Changes In Body Build Research Articles

Changes in Body Composition and Motor Fitness of Young Female Volleyball Players in an Annual Training Cycle.

Modern volleyball requires a high level of motor preparation, specific body build and optimal body composition. The aim of this study was to determine changes in body build, body composition and motor skills in young volleyball female players during an annual training cycle. The research group was comprised of 36 female athletes aged 14-16 years, who were monitored throughout a whole season using a longitudinal study design. Body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Motor fitness was assessed with the following tests: vertical jumping tests (based on one-handed and two-handed reach, standing vertical jump and running vertical jump), standing long jump and 2 kg medicine ball throw. Measurements were carried out at the beginning of the preparatory period, after its completion, in the middle of the start period, at the end of the start period and during transition periods. The study showed significant changes in body composition and motor fitness level during the annual training cycle. These changes differ in subsequent periods of the macrocycle. The most pronounced changes occurred after the preparatory period and concerned increases in fat-free mass, total water content and cell mass. A significant reduction in fat content was also noted at this point. Systematic monitoring of morpho-functional changes in young female volleyball players over extended periods provides them a chance to maintain their optimal fitness level.

Musculoskeletal pain as the effect of internal compensatory mechanisms on structural and functional changes in body build and posture in elite Polish sitting volleyball players

BackgroundWith the dynamic development of professional Paralympic sport, the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and structural and/or functional disturbances in Para athletes constantly increases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of internal compensatory mechanisms on selected aspects of body structure and function in elite sitting volleyball players.MethodsThe study included eighteen elite sitting volleyball players (male; n = 12, female; n = 6, age; 36.0 ± 6.1, body mass; 76.6 ± 16.1, body height; 179.3 ± 0.1) from the Polish national team. Retrospective and direct participatory observation methods were used in the study. NMQ-7 was used to assess the current prevalence and location of musculoskeletal pain. The evaluation of spinal curvature and pelvic inclination was performed using a non-invasive Medi Mouse method (Idiag M360) in three different trunk positions. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistica 13.3 software package.ResultsLumbar hypolordosis was a predominant sagittal deviation of spinal curvature (n = 15;83%). Low back pain (LBP) and neck pain were the most frequent complaints (50%). Statistically significant differences in the values of thoracic kyphosis angle, pelvic inclination, and spine length (SL) in sagittal standing flexion and extension were found. However, there was no statistically significant difference in sagittal standing flexion for the lumbar lordosis angle with a simultaneous significant change in pelvic inclination (66.9°). Moreover, a tendency to interpenetration of relationships between variables that characterize (a) body structure and (b) function of the spine and musculoskeletal pain were observed. Shoulder pain correlated with SL (R = 0.6; p < 0.05) and body height (R = 0.5; p < 0.05). Pelvic inclination correlated with shoulder pain, LBP (R = 0.5; p < 0.05/R = 0.6; p < 0.01), and body trunk fat mass (R = − 0.6; p < 0.05).ConclusionsTrunk fat mass induces internal compensatory mechanisms to maintain optimal pelvic inclination and sagittal spinal balance. Furthermore, the level of pelvic mobility may determine musculoskeletal pain in Para athletes with lower limb impairment.

Secular Changes in Body Build and Body Composition in Czech Preschool Children in the Context of Latent Obesity.

Changes in lifestyle can be significantly reflected in growth and development. Adaptations to reduced levels of physical activity, together with non-corresponding nutritional intakes, can result in body build and body composition changes at an early age. The present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the secular trend of modifications of body composition and body mass index (BMI) in Czech preschoolers over the last two to three decades. Boys and girls (386 boys and 372 girls) aged 4 to 6 years in 2014–2019 were measured. Outcome data were compared with the reference sample of preschoolers from 1990: 911 boys and 896 girls. Body height, BMI, and percentage of body fat, muscle, and bone mass were evaluated. Height and BMI have not changed. Body fat increased in both genders (p < 0.01), and contrarily, a significant reduction of muscle and skeletal mass was revealed (p < 0.001). Significant changes in body composition and unchanged BMI indicate the development of latent obesity during the last few decades. Due to latent obesity in a recent cohort, the differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity markers according to BMI and fat percentage were tested. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher by 7.2% in boys, and by 6.5% in girls, as compared to children evaluated according to only their BMI results. Secular changes in preschoolers’ physical builds over the last 25 years are not reflected in body height and BMI, but in body composition. Insufficient development of active, lean body mass proportionally compensated by increased fat mass was also indicated.

Long-term Changes in Body Build of Male and Female Judo Competitors

The aim of the study was to determine if changes in the body build of judo athletes over a time span of 20 years are in line with trends described in the literature. Anthropometry of 60 male and 46 female judokas was performed. Data was collected from two cohorts: the first involved 30 males and 23 females measured in 1994–1995 and the second 30 males and 23 females in 2013. Anthropometric profiles included measurements of skinfolds, height, weight, and body and segment lengths, breadths, and girths. Although relatively identical heights and weights were found between the cohorts, significant differences were detected for body proportion measures. Males in 1994–1995 showed a significantly longer trunk, wider shoulders and hips, and more subcutaneous adipose tissue than the 2013 cohort. Females in 1994–1995 showed a shorter trunk, larger diameters of the trunk in relation to body height, and significantly lower skinfold thicknesses than the 2013 cohort. The direction of changes in the physical characteristics of judokas should be taken into consideration by coaches during training. Combat techniques should be adapted to the morphological traits of the athletes to achieve success and minimize the risk of overloading or injury.

Kierunek zmian w rozwoju somatycznym u dzieci i młodzieży z cukrzycą typu 1

Disorders of somatic development in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes can lead to unstable course of the disease and the difficulties in obtaining good metabolic control. Evaluation of somatic development in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in different age categories. Agroup of 97 girls and 90 boys with type 1 diabetes was examined. Children were divided into three age groups: girls with mean age of 9.1; 12.9; 16.2 years and boys with mean age of 7.6; 11.8; 16.2 years. In all subjects accurate anthropometric measurements and nutritional status assessment were conducted. Somatic traits and indices were expressed in terms of standard deviations of age and sex-specific Polish growth references. Body measurements in girls at the age of 9.1 years and boys at the age of 7.6 years did not differ significantly from the healthy population. Girls aged 12.9 years had significantly increased widths shoulder (p=0,003)) and greater body circumferences: waist (p=0,001), arm (p=0,0008) and hips (p=0,001). The boys aged 11.8 years have significantly larger greater trunk length (p=0,04) and upper limbs length (p=0,01). The oldest girls, at the age of 16.2 years excessive body weight (p=0,00001) also significantly increased circumferences of waist and hips (p=0,000001) were observed. Boys aged 16.2 years also showed significantly increased body circumferences (p=0,0001) which was particularly evident for boys with greater body height. Body mass index BMI in girls pointed to the overweight (1.50 SDS) while in boys it was normal (-0.05 SDS). The youngest girls, the duration of the disease was 2.9 +/- 0.6 years, in the older group 5.2 +/- 0.6 years and the oldest 6.9 +/- 0.6 years. The boys, the duration of illness was 1.9 +/- 0.6 years; 2.6 +/- 0.5 years; 4.8 +/- 0.7 years. The mean HbA 1c in girls was 7.1; 7.7; and 8.4%, while boys 7.4; 7.4 and 7.6%. Changes in body build in patients with diabetes type 1 are associated with chronological age, duration of disease and metabolic control. It has been observed that the increase of weight and waist circumference concern girls. Patients with overweight and obesity represent a risk of early development of complications and require special care.

The changes in body build and strength in female after a 4-month combined judo and strength training program

In judo great significance is attached to the development of strength, which is crucial for performing offensive and defensive actions during fights. Another aspect of strength training is improvement of body build and general physical health of female athletes. The present study aims to estimate the changes of strength and body composition in non-elite female judoists from academic sports clubs after a combined judo and strength training program. The study examined changes in body build and muscle strength in 20 female judoists participating in judo training and additional adaptive strength training. The anthropometric, physical and motoric measurements were performed twice at four months interval, before and after a combined training program. After the completion of the training program, significant increases of about 10 kg in back muscle strength and of about 2 kg in hand grip strength were noted. No increases in muscle mass and body girths were observed; however, fat mass decreased for about 0.6 kg, which was additionally confirmed by skinfolds thickness measurements. Body mass and BMI remained unchanged. The analysis using Sheldon’s somatotypes revealed a tendency towards lower endomorphy among the studied judoists after four months training period. The results of the present study indicate that even experienced but non-elite academic female judoists could improve their back muscle strength, handgrip strength, and body composition by completing the proposed strength training program along with judo training.

Budowa i proporcje ciała warszawskiej młodzieży gimnazjalnej

The aim of the study was to assess changes in body build of young Warsaw pupils during the last 14 years and coming from different living conditions and lifestyle. The material comprised youth attending high school (177 individuals) aged 14-16 years. The questionnaire form included parents' education, the number of: family members, offspring, rooms, daily meals; smoking habits of parents; assessment of physical activity and stress at home, school, and high school grades. Measurements included: height and weight, upper and lower extremity length, trunk length, arm, chest, waist and hip circumferences, three subcutaneous fat folds. BMI and WHR were calculated. The living conditions were reduced by principal component analysis to three factors (family size, living conditions, environmental stress). Regression analysis showed the relation of 3 factors to body build. The current youth were characterized by greater: weight, BMI, fat tissue, trunk length and body circumferences than their coevals 14 years before. In more numerous families youth had greater trunk length. In worse living conditions they were characterized by shorter legs and more fat tissue on arm. In stress conditions youth presented greater hip circumference.

Changes in body build of awf students 1967–2008. Can a secular trend be observed?

PurposePrevious research on intergenerational changes in body build has focused on body height and mass. The aim of this study was to determine both the direction and sexual dimorphism of secular changes in body build by using a sample population of students attending the University School of Physical Education (AWF) in Wrocław, Poland.MethodsThe anthropometric data used in this study were collected every year from 1967 to 2008 and included a sample size of 4688 males and 3922 females. The subjects were analyzed for changes in somatotype by use of Sheldon’s method, as modified by Heath and Carter. Basic statistical analysis for significance and post-hoc tests were used to analyze the data with Statistica 9.0 software. The data were then converted in Excel 2003 into chart form to analyze the direction of changes.ResultsAnalysis of the successive classes of male and female subjects during the 40-year period under study revealed a number of different directional changes in the mean values of body height, mass and the level of body build components. Trend lines, calculated by the mean values of five-year intervals, indicated an increasing tendency in both body height and mass in the two genders. Mesomorphy was found to be the largest factor of body build composition of females and males. Throughout the entire analyzed period, the endomorphy of males was significantly lower in comparison to females. In women, the level of fatness was similar to their level of musculature, but during the last several years the observed level of muscle in the students exceeded their fatness level. Ectomorphy happened to be the most stable component of both sexes.ConclusionsAnalysis on the male and female sample population revealed a constant increase in body mass and height in successive generations. In female subjects, intergenerational changes were found to be characterized by a decrease in endomorphy and an increase in ectomorphy, while the level of mesomorphy remained at a similar level. In men, a secular trend was visible with an increase in mesomorphy, while the levels of endomorphy and ectomorphy stayed constant.

CHANGES in body build and body composition during aging.

CHANGES in body build and body composition during aging.

Curricular Physical Activity and Academic Performance

Advocates of quality daily physical education for prepubescent children frequently encounter the argument that such initiatives will harm academic progress. The impact of daily physical education upon the academic performance of primary school students is thus reviewed with particular reference to studies conducted in Vanves (France), Australia, and Trois Rivières (Québec). When a substantial proportion of curricular time (14–26%) is allocated to physical activity, learning seems to proceed more rapidly per unit of classroom time, so that academic performance matches, and may even exceed, that of control students. Children receiving additional physical education show an acceleration of their psychomotor development, and this could provide a mechanism for accelerated learning of academic skills. Other potential mechanisms include increased cerebral blood flow, greater arousal, changes in hormone levels, enhanced nutrient intake, changes in body build, and increased self esteem. Academic teachers may also favor the enhanced physical education program, creating “halo” effects, and the resulting release time may enhance their academic teaching. Irrespective of mechanisms, the implication for public policy is that daily required physical education can be introduced when a child enters primary school without compromising academic development. Given the importance of establishing positive health habits from an early age, school boards should be encouraged to follow a policy of required daily physical activity in primary schools. Evidence of specific benefit in students with learning disabilities remains less convincing.

Studies on the effect of prazosin on blood pressure and serum lipids in Japanese hypertensive patients

The introduction of the western diet and lifestyle to Japan has been associated with changes in body build, lipid levels, and disease pattern. An increased incidence of coronary heart disease parallels increased fat intake. Thiazide diuretics and beta blockers may have adverse effects on blood lipids in man leading to an increase in the risk of coronary heart disease; therefore, for many patients these drugs may not offer the optimum treatment strategy. Hence, prazosin, a drug that effectively lowers blood pressure without adversely affecting lipid metabolism, has been evaluated in nine studies within Japan. Prazosin showed adequate antihypertensive effects even at doses as low as 1 to 3 mg per day. Sustained constant blood pressure reductions were achieved with maintenance doses of 3 to 6 mg per day without significant side effects. Even when given in low doses, prazosin increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol while inhibiting elevations of total cholesterol and decreasing triglycerides. In view of these findings, prazosin as a single agent can be considered for monotherapy of hypertension.

Subcutaneous fat and age changes in body build and body form in women.

Subcutaneous fat and age changes in body build and body form in women.

Age changes in body build.

Age changes in body build.