Changes In Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

Developing a Portable Autofluorescence Detection System and Its Application in Biological Samples.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are complex compounds closely associated with several chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus (DM). Current methods for detecting AGEs are not suitable for screening large populations, or for long-term monitoring. This paper introduces a portable autofluorescence detection system that measures the concentration of AGEs in the skin based on the fluorescence characteristics of AGEs in biological tissues. The system employs a 395 nm laser LED to excite the fluorescence of AGEs, and uses a photodetector to capture the fluorescence intensity. A model correlating fluorescence intensity with AGEs concentration facilitates the detection of AGEs levels. To account for the variation in optical properties of different individuals' skin, the system includes a 520 nm light source for calibration. The system features a compact design, measuring only 60 mm × 50 mm × 20 mm, and is equipped with a miniature STM32 module for control and a battery for extended operation, making it easy for subjects to wear. To validate the system's effectiveness, it was tested on 14 volunteers to examine the correlation between AGEs and glycated hemoglobin, revealing a correlation coefficient of 0.49. Additionally, long-term monitoring of AGEs' fluorescence and blood sugar levels showed a correlation trend exceeding 0.95, indicating that AGEs reflect changes in blood sugar levels to some extent. Further, by constructing a multivariate predictive model, the study also found that AGEs levels are correlated with age, BMI, gender, and a physical activity index, providing new insights for predicting AGEs content and blood sugar levels. This research supports the early diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes, and offers a potentially useful tool for future clinical applications.

ANALYSIS OF DIET COMPLIANCE ON CHANGES IN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS IN THE BODY IN DIABETES MILLITUS PATIENTS

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose as a result of impaired insulin production or impaired insulin work or both because until now there is no drug that can treat the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze dietary compliance with changes in blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus sufferers. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive research method. This research was carried out at the Kenten Permai Public Health Center, Palembang. Qualitative data analysis was inductive, then developed into a hypothesis. In this qualitative research, the number of informants was 3 diabetes mellitus patients and 1 expert informant, namely a nutritionist. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is one respondent whose diet is compliant, one respondent who is close to compliant and there is a respondent who is not compliant. D is close to adhering to the schedule but not with the quantity and type, the initial blood sugar was 186mg/dl to 160mg/dl. Mrs. R, who complied with the amount and type with her initial clock of 213 mg/dl, became 136 mg/dl. Mrs. R, who was less compliant, experienced a very slight decrease in blood sugar from 328 mg/dl to 298 mg/dl. All respondents knew about the diabetes mellitus diet, and began to apply it in their daily lives.

Improving elderly life: Foot exercises for blood sugar control and enhanced quality of life

Elderly people are at risk of developing degenerative diseases, one of which is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes management includes education, diet management, physical activity, and pharmacotherapy. This community service aims to determine changes in blood sugar levels after doing leg exercises to improve the quality of life of the elderly. The service participants were 51 cadres and elderly people at the Cempaka Putih Kedung Anyar Elderly Integrated Healthcare Center, Sawahan District, Surabaya City. Community service activities include; checking blood sugar levels, counseling about diabetes mellitus and foot exercise training. The success of community service is assessed based on the activeness of the elderly in doing foot exercises and a comparison of the results of checking blood sugar levels before and after being given foot exercise exercises. Before being given the leg exercise, there were 21 people (41%) whose blood sugar levels were high, and after doing the leg exercise, there was a decrease to 10 people (19.6%) who had high blood sugar levels, and almost all respondents had 80% blood sugar levels. normal. Foot exercises can lower blood sugar levels in the elderly. Regular foot exercises can maintain blood sugar levels in normal conditions. People can apply foot exercises regularly so that blood sugar levels are normal and the quality of life improves.

The Effect of a Combination of Brisk Walking Exercise and Bay Leaf Decoction on Changes in Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus is a clinical condition of metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels or called hyperglycemia due to failure of insulin secretion, insulin performance or both. Management of diabetes mellitus can be helped non-pharmacologically in the form of brisk walking exercises and boiled bay leaves. This research aims to determine the effect of a combination of brisk walking exercise and boiled bay leaves on reducing blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This type of research is quasi-experimental with pretest - posttest with control group. The instruments used were an observation sheet and a glucometer set. Sampling used probability sampling with purposive sampling consisting of 38 respondents for the intervention group and 38 respondents for the control group. The data analysis used was the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed a significant reduction in blood sugar levels in the intervention and control groups. However, there was a significant reduction in blood sugar levels in the intervention group with a p-value of 0.000. This study concluded that there was an effect of the combination of brisk walking exercise and boiled bay leaves on reducing blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Islamic Spiritual Guidance on Changes In Blood Sugar Levels In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia is increasing every year. Diabetes mellitus can be prevented, delayed and slowed down by controlling blood glucose levels. Controlling blood glucose levels in diabetics can be done with Islamic spiritual guidance. This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic spiritual guidance on changes in blood sugar levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. The research method used was quasi-experimental using a pretest-posttest two group design. A sample of 22 respondents for the intervention group and 22 respondents for the control group. Data analysis used Wilcoxon test, dependent t-test, and Spearman rank correlation. The results showed that the mean blood sugar levels of the intervention group decreased 17.96 mg / dl. Statistically there is influence of Islamic spiritual guidance on blood sugar level (p = 0,000). The total energy requirement is a confounding variable that affects changes in blood sugar levels (p = 0.002). Diabetes mellitus patients are expected to apply spiritual guidance of Islam regularly to control blood sugar levels in order to improve the health of the body and prevent complications of diabetes.

Literature Review: Management of Depression with Physical Exercise on Changes in Blood Sugar Levels in the Family of Diabetes Mellitus

The increase in blood sugar in type 2 diabetes mellitus is a big problem because it can have physical and psychological impacts. Type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause lifestyle changes, physical weakness, vision problems, and potentially death. All the physical issues that arise indeed have the opportunity to cause emotional problems and depression in people with diabetes mellitus. This review aims to identify research articles on managing depression with physical exercise on changes in blood sugar levels in families with diabetes mellitus. The methods used in compiling this literature review are (1) identifying variables in the literature, (2) identifying relevant literature based on topics and titles, (3) obtaining literature in complete reading form, and (4) analyzing the results of various variables in the literature. A literature search was attempted on several databases, such as US Proquest, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. The results of this review were obtained from a total of 10 evidence bases, found one qualitative study, two quasi-experiments, four cross-sectionals, 2 Systematic Literature Reviews (SLRs) and meta-analyses, and one randomized controlled trial (RCTs). The conclusions based on this review explain that research on the application of physics exercise for families with diabetes mellitus who are depressed with blood sugar levels above normal has decreased, which means it has a significant effect.

Use of Fixed-dose Combination Therapy with Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin as an Add-on Drug in Improving the Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Study

Objective To evaluate whether a fixed dose combination (FDC) with remogliflozin and vildagliptin as an add-on therapy can improve the glycemic control in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and also the non-glycemic effects on physical profile, blood pressure, lipids, and insulin resistance. Materials and Methods An observational study that included 50 poorly controlled diabetics from April 2021 to September 2021. Patients were divided into two groups – those who were prescribed this FDC by their treating physician as an add-on drug were formed as group 1 ( n = 28). Comparison group was age-matched patients who received other standard anti-diabetic medications, categorized as group 2 ( n = 22). Fasting and postprandial sugars were done at baseline, the third and sixth month; glycated hemoglobin, body mass index, blood pressure, and lipids were done at baseline and the sixth month. Changes in blood sugar levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) at the third and sixth month from the baseline were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. P-value less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Results A statistically significant reduction in mean HbA1c was noted in group 1 [–1.80 (−3.20, −0.15)] when compared to group 2 [0.50 (0.05, 0.80)] at the end of the third month. At the end of the sixth month, a significant reduction in the HbA1c level was noted in group 1 [(7.83 ± 0.87 %) when compared to baseline (10.3 ± 1.75%)]. Change in PPBS value at the third month from baseline was also statistically significant between groups 1 and 2 (−62.0 mg%, 19.0, P = 0.003). With respect to the body mass index and blood pressure, we did not find any significant difference. Conclusion The fixed drug combination improves glycemic control by significantly reducing mean HbA1c at the third and sixth month from baseline and there was no significant effect on body mass index, blood pressure, and lipids.

Corneal topography and higher-order aberrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Changes in blood sugar levels cause alterations in the anterior segment and retina of the eye. This study was aimed at evaluating corneal topography, aberrometry, and corneal asphericity in patients with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
 Methods: Participants with treatment-naive T2DM were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria were glycated hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) greater than or equal to 7.5% and absence of other ocular or systemic diseases. Patients who refused to participate or had a history of topical or systemic steroid use, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, anemia, prior ocular disorder or surgery, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract, active ocular inflammatory or infectious disease, or contact lens use were excluded. All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. The Pentacam HR Scheimpflug tomography system (Pentacam High Resolution; Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to measure the anterior-segment parameters.
 Results: Sixty eyes of 30 patients with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1 were included; the mean (standard deviation [SD]) age and Hb A1c were 51.63 (6.73) years and 8.82% (1.31%), respectively. The mean (SD) values of central corneal thickness, root mean square (RMS) of total aberration, RMS of lower-order aberrations, RMS of higher-order aberrations, spherical aberration, 0° coma, 90° coma, flat anterior keratometry (K), steep anterior K, mean anterior K, anterior topographic astigmatism, flat posterior K, steep posterior K, mean posterior K, posterior topographic astigmatism, anterior corneal asphericity, and posterior corneal asphericity were 540.22 (24.47) µm, 1.72 (0.73) µm, 1.63 (0.73) µm, 0.51 (0.17) µm, + 0.31 (0.09) µm, - 0.06 (0.15) diopters (D), 0.003 (0.21) D, 43.87 (1.49) D, 44.69 (1.50) D, 44.28 (1.44) D, + 0.82 (0.83) D, - 6.25 (0.27) D, - 6.55 (0.31) D, - 6.40 (0.28) D, - 0.30 (0.15) D, - 0.32 (0.12) Q-value, and - 0.47 (0.17) Q-value, respectively.
 Conclusions: We presented the mean values of Pentacam parameters for aberrometry, keratometry, and corneal asphericity in patients with treatment-naive T2DM. These values could serve as a baseline for prospective monitoring of the ocular health status of this cohort and for comparison with future cohorts of patients with well-controlled T2DM. Further studies are required to assess the presence and applicability of ocular changes following intensive blood glucose control in T2DM and further understand the related pathophysiology.

Biosynthesis of artificial starch and microbial protein from agricultural residue

Growing populations and climate change pose great challenges to food security. Humankind is confronting a serious question: how will we feed the world in the near future? This study presents an out-of-the-box solution involving the highly efficient biosynthesis of artificial starch and microbial proteins from available and abundant agricultural residue as new feed and food sources. A one-pot biotransformation using an in vitro coenzyme-free synthetic enzymatic pathway and baker’s yeast can simultaneously convert dilute sulfuric acid-pretreated corn stover to artificial starch and microbial protein under aerobic conditions. The β-glucosidase-free commercial cellulase mixture plus an ex vivo two-enzyme complex containing cellobiose phosphorylase and potato α-glucan phosphorylase displayed on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showed better cellulose hydrolysis rates than a commercial β-glucosidase-rich cellulase mixture. This is because the channeling of the hydrolytic product from the solid cellulosic feedstock to the yeast mitigated the inhibition of the cellulase cocktail. Animal tests have shown that the digestion of artificial amylose results in slow and relatively small changes in blood sugar levels, suggesting that it could be a new health food component that prevents obesity and diabetes. A combination of the utilization of available agricultural residue and the biosynthesis of starch and microbial protein from non-food biomass could address the looming food crisis in the food–energy–water nexus.

Predictors of blood glucose change and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Felege Hiwot and Debre Markos referral hospital, North West Ethiopia

BackgroundMicrovascular complications lead to disability, dependency, and accelerated morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to identify predictors of blood glucose change and time to microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients enrolled between December 2014 and December 2015 at Felege Hiwot and Debre Markos Referral Hospital. A total of 318 T2DM patients were included in the study. Joint modelling of longitudinal and survival analysis was employed to identify predictors of Blood Glucose Change and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.ResultsThe prevalence of microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes patients was 26.3%, 95%confidence interval(CI):(21.5, 31.1). Of which, half of the patients developed a microvascular complication after 30 months from the onset of the follow-up. The significant predictors of developing microvascular complication were positive proteinurea (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.418, 95%CI: 1.080, 1.861), Serum creatinine (AHR = 3.704, 95%CI: 1.992, 6.887), Weight (AHR = 1.058, 95%CI: 1.023, 1.094), and log fasting blood glucose(log(FBS))(AHR = 1.013, 95%CI: 1.010, 1.015). The predictors of fasting blood glucose progression were higher baseline FBS(est(estimate) = 0.002,95%CI:0.0018, 0.0022), Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (est = 0.003, 95%CI: 0.002, 0.004), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (est = 0.002, 95%CI: 0.0002, 0.004), and age (est = 0.003, 95%CI: 0.001, 0.004).ConclusionThe progression of the fasting blood glucose level for rural patients was faster than for urban patients. Patients having higher baseline FBS, previous hypertension history, higher SBP, higher DBP, older age, and fewer visits to the hospital have a relatively more progressive change in blood sugar levels. Patients having higher triglyceride levels, positive proteinuria, higher fasting blood sugar, higher weight, and a lesser number of hospital visits have a higher risk of developing a complication. In response to this finding, an aggressive intervention that targets to prevent microvascular complications is required.

COVID-19 Risk Prediction for Diabetic Patients Using Fuzzy Inference System and Machine Learning Approaches.

Individuals with pre-existing diabetes seem to be vulnerable to the COVID-19 due to changes in blood sugar levels and diabetes complications. As observed globally, around 20–50% of individuals affected by coronavirus had diabetes. However, there is no recent finding that diabetic patients are more prone to contract COVID-19 than nondiabetic patients. However, a few recent findings have observed that it could be at least twice as likely to die from complications of diabetes. Considering the multifold mortality rate of COVID-19 in diabetic patients, this study proposes a COVID-19 risk prediction model for diabetic patients using a fuzzy inference system and machine learning approaches. This study aimed to estimate the risk level of COVID-19 in diabetic patients without a medical practitioner's advice for timely action and overcoming the multifold mortality rate of COVID-19 in diabetic patients. The proposed model takes eight input parameters, which were found as the most influential symptoms in diabetic patients. With the help of the various state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, fifteen models were built over the rule base. CatBoost classifier gives the best accuracy, recall, precision, F1 score, and kappa score. After hyper-parameter optimization, CatBoost classifier showed 76% accuracy and improvements in the recall, precision, F1 score, and kappa score, followed by logistic regression and XGBoost with 75.1% and 74.7% accuracy. Stratified k-fold cross-validation is used for validation purposes.

Abstract No.: ABS3115: Effect of sevoflurane vs desflurane on blood glucose level in patients undergoing intracranial neurosurgery: A randomised control study

Background & Aims:Patients undergoing neurosurgery are prone to neurological damage due to the anaerobic metabolism of blood glucose. In this study we aimed to to compare the effect of sevoflurane and desflurane on blood glucose levels in patients undergoing intracranial surgery.Methods:All consenting patients of either gender 18-65 years belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I & II scheduled for intracranial surgery under sevoflurane or desflurane maintenance anaesthesia were included. Patients suffering from diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, renal or hepatic disease, on steroids, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents, pregnant or lactating patients, chronic alcoholic patients, and non-consenting patients were excluded from the study. The enrolled patients were randomised in the sevoflurane and desflurane groups. The periodic glucose level was measured hourly after induction until completion of surgery using the glucose oxidase peroxidase method.Results:A total of 70 patients was included in the study. Both sevoflurane and desflurane when used as maintenance anaesthetics cause changes in blood sugar levels. Sevoflurane causes a gradual increase in blood sugar intraoperatively whereas desflurane causes an initial rise in blood sugar followed by a decline in blood sugar level in euglycemic patients. There was a significant difference in the trend of blood sugar (mg/dL) over time between the two groups (p =<0.001).Conclusion:The changes in blood sugar level by both agents were statistically significant but clinically insignificant as the values remained within clinically normal range and there were no episodes of hypo or hyperglycaemia.

Fruit and Vegetable Effect Changes in Blood Sugar Levels and Food Glycemic Index

BACKGROUND: Foods consumed with fiber sources will be different from foods not consumed with fiber sources because fiber has a mechanism to lower blood sugar levels. However, the difference or the correlation factor is not yet known. AIM: This study aims to determine the differences in changes in blood sugar levels in the fruit or vegetable intervention and to determine the correction factor for changes in blood sugar levels and the glycemic index (GI) of food. METHODS: The research design used was experimental with a pre-post design; the sampling technique used purposive sampling totaling 13 people divided into two groups, namely, the fruit and vegetable group. The sample was selected under normal circumstances and had no history of diabetes mellitus. Blood sugar levels taken were fasting blood sugar levels at 0’, 30’, 60’, 90’, and 120’ after the intervention to see a graph of changes in blood sugar levels. The statistical analysis used is ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis. RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.005) in comparing standard bread with bread and avocado and bread and beans at 30’ after the intervention. After the intervention, bread with watermelon showed significant results at 120’ and bread with carrots at 90’. The highest GI and the lowest correction factor for changes in blood sugar levels were shown in watermelon. In contrast, the lowest GI and the highest correction factor were shown in avocado. CONCLUSION: When compared between the four interventions, giving avocados were more able to lower blood sugar levels.

Self-Management Education to Control Blood Sugar Levels and Hba1c Value for Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Backgroud: Self-care education can be carried out patients with diabetes through the Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) method. The DSME method helps people to perform with type 2 diabetes self-management in managing and treating type 2 diabetes, such as controlling blood sugar levels and HbA1c values. Objective: The purpose of this research is to understand the effect of DSME for reducing blood sugar levels and decreasing HbA1c values ​​in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: The design of this research is a Pre-Experimental with Pretest-Posttest Group Design with a Pretest-Posttest Group Design, approach which aims to see the use of the DSME method for reducing blood sugar levels and decreasing HbA1c values ​​in type 2 diabetes patients. This research was conducted from July to October 2021. The research location was at the Curup Regional General Hospital, Rejang Lebong Regency. Respondents in this study were 35 patients with type 2 diabetes. The instrument used was the DSME method consisting of 3 instruments, including the theoretical concept of diabetes, care and treatment of diabetes, and complications of diabetes. Results: The results of the study show a significant change in blood sugar levels before and after the DSME. Before being carried out, blood sugar levels were with a Mean±SD of 341.60±157.589; meanwhile, after the intervention, blood sugar levels became 107.97±9.984 with a p:0.001. On the other hand, the HbA1c Value before intervention was Mean±SD 8.4313±2.2610, and after the intervention, the HbA1c value became 6.4553±1.2426 with p=0.001. Conclusion: DSME can be used as an alternative intervention that decreases in blood sugar levels and HbA1c values ​​in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Assessment of stress response attenuation with caudal morphine using a surrogate marker during pediatric cardiac surgery.

Background:Measurement of biomarkers representing sympathetic tone and the surgical stress response are helpful for objective comparison of anesthetic protocols.Aims:The primary aim was to compare changes in chromogranin A levels following pump pediatric cardiac surgery between children who received bolus caudal morphine and those who received a conventional intravenous narcotic-based anesthesia regime. The secondary objectives were to compare hemodynamic responses to skin incision and the magnitude of the rise in blood sugar values between the groups.Settings and Design:A prospective observational study at a tertiary cardiac center.Measurements and Methods:Sixty pediatric cardiac surgical patients were randomized to Group I [n = 30] to receive intravenous narcotic-based anesthesia and Group II [n = 30] to receive single-shot caudal morphine. Baseline and postoperative chromogranin A levels, the hemodynamic response to skin incision, changes in blood sugar levels, and the total intravenous narcotic dose administered were recorded for each participant.Statistical Analysis:Pearson's Chi-squared test was used for comparison of categorized variables, and Mann–Whitney test was used for the analysis of continuous data.Results:Changes in chromogranin A levels and blood sugar levels were comparable in both groups. Group II received a lower narcotic dosage (P ≤ 0.001), and the response to skin incision as reflected by systolic pressure rise was less (P = 0.006).Conclusions:Surgical stress response attenuation was similar to caudal morphine as compared with intravenous narcotic-based anesthesia techniques as reflected by a similar increase in chromogranin A levels.

Pengaruh Senam Kaki Diabetes Mellitus terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Penderita DM Tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Ciemas

Diabetes Mellitus is a non-communicable metabolic disorder that affects several millions of people worldwide. One of the ways to manage type 2 DM is physical exercise. Physical exercise that can be done is foot exercises. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of foot exercise on changes in blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. This type of research was a quasi-experimental with a total sample of 18 people. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The instruments used are SOP and glukotest. Hypothesis testing using Paired sample t-test. The results of the study obtained a p-value of 0.000 which indicates that there is an effect of foot exercise on changes in blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mean pre-test value is 218.22 and the post-test is 202.82 with a difference of 15.28. In conclusion, there is an effect of foot exercise on changes in blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is hoped that this foot exercise can be used as non-pharmacological therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in lowering blood sugar levels.

The level of peripheral myelin protein and vitamin D in blood serum among patients suffering diabetes mellitus type II and hearing impairment

The level of peripheral myelin protein and vitamin D in blood serum among patients suffering diabetes mellitus type II and hearing impairment

A retrospective study of thyroid hormone in Pediatrics: relationships with growth hormone correlation with effects of diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Inadequate Thyroid Hormone at birth in newborns is known as Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) and it has a critical role in their growth and brain development. As a result, untreated CH and abnormal GH/IGF1 levels can lead to failure to thrive, osteoporosis, and Diabetic Retinopathies, among other problems. This retrospective study examines the chances of developing growthhormone disruption and Diabetes Mellitus in patients diagnosed with Congenital Hypothyroidism at the Security Forces Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of growth hormone deficient (GHD) patients was done at the security force hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data was collected from the medical records of the patients. The study included all patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) who had complete clinical, diagnostic and treatment data. Result: At the beginning of the research, 287 growth hormone-deficient (GHD) children ranging in age from 1 to 15 years old were evaluated for diabetes. A total of 151 (52.6%) of the 287 patients got levothyroxine therapy, while the remaining 136 (47.4%) did not (control group). Because the p-value &lt;0.05 (t(149) = 1.165, p = 0.246), the mean difference in blood sugar level changes is not statistically significant (t(149) = 1.165, p = 0.246). Conclusion: We found that levothyroxine therapy has no discernible effect on blood sugar level fluctuations in males and females. Key words: Growth hormone deficiency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Diabetes.

The Effect of Leg Exercise on Changes in Blood Sugar Levels in the Elderly Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at the Ciracas District Health Center

AbstractIncreasing prevalence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in developed and developing countries is a health problem. Therefore, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus can be prevented by regular exercise, healthy and regular life. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of foot exercise on changes in blood sugar levels in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Ciracas District Health Center. This type of research is experimental with one group pre-post test design. The population in this study were 36 elderly people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Ciracas District Health Center. The sample in this study were 18 elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ciracas District Health Center. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling. Methods of data collection using an observation sheet before and after being given foot exercises. The statistical test used in this study is the paired T test. The results showed that there was no change in blood sugar levels before and after doing foot exercises, the statistical test results obtained a p value of 0.870, which means 0.870&gt; 0.05, it can be concluded that there is no significant effect between foot exercise and changes in blood sugar levels in elderly patients. Type II diabetes mellitus at the Ciracas Subdistrict Health Center. The absence of any effect of foot exercises on changes in blood sugar levels in the elderly could be due to incomplete exercise, therefore foot exercise training to change blood sugar levels must be done in the elderly. Keywords : Foot exercise, Blood Sugar Levels, DM type 2

Effect of General Anesthesia on Levels of Blood Sugar Values in Different Times of Operation

The present study was carried out on a period between December 2019 to February 2020 on 50 healthypatients, their ages ranged from eighteen to fifty years. They were 26 males and 24 females. These healthypatients were attending Baghdad Educational Hospital, Al-Harriri Hospital, and Al-Diwaniyah GeneralHospital in order to perform various surgeries. And after all tests are done. Then they were admitted to theoperating theater. In this study used the general anesthesia method. And they were given drugs of anesthesia,during each step; the values of blood sugar levels (Mg\dl) were measured. Such as pre induction, postinduction, after incision, after fluid, and recovery. To know the effect of general anesthesia method on bloodsugar levels in different times of operation on gender and age groups.This study showed that total numbers of patients were 50 including males about 26 (52.0%) and femalesabout 24(48.0%), their age of all individuals ranged from less than 20 years old (&lt;20-29) which numberand percentage 22,44.0% to 50 years old 7 (14.0%). Also there are no significant difference was observedin the blood sugar levels changes (Mg\dl) in both males and females (gender) before and after the operationor surgery, also no found any differences between blood sugar levels changes (Mg\dl) at the age groups andthe general anesthesia method, after and before the operation in different times of surgery. So in this studysummarized the mean and stander deviation values according to the levels of blood sugar (Mg\dl) amongdifferent times of surgery, and then show the mean of pre induction period about 83.84, While mean ofvalues of blood sugar at post induction time at general anesthesia method about 104.94.Aims and Objectives: This study was investigated the influence of general anesthetic drugs that effect onthe blood sugar level changes of patients with surgery. This was done with the following objectives:• To administer general anesthesia by using a different combination of drugs.• To assess and compare the blood sugar level changes of the patients at different time intervals.• Complications, if any were observed and noted on patients at different time intervals.