncologic outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer

<h3>Objectives:</h3> Sarcopenia, a loss of muscle mass and function, is a risk factor for decreased survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Little is known about the effect of primary treatment for EOC on sarcopenia and how this relates to patient outcomes. Our aim was to determine the change in sarcopenia measures over the course of primary EOC treatment and if changes are associated with overall survival. <h3>Methods:</h3> We utilized an institutional EOC surgical database to identify patients diagnosed with stage IIIC or IV EOC who received primary debulking surgery (PDS) and adjuvant chemotherapy at our institution. Patients were included if they had pre and post-treatment computerized tomography (CT) scans available. Patient CT scans were analyzed for body composition, including skeletal muscle area and skeletal muscle index (SMI, skeletal muscle area normalized for patient height). Sarcopenia was defined as a SMI <39 cm²/m². Percent change in body composition measures and change in sarcopenia were analyzed for association with death and disease progression based on fitting Cox proportional hazards models. <h3>Results:</h3> We identified 116 patients who underwent PDS followed by adjuvant chemotherapy from 2006-2016 at a large volume single institution. Most patients (73%) had 6 cycles of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. A post-treatment CT scan was obtained at a median of 25 days following the last day of treatment. Overall, there was a decrease in the mean skeletal muscle area and skeletal muscle index, with a percent change of 2.6% from pre- to post-treatment CT scans. Almost half of patients (54/116; 47%) were sarcopenic at some point during their treatment. Of the 116 patients, 62 (53%) were never sarcopenic, 5 (4%) were initially sarcopenic but not at the time of post-treatment scan, 28 (24%) were sarcopenic on both CT scans, and 21 (18%) were only sarcopenic at the time of post-treatment CT scan.The 21 patients who became sarcopenic during the course of treatment were more likely to have an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score more than 2 (62% vs 43%), preoperative albumin <3.5 g/dL (24% vs 14%), stage IV disease (48% vs 21%) and to have undergone a high complexity surgery (57% vs 33%). Developing sarcopenia during treatment was associated with both an increased risk of disease progression (HR=1.43; 95% CI 0.85-2.40; p=0.18) and death (HR=1.78; 95% CI 1.00-3.18; p=0.05) when compared to all others (Figure). The development of sarcopenia following treatment was the strongest predictor of death compared to the 4 aforementioned factors. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> We observed that sarcopenia changes during the course of treatment among EOC patients who underwent curative intent PDS and adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients who develop sarcopenia following treatment appear to be at increased risk for poor oncologic outcomes. The cause of sarcopenia in EOC is unclear, and may reflect worse tumor biology or other patient specific factors.

Body composition in professional female netball players within and between seasons: a cohort study

BackgroundThere is limited information on the physique attributes of female netball players from the highest playing standards and the typical body composition changes that occur with training and competition in these athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the body composition of professional female netball players and changes that occur within and between national premier netball seasons.MethodsDual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessments were conducted in 20 female netball players (age = 26.5 [4.7] years, body mass = 77.3 [9.7] kg, stature = 182.7 [9.5] cm) contracted to a Suncorp Super Netball team. Total body lean mass, fat mass, bone mass and bone mineral density were derived for 127 assessments collected over three seasons. Linear mixed effects modelling was used to examine changes in body composition measures within and between seasons.ResultsGoal circle players were heavier (12.3 [3.5] kg, p < 0.001, g = 1.51) and taller (15.0 [2.7] cm, p < 0.001, g = 2.30) than midcourt players, and midcourt players had greater lean mass (3.1 [1.6] %, p = 0.07, g = 0.85) and less fat mass (-3.3 [1.7] %, p = 0.06, g = -0.84) than goal circle players when values were normalised to body mass. Players achieved increases in lean mass (2,191 [263] g, p < 0.01, g = 0.45) and decreases in fat mass (-835 [351] g, p = 0.09, g = -0.16) following a preseason preparation period. There were no changes in lean mass (-394 [295] g, p = 0.54, g = 0.07) or fat mass (102 [389] g, p = 0.99, g = 0.04) from the start to the end of the 14-week competition period.ConclusionsProfessional female netball players achieve small changes in lean mass and fat mass during preseason preparation and maintain their physique over the competitive season. The results of this study can inform practitioners on the training content necessary to promote or maintain desired body composition changes in these athletes.

Changes in Body Composition Before and After Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis.

Weight loss is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about when it starts, how PD changes as it progresses, and whether there is a differential loss of lean or fat mass. The objective of this study was to examine how body composition changes before and after PD diagnosis. In the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study (n=3075; age range, 70-79 years), body composition was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry on an annual or biennial basis from year 1 to year 10. For each PD case each year, we calculated the difference between their actual body composition measures and expected values had they not developed PD. Using linear mixed models with crossed random effects, we further examined the trend of change in body composition measures before and after PD diagnosis. A total of 80 PD cases were identified in this cohort. Compared with their expected values, PD cases began to lose total and fat mass about 6-7 years before diagnosis, although the differences were not statistically significant until 3-5 years after diagnosis. The loss was substantial and persistent, with statistically significant trends of loss for total body mass (P=0.008), fat mass (P=0.001), and percentage fat (P < 0.001). In comparison, lean mass was stable throughout the follow-up (P=0.16). Overall, 96% of the body mass loss in PD cases was from the loss of fat mass. In this longitudinal analysis with objective measures of body composition, we found persistent weight loss in PD cases, predominantly in fat mass, starting a few years before diagnosis. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Abstract 15067: Association of Baseline and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition Measures With Risk of Heart Failure and Myocardial Infarction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Findings From the Look Ahead Trial

Introduction: Intentional weight loss is associated with lower risk of heart failure (HF) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the contribution of changes in body composition measures [lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), waist circumference (WC)] to the risk of HF and myocardial infarction (MI) is not well-known. Methods: Adults with T2DM who had overweight or obesity enrolled in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial without prevalent HF were included. LM and FM were predicted using validated equations and compared with DXA measurements. Adjusted Cox models were used to evaluate the associations of baseline and longitudinal changes in LM, FM, and WC over 1- (Y0 to Y1) and 4-year (Y0 to Y4) follow-up with risk of overall HF, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and MI. Results: Among 5,103 participants, there were 257 incident HF events over 12.4 years of follow-up. Predicted and measured LM and FM were highly correlated (R 2 =0.87-0.92). LM and FM decreased with greater declines in the intensive lifestyle intervention arm (Figure 1A). In adjusted analyses, baseline measures of body composition were not significantly associated with risk of HF. Decline in FM, but not LM, over 1- and 4-year follow-up was significantly associated with lower risk of HF (Figure 1B). A significant association was observed between decline in WC and risk of overall HF and HFpEF but not HFrEF. Among adults without a history of CVD, changes in body composition were not associated with risk of MI. Conclusions: In adults with T2DM who had overweight or obesity, a lifestyle intervention is associated with significant loss of FM and LM. Decline in FM and WC, but not LM, were each significantly associated with lower risk of HF but not MI. Furthermore, decline in WC was significantly associated with lower risk of HFpEF but not HFrEF.

A negative association of dietary advanced glycation end products with obesity and body composition in Iranian adults.

Obesity caused by excessive deposited fat is generally classified as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Research regarding the association between dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGE) and obesity is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dAGE and obesity and body composition in Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study included 265 adults aged 18-75 years from Tehran, Iran. dAGE were estimated using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ, according to the published food carboxymethyl lysine-AGE database for 549 routinely consumed food items for the Northeastern American multiethnic urban population, and were reported by dividing total energy intake. Dietary intake, sociodemographic data and physical activity status were collected using validated questionnaires, and anthropometric characteristics were measured. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and obesity was defined based on WHO guidelines. The intake of fat and meat was significantly increased in higher tertiles, compared with the first tertile of dAGE (P < 0·001). No association between dAGE and body composition measures and obesity was observed; however, there was a significant negative association between dAGE and BMI (BMI; P = 0·01), waist circumference (P = 0·01), waist:hip ratio (P = 0·03), fat-free mass (P = 0·02) and muscle mass index (P = 0·01) in non-linear models. In conclusion, higher consumption of dAGE was associated with increased intake of fat and meat and was negatively related to changes in body composition measurements. Therefore, dAGE may connect obesity to diet by energy imbalance.

Exploring the efficacy and safety of herbal medicine on Korean obese women with or without metabolic syndrome risk factors: A study protocol for a double-blind, randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

The prevalence of obesity among women is increasing. Obesity is associated with various metabolic syndromes; conventional treatments are limited and may induce serious adverse events due to polytherapy regimens. Currently, demands for complementary and alternative medicine that has a proven safety profile for the treatment of obesity with or without metabolic risk factors are increasing.Our team of preclinical experts reported a significant anti-obesity effect of the Korean herbal medicine, Galgeun-tang (GGT). Thus, we designed this trial to explore the effects of GGT among obese women to accumulate optimal clinical evidence.Obesity is not only a component of metabolic syndrome and a factor associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease but is also related to insulin resistance. Previous research has confirmed that an increasing body mass index is highly related with increased risk of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese individuals. The effectiveness of the Korean medicine herbal formula, GGT on obesity has been previously reported. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of GGT for weight loss among obese Korean women with or without high risk for metabolic syndrome. This study is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial. A total of 160 participants will be randomly distributed in 2 groups, the GGT group or the placebo group in a 1:1 ratio using a web-based randomization system. Each group will be administered GGT or placebo 3 times a day for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint is to assess the change in weight from baseline. The secondary endpoints are the following: the changes in body composition measurements, anthropomorphic measurements, obesity screening Laboratory tests, patient self-reported questionnaires, and economic evaluation outcomes. Adverse events will also be reported. The findings of this study will confirm methodologies regarding the efficacy and safety of GGT for weight loss among obese Korean women with or without metabolic risk factors.

ABDOMINAL BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE FOR FOLLOW-UP OF DIETERS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a strong predictor of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis (A-BIA) is a simple method for the measurement of VAT and is a promising tool in screening and follow-up of abdominal obesity. However the role of A-BIA in dieting individuals has not been evaluated adequately in longitudinal follow-up studies. The aim of this study is to determine the role of A-BIA in identifying the changes in metabolic predictors after diet and/or exercise therapy. All patients who sought weight loss treatment underwent baseline assessment and were prescribed a program of diet. After a mean follow-up of 3.2 months, data were analyzed. Ultimately, 103 participants who reported adhering to the diet, enrolled to the study. We tested associations between changes in body composition measures and changes in laboratory measures using correlations and multivariate linear regression analysis. Mean loss of body weight was 3.4±2.8 kg. All but waist-to-hip ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels changed significantly (p<0.001). Decreases in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and VAT level significantly correlated with decreases in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin level, and HOMA-IR score (r=0.230-0.371). In multiple linear regression analysis changes in BMI and VAT significantly correlated with change in HOMA-IR score (F(7.93)=2.283, p=0.034, R2=0.147). Decreases in BMI and VAT, as determined by A-BIA, were predictors of changes in metabolic laboratory measures. A-BIA is useful for follow-up of patients receiving diet therapy for weight loss.

Vitamin K-induced effects on body fat and weight: results from a 3-year vitamin K2 intervention study.

Vitamin K status has been linked to fat and glucose metabolism by several authors, but whether high vitamin K intake influences body weight or composition has remained unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that increased vitamin K intake decreases body fat or fat distribution. In a randomized placebo-controlled human intervention trial, 214 postmenopausal women, 55-65 years of age, received either 180 mcg/day of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7, MK-7) or placebo for 3 years. Osteocalcin (OC) carboxylation was used as a marker for vitamin K status, and fat distribution was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry total body scan. In the total cohort, MK-7 supplementation increased circulating carboxylated OC (cOC) but had no effect on body composition. In those with an above-median response in OC carboxylation ('good responders'), MK-7 treatment resulted in a significant increase in total and human molecular weight adiponectin and a decrease in abdominal fat mass and in the estimated visceral adipose tissue area compared with the placebo group and the poor responders. The fact that changes in body composition measures or markers for fat or glucose metabolism were not associated with changes in uncarboxylated OC (ucOC) does not support the assumption that ucOC stimulates fat metabolism in humans. Instead, high vitamin K2 intake may support reducing body weight, abdominal and visceral fat, notably in subjects showing a strong increase in cOC. A causal relation between the changes in cOC and body fat or distribution cannot be concluded from these data.

Changes in Body Weight and Composition Are Associated With Changes in Left Ventricular Geometry and Function in the General Population: SHIP (Study of Health in Pomerania).

The different effects of total body weight (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) on left ventricular (LV) geometry and function are complex. We investigated the associations of changes over time in TBW, FM, and FFM with changes in LV geometry and function. We analyzed data from 1189 subjects (694 women), aged 44 to 86 years, from the baseline and the 5-year follow-up examination of the population-based SHIP (Study of Health in Pomerania). TBW was measured, and FFM and FM were calculated based on height-weight models derived from bioelectrical impedance studies. Echocardiographic measurements of LV geometry and function were performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography. Changes in body composition measures were associated with changes in LV geometry and function by multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. A 1-kg increase/decrease in TBW or FM was associated, respectively, with an increase/decrease of 0.89 g or 1.84 g in LV mass, whereas there was no such association on changes in FFM. Moreover, an increase in FM was associated with LV concentric remodeling and impairment of systolic and diastolic function parameters, whereas an increase in FFM was associated with LV eccentric remodeling and improved systolic and diastolic functional variables. Our findings indicate that changes in LV morphology and function depend on the type of body mass composition. Prospective data need to address whether specific changes in body composition over time may affect the risk for heart dysfunction more precisely than the change in TBW.

Reprint of “Relationship between BMI, waist circumference, physical activity and probable developmental coordination disorder over time”

BackgroundCross-sectional studies have shown that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are less likely to be physically active and have excess weight gain. However, longitudinal studies examining the relationship between DCD and measures of body composition (BMI and waist circumference) over time are lacking. It is not known if sex and physical activity affect the relationship between DCD and measures of body composition over time. Objective(1) To examine if BMI and waist circumference in children with and without probable DCD (pDCD) remain constant over time or change as children age, and whether this relationship varies by sex. (2) To examine if differences in physical activity between children with and without pDCD account for differences in BMI and waist circumference over time. MethodsPhysical Health Activity Study Team (PHAST) data were used for this longitudinal analysis. At baseline, a total of 2,278 (pDCD=103) children aged 9–10years were included in the analysis. The total follow-up period was five years. Mixed-effects modeling was used to estimate change in body composition measures in children over time. ResultsChildren with pDCD have higher BMI and waist circumference compared to typically developing children, and this difference increased over the study period. The relationship between pDCD and BMI over time also varied by sex. A similar trend was observed for waist circumference. Boys with pDCD were found to have a more rapid increase in BMI and waist circumference compared to girls with pDCD. Physical activity had neither a mediating nor a moderating effect on the relationship between pDCD and measures of body composition. However, physical activity was independently and negatively associated with measures of body composition. ConclusionspDCD is associated with higher body mass and waist circumference, both important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and psychological problems and other health conditions.

Relationship between BMI, waist circumference, physical activity and probable developmental coordination disorder over time

BackgroundCross-sectional studies have shown that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are less likely to be physically active and have excess weight gain. However, longitudinal studies examining the relationship between DCD and measures of body composition (BMI and waist circumference) over time are lacking. It is not known if sex and physical activity affect the relationship between DCD and measures of body composition over time. Objective(1) To examine if BMI and waist circumference in children with and without probable DCD (pDCD) remain constant over time or change as children age, and whether this relationship varies by sex. (2) To examine if differences in physical activity between children with and without pDCD account for differences in BMI and waist circumference over time. MethodsPhysical Health Activity Study Team (PHAST) data were used for this longitudinal analysis. At baseline, a total of 2,278 (pDCD=103) children aged 9–10years were included in the analysis. The total follow-up period was five years. Mixed-effects modeling was used to estimate change in body composition measures in children over time. ResultsChildren with pDCD have higher BMI and waist circumference compared to typically developing children, and this difference increased over the study period. The relationship between pDCD and BMI over time also varied by sex. A similar trend was observed for waist circumference. Boys with pDCD were found to have a more rapid increase in BMI and waist circumference compared to girls with pDCD. Physical activity had neither a mediating nor a moderating effect on the relationship between pDCD and measures of body composition. However, physical activity was independently and negatively associated with measures of body composition. ConclusionspDCD is associated with higher body mass and waist circumference, both important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and psychological problems and other health conditions.

U.S. Cohort Differences in Body Composition Outcomes of a 6-Month Pedometer-Based Physical Activity Intervention: The ASUKI Step Study.

Background:Regular physical activity (PA) enhances health and is an important factor in disease prevention and longevity. The 2008 U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines recommends that all healthy adults attain at least 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic PA (e.g., brisk walking) to maintain and promote PA.Objectives:This study determined the effects of a 6-month pedometer-based worksite walking intervention with participants focusing on a goal of achieving 10,000 steps per day, on body composition in adults with a wide range of body mass index (BMI) values and compares the changes with outcomes of similar studies.Materials and Methods:The design was a single group, quasi-experimental study. All participants received a pedometer and were asked to register the daily number of steps. Men and women (n = 142; age = 41 ± 11.5 years; BMI = 27.2 ± 7.25 kg.m-2) received body composition measures at 1, 3, and 6 months. A multilevel growth modeling approach was used to explore change over time and to predict change by steps, age, gender, and fat category categorized as normal and overweight/obese.Results:Significant individual differences in linear slopes and change over time were observed for waist circumference (WC) (-3.0 cm) only in unconditional model (t = -0.67, P = 0.02).Conclusions:A 3.0 cm loss in WC shows that a 10,000 step per day walking program has the potential to influence changes in body composition measures that are correlated with adverse health outcomes. While significant changes did occur there are some limitations. The analysis did not consider the data regarding completing of 10,000 steps per day and other potential factors that could influence the results. Compliance to the walking dose and initial physical activity and body composition levels are important to consider when studying body composition changes in such programs.

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body composition measures during adolescence: Northern Ireland Young Hearts Study

Epidemiologic evidence on the influence of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on the development of obesity is limited. This prospective study examined the associations between dietary GI and GL and changes in body composition measures during adolescence. In a representative sample of Northern Irish adolescents aged 12 years at baseline and 15 years at follow-up (n=426), dietary intake was assessed by a diet history interview. Body composition measures included body mass index (BMI; kg m(-2)), BMI z-score, sum of four skinfold thicknesses, percentage body fat, fat mass index (FMI; kg m(-2)) and fat-free mass index (kg m(-2)). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, baseline GI was associated with increased change in FMI. Mean (95% confidence interval) values of changes in FMI according to tertiles of baseline GI were 0.41 (0.25, 0.57), 0.42 (0.26, 0.58) and 0.67 (0.51, 0.83) kg m(-2), respectively (P for trend=0.03). There was no significant association of baseline GI with changes in other body composition measures (P for trend≥0.054). Conversely, baseline GL showed no association with changes in any of the measures (P for trend≥0.41). Furthermore, changes in GI or GL were not associated with changes in any of the measures (P for trend≥0.16). Dietary GI at age 12 years was independently associated with increased change in FMI between ages 12 and 15 years in a representative sample from Northern Ireland, whereas dietary GL showed no association with changes in any of the body composition measures examined.

Serum uric acid plays a protective role for bone loss in peri- and postmenopausal women: A longitudinal study

ObjectiveOxidative stress has been linked to osteoporosis. Serum uric acid (UA), a strong endogenous antioxidant, has been associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD), lower bone turnover and lower prevalence of fractures in a large cross-sectional study of men. Whether this relationship is present in women and how UA relates to changes in BMD longitudinally has not been examined. MethodsA sample of 356 peri- and postmenopausal women, mean age 60.5years was studied. Each individual had baseline BMD and body composition measurements by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and at least one repeat measure, on average 9.7years later. Annual rate of change in BMD (A%ΔBMD) was calculated. UA was measured at each DXA visit. Calciotropic hormones and bone turnover markers were measured at the final visit only. ResultsCross-sectional data analyses revealed that women with higher UA levels had significantly higher absolute BMD measures at all skeletal sites. These women also had higher measures of body weight and its components such as lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM). Results of multiple regression analyses showed a positive association between UA and BMD that remained significant even after accounting for possible confounders including LM and FM. Regression analyses of the longitudinal BMD data demonstrated significant associations between serum UA levels and annual rates of change in BMD at all skeletal sites. After adjustment associations remained significant for lumbar spine, forearm and whole body BMD but not for hip BMD. ConclusionHigher serum UA levels appear to be protective for bone loss in peri- and postmenopausal women and this relationship is not affected by changes in body composition measures.

Effect of high-oleic canola and flaxseed oils on energy expenditure and body composition in hypercholesterolemic subjects

ObjectiveThe fatty acid profile of dietary fats may contribute to its channelling toward oxidation versus storage, influencing energy and weight balance. Our objective was to compare the effects of diets enriched with high-oleic canola oil (HOCO), alone or blended with flaxseed oil (FXCO), on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and body composition versus a typical Western diet (WD). Materials/MethodsUsing a randomized crossover design, 34 hypercholesterolemic subjects (n=22 females) consumed 3 controlled diets for 28days containing ~49% energy from carbohydrate, 14% energy from protein, and 37% energy from fat, of which 70% of fat was provided by HOCO rich in oleic acid, FXCO rich in alpha-linolenic acid, or WD rich in saturated fat. Indirect calorimetry measured energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Body composition was analyzed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. ResultAfter 28days, resting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were not different after consumption of the HOCO or FXCO diets compared with a typical Western diet. No significant changes in body composition measures were observed between diets. However, the android-to-gynoid ratio tended to increase (P=.055) after the FXCO diet compared with the HOCO diet. ConclusionsThe data suggest that substituting a typical Western dietary fatty acid profile with HOCO or FXCO does not significantly modulate energy expenditure, substrate oxidation or body composition in hypercholesterolemic males and females.