Basal Body Temperature Changes Research Articles

Effects of a training intervention tailored to the menstrual cycle on endurance performance, recovery and well-being in female recreational runners – A randomized-controlled pilot study

Effects of a training intervention tailored to the menstrual cycle on endurance performance, recovery and well-being in female recreational runners – A randomized-controlled pilot study

Characterization of a Mouse Model of Inducible Frailty: The Humanized IL-6 Mouse

The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has pleiotropic effects in aging and is elevated in frail older adults. We have developed a conditional mouse model to better characterize the role of IL-6 in promoting frailty and age-related mitochondrial dysregulation. The human IL-6 (hIL-6) knock-in mouse (TetO-hIL6) was developed utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology with transgene donor vector containing a tetracycline response element promoter driving expression of hIL-6 cDNA. Male TetO-hIL6 mice were treated with doxycycline-containing water for six weeks starting at 8 months old. RNAseq analysis of whole blood demonstrated significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory related markers at 6 weeks compared to baseline and upregulated cell proliferation and metabolism pathways. Physical testing of TetO-hIL6 mice before and after hIL-6 induction demonstrated decreased grip strength (p =0.003), decreased running capacity (p = 0.02), and 40% increase in falls off of the treadmill (p = 0.001). Induced mice also demonstrated decreased basal body temperature (p < 0.001). Given the significant dysregulation of metabolism-related genes in RNAseq analysis and changes in basal body temperature following hIL-6 induction, we next performed untargeted metabolomics on plasma from mice at baseline and 6 weeks post-induction to better evaluate metabolic changes associated with hIL-6 elevation. We found changes in key serum metabolites, including circulating adenosine triphosphate (56% reduction, p = 0.02), pyruvate (35% reduction, p = 0.0006), alpha-ketoglutarate (47% reduction, p = 0.04), and succinate (306% increase, p = 0.001). The TetO-hIL6 mouse model allows for induction of hIL-6 at various timepoints across the lifespan and demonstrates features of a frailty phenotype.

Basal Body Temperature Difference Before and During The Endometrial Wall Decay on The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a complex process involving hormones and reproductive organs. Hormonal changes that occur in the menstrual cycle result in changes in body basal temperature in women. Basal body temperatures can identify phase changes in one menstrual cycle. This study is to determine whether there is influence of decay of the endometrium wall against the basal body temperature in adolescent girls. This research is observational analytic with cross sectional time approach. This study was conducted on 60 samples with the age of 19-22 years. Data used in this research are primary data that is basal body temperature measurement and questioner. The analysis in this study is paired sample t test test using SPSS 16. The results obtained significance value of 0.003 &lt;0.05, so it can be concluded that there is influence of decay of the endometrium wall in the menstrual cycle against changes in basal body temperature. The endometrial wall decay on the menstrual cycle causes basal body temperature decreased compare with before the uterine lining decay or menstruation.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of selected natural fertility symptoms used for contraception: estimation of the Pearl index of Lady-Comp, Pearly and Daysy cycle computers based on 10 years of observation in the Polish market.

Cycle computers are medical devices which use sophisticated statistical methods in addition to a comprehensive on-board database. Their main function is to precisely indicate the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle, based on daily basal body temperature measurements. A recent medical research program aimed at evaluating the EFFECTIVENESS of cycle computers for contraceptive purposes was conducted. This study was conducted between May and June 2016 on 3,450 Polish women. The Polish distributor sent an anonymous questionnaire to the participants. To date, 361 women, representing 17,322 cycles have returned accurately completed questionnaires. In the resultant group only 4 unintended pregnancies were observed, resulting in a Pearl index of 0.4989. This suggests that fewer than 5 in 1000 women, who use a cycle computer correctly over a period of one year, may become pregnant unintentionally. This result is slightly better than the results from 2010, when the Pearl index was 0.64. The results obtained from the study indicate that the effectiveness of cycle computers for contraceptive purposes is comparable with other methods, such as hormonal contraception, and therefore cycle computers can be recommended for women who either cannot use or do not wish to use traditional contraception. These results confirm the effectiveness of using natural fertility symptoms, such as basal body temperature changes in the context of cycle computer technology for the purposes of contraception.

A new method to detect significant basal body temperature changes during a woman's menstrual cycle

Objective To compare the results of a computer programme based on the Trigg's tracking system (TTS) identification of the basal body temperature (BBT) shift day from daily records of BBT values (TTS transition day), with the BBT shift day identified from the same records using the Sensiplan® symptothermal method of natural family planning.Methods A computer programme was written to display the daily BBT readings for 364 menstrual cycles from 51 women aged 24 to 35 years, obtained from the German Natural Family Planning (NFP) database. The TTS transition day so identified from each record was then compared with the BBT shift day estimated from the same record by the Sensiplan® method.Results Total agreement between the methods was obtained for 81% (294/364) of the cycles and 18% (67) cycles differed by ± 1 day. For the 364 pairs of values distributed among 51 women the medians of the differences between the TTS transition day and Sensiplan® initial day of the BBT rise (shift day) were not significantly different (χ2 = 65.28, df = 50, p = 0.07205).Conclusion The advantages of the tracking signal algorithm are that in many cases it was possible to identify the BBT shift day on that very day – rather than only some days later – and to estimate the probability that a transition had occurred from the different values of the tracking signal.Chinese 摘 要 目的 比较基于trigg's追踪系统（ttS）的计算机程序与自然避孕法中的Sensiplan®症状体温法在根据相同的每日基础体温(BBt)测定记录数据的前提下识别基础体温转换日(ttS转换日)所得结果的异同。方法 一种计算机程序被编写用于显示51位年龄位于24至35岁之间妇女的364次月经周期中的每日基础体温测定值（BBt）。资料来源于的德国安全期计划生育数据库（nFP）。程序在每个月经周期中识别出的ttS转换日将与使用相同数据的Sensiplan®法所得出的BBt转换日作比较。结果 81%的周期(294/364)中两种方法所得结果完全相同。18%的周期（67）结果相差±1天。分布于51名妇女的364对数据所得出的ttS转换日与Sensiplan®的BBt升高首日（转换日）的中位数并无显著差异(χ2=65.28, df = 50, p =0.07205)。结论 追踪信号算法的优势在于许多情况下其在月经周期中的BBt转换日当天即可识别而不是在几天之后才识别出转换的发生，并可根据不同的追踪信号数值估计转换已发生的概率。

Changes in Basal Body Temperature and Simple Reaction Times during the Menstrual Cycle

Previous studies have shown cyclic changes in the activation levels and performance of different tasks throughout the menstrual cycle. The aim of this study was to examine if changes in the reaction time to both light and sound stimuli may be associated with basal body temperature changes and subjective assessments of General and High Activation during the different phases of a menstrual cycle characterized by high (preovulatory and midluteal phase) and low (menstrual and early follicular phase) levels of oestrogen and progesterone. The study included measurements of basal body temperature, simple reaction times to light and sound and self-assessment of General and High Activation during the menstrual, early follicular, late follicular and luteal phase. The sample consisted of 19 female subjects with regular menstrual cycles. The results obtained in this study indicate lower basal body temperature values during phases with low sex hormone levels, while the activation assessments suggest stable levels of both General and High Activation throughout the menstrual cycle. Similar patterns of change have been shown for reaction times in visual and auditory sensory modalities. Reaction times were shorter during phases characterized by high sex hormone levels, while phases with low hormone levels were associated with longer reaction times. From the modified text on correlations in the data analysis section, it is evident that they were calculated from averaged data from all phases of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, they do not reflect intraindividual but rather interindividual variations between the observed variables, and are not related to the hypotheses of this paper.

Devices for home evaluation of women’s health concerns

Devices used for home evaluation of fertility, pregnancy, menopause, colon cancer, breast cancer, and urinary-tract and vaginal yeast infections are discussed. Ovulation-prediction devices monitor natural changes in a woman's body during the menstrual cycle, including changes in basal body temperature, urinary luteinizing hormone, and urinary estrone-3-glucuronide concentrations. Also available are devices that identify changes in the content of sodium chloride and other electrolytes in saliva and cervical-vaginal mucus. Home pregnancy tests are designed to detect human chorionic gonadotropin in the urine. Both urine and saliva tests are available for home evaluation of menopause; the most common devices use urine to measure follicle-stimulating hormone. The saliva tests measure estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. Devices for home screening for colon cancer use either the guaiac test or the fecal immunochemical test. For aid in breast self-examination, patients may use a simulated-breast product designed to train them to detect lumps or a thin, silicone-containing pad intended to increase the sensitivity of the fingers to abnormalities. Urine-dipstick tests can be used to screen for urinary-tract infection, and a swab or panty liner can be used to detect vaginal pH changes indicative of vaginal yeast infection. Home-based tests may be convenient and economical but also have limitations; pharmacists can help educate patients and clinicians. Many devices are available to help evaluate women's health concerns at home.

Prenatal opiate exposure attenuates LPS-induced fever in adult rats: Role of interleukin-1β

Much is known about the immunomodulatory effects of opiate exposure and withdrawal in adult rats. However, little research has delved into understanding the immunological consequences of prenatal opiate exposure and postnatal withdrawal. The purpose of the current study was to measure changes in responding to immune stimulation in adult rats following prenatal opiate exposure. Further, we sought to characterize the role of interleukin (IL)-1β in these changes. Following prenatal exposure to the long-acting opiate l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), adult male and female rats were assessed for their fever response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Blood and tissue samples were collected to measure circulating IL-1β and IL-1β protein in the hypothalamus and spleen. Prenatal LAAM exposure resulted in a blunted fever response to LPS injection without any changes in basal body temperature or in response to saline injection. Circulating IL-1β was not affected by prenatal LAAM exposure, nor was IL-1β protein in the spleen. Interestingly, mature IL-1β protein was elevated in the hypothalamus of prenatally LAAM-treated rats. These results indicate that prenatal opiate exposure blunts the fever response of adult offspring. Direct action of IL-1β is likely not the cause of the dysfunction reported here. However, alterations in signaling mechanisms downstream from IL-1β may play a role in the altered fever response in adult rats treated prenatally with opiates.

Correlation between urinary pregnanediol glucuronide and basal body temperature in female orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus.

Changes in basal body temperature (BBT) in relation to the menstrual cycle were investigated in three adult female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). In particular, the relationships of BBT to urinary estrone conjugates (EC) and to pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG) were examined using two of the females during two cycles each. Radiotelemetry transmitters were implanted peritoneally to record core body temperatures. Radio signals were received approximately every 2 min, 24 h per day. Because temperatures during the period 0300-0400 h were most stable (i.e., were less likely to be affected by confounding variables such as activity), a mean of these values was used to calculate daily BBT. BBT showed a highly significant positive correlation with PDG but not with EC. Menstrual phases were associated with declining or trough levels of BBT. Although changes in BBT were not sufficiently distinct to predict or to preclsely identify the time of ovulation, the strong association between BBT and PDG suggests that radiotelemetry of BBT may be useful in monitoring ovarian cycles, especially the luteal phase, in this species. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A data base for biometrics research on changes in basal body temperature in the menstrual cycle

In the Department of Statistical Sciences of the University of Padua a data base for EDP has been created on data made available from the Catholic Marriage Advisory Council of London. This paper describes, first of all, the origin of the material, collected through consulting work on natural family planning. Clarifications are then provided about the selection of data to be preserved among those received and on the structure of the data base. Finally, size and characteristics of the sample and of some of its subsets are presented. The purpose of the paper is to give brief but complete information on a data base which for size and some associated features is unique. To it reference will be made in series of papers illustrating conclusions reached in various exercises of already performed, or ongoing, or planned hypotheses testing.

Relative efficiency of therapeutic donor insemination using a luteinizing hormone monitor

A prospective randomized study was performed to evaluate the use of a urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) detection kit with 1 insemination as compared with 2 alternate day inseminations with timing based on previous cycle length and basal body temperature changes. The study involved 60 patients who underwent a total of 264 therapeutic donor insemination cycles using cryopreserved semen specimens. Patients alternated LH-kit timed cycles with cycles timed by non-LH methods for a total of 6 cycles or until pregnancy was achieved. Fecundability rates were 12.3% for LH-kit cycles and 5.3% for non-LH method cycles. The difference in outcome was not statistically significant. However, when the LH kit plus 1 insemination was compared with 2 inseminations timed by conventional methods, there appeared to be a distinct monetary and time expenditure advantage. These findings suggest that sufficient advantage may be derived from use of an LH kit to recommend its use on a routine basis for the timing of therapeutic donor insemination.

Alterations in progesterone metabolism and luteal function in infertile women with endometriosis

The concentrations of pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PGD) and pregnanolone (PN) were measured in daily morning urine specimens from 66 infertile women (40 with varying degrees of endometriosis and 26 control subjects) and correlated with daily changes in basal body temperature (BBT) and with midluteal levels of serum progesterone (P). PN and BBT rose at midcycle in women with endometriosis, as expected, indicating secretion of some P at that time. However, PGD, the major endpoint of P metabolism, was delayed in its excretion. Endometrial biopsies were similarly delayed (out of phase) in women with endometriosis, and a significantly higher incidence of follicular luteinization was seen. It appears that while P secretion begins at midcycle, the bulk of P secretion is delayed, perhaps because of the process of follicular luteinization, and that a shortened functional luteal phase thus exists in women with endometriosis.

Behavioral and physiological effects of capsaicin in red-winged blackbirds

We injected red-winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus) subcutaneously with capsaicin, and assessed (a) changes in basal body temperature, (b) ability to discriminate warm from cool drinking water, and (c) sensitivity to oral and topical applications of capsaicin, a trigeminal irritant. As predicted from studies of mammals, the injections seemed to disrupt thermoregulation when the ambient temperature increased, and eliminated discrimination between warm and cool drinking water (Figs. 1 and 2). In contrast to effects on mammals, injections failed to observably diminish oral or topical sensitivity to capsaicin and apparently induced a capsaicin preference in two-bottle drinking tests between capsaicin and its vehicle (Fig. 3). Such preferences were context-dependent, however, since water was reliably preferred to capsaicin or vehicle in three-bottle tests. To our knowledge, the present work is the first to report physiological and behavioral effects of capsaicin on birds, and the first to suggest that the substance may have different behavioral and physiological effects on different classes of animals.

Prediction and Detection of Ovulation

This paper reviews and evaluates various methods for the prediction and detection of ovulation, with emphasis on the role this plays in management of infertility and in natural family planning. After spelling out the hormonal events which control the ovulatory process, techniques for ovulation detection and timing are discussed. These fall into 2 classifications: 1) direct assays of gonadotropins or steroid hormones in the serum or urine; and 2) evaluation of peripheral changes preceding, coinciding with, or succeeding ovulation. Since serial hormone assays are not practical in routine clinical practice, clinicians generally rely on peripheral or end-organ changes to determine alteration in circulating steroid hermone levels, but direct assays of gonadotropins and sex steroids would have to supplement these methods to determine the accuracy of commonly performed methods of ovulation detection. Tests based on hormone assays include daily assays of 1) serum or urinary lutienizing hormone (LH), 2) urinary estrogens (or estrogen metabolites) or serum estradiol, and 3) serum progesterone or urinary pregnanediol. Each assay is described in the text. Tests based on peripheral and systemic changes include ]) basal body temperature changes, 2) tests of physical properties of cervical mucus (appearance, spinnbarkheit, ferning, and burn test), 3) tests of the chemical content of cervical mucus (protein constituents and enzymes), 4) endometrial biopsy, 5) vaginal cytology, and 6) saliva sampling (measuring alkaline phosphatase levels which generally increase at time of ovulation). Tests based on hematologic changes, especially the decrease of blood basophil count at ovulation, are also discussed. Among the possible techniques of natural family planning discussed are the calendar method (Ogino-Knaus), the cervical mucus (ovulation) method, and the symptothermic method (basal temperature and calender combined) method.

Natural Family Planning

Natural family planning (NFP) methods can be effective if taught well and practised by well-motivated couples. Midwives should be able to give couples an understanding of the basic principles of the methods. The observable signs of the fertile cycle are changes in basal body temperature, in the consistency of cervical mucus and in the texture and position of the cervix. Practised properly the ovulation method can have a failure rate of as little as 2.2 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. The ovulation method is a suitable method for mothers who have breastfed to detect the onset of ovulation.

Plasma gonadotropin secretory patterns in patients with functional menstrual disorders and Stein-Leventhal syndrome: Response to clomiphene treatment

Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were determined daily in 18 women with functional amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and correlated with changes in basal body temperature, karyopyknotic index, and cervical mucus characteristics. Of these 18 women, 5 began to menstruate spontaneously after inclusion into the study, 4 cases were diagnosed as the Stein-Leventhal syndrome, and the remaining half could be divided into 3 groups based upon plasma gonadotropin levels: consistently low, consistently high, or normal levels with spontaneous peaks unaccompanied by evidence of ovulation. Ovulation was induced in 10 of 12 patients given clomiphene. Of these, plasma gonadotropins rose slightly during treatment in 7, while the karyopyknotic index rose progressively prior to the ovulatory surge in 9. These studies demonstrate the heterogeneous pattern of gonadotropin secretion in oligomenorrhea and the clinical correlates useful in predicting an individual's response to clomiphene therapy.

Effect of clomiphene citrate upon parameters of ovulation in patients selectively operated upon during drug administration

Twelve women with confirmed anovulation of various etiologies who had to undergo gynecologic surgery for benign conditions were given clomiphene citrate prior to operation. Surgery was then performed around the eleventh day after drug with-drawal. Changes in basal body temperature, urinary pregnanediol, and endometrial biopsy were in agreement in demonstrating the presence or absence of clomiphene-induced ovulation. When ovulation did not take place, these parameters were not modified from their anovulatory pattern, despite the presence of ovarian luteinization of follicular thecas. It was concluded that basal body temperature, urinary pregnanediol, and endometrial biopsy are of great value in detecting ovulation even in patients under clomiphene therapy. Cervical mucus was of little value in detecting ovulation induced by clomiphene. Possible causes of discrepancy between the high effectiveness of clomiphene in inducing ovulation in comparison with its lesser effect in the achievement of pregnancy are discussed.

Clinical utility of chemical induction of ovulation

The capacity of clomiphene (MRL-41) to induce ovulation in cases of secondary amenorrhea or irregular anovulatory menses of unknown etiology was evaluated in 32 patients. In 18 patients with secondary amenorrhea the compound induced at least two successive ovulatory menstrual cycles, as judged by vaginal smears and basal body temperature changes in 9 patients (50 per cent). An additional 3 patients (17 per cent) ovulated irregularly. Four pregnancies occurred in this group. Eleven (79 per cent) of 14 patients with irregular anovulatory menses ovulated regularly while taking this drug. Five pregnancies occurred in this group.Two dosage schedules were evaluated: 100 mg. per day for 20 days each month, and 200 mg. per day for 5 days only each month. In patients with irregular anovulatory menses there was no difference in the results with the two dosage schedules. In the group with secondary amenorrhea, however, the longer dosage schedule gave much better results. The major complication of therapy was the development of ovarian cysts in 19 patients (59 per cent), which regressed with cessation of therapy. The incidence of cysts decreased to 7 per cent with the short dosage schedule. Four patients had hot flashes similar to those seen in menopause. No other significant side effects were noted.The induction of ovulation in humans by the administration of clomiphene appears to be a useful therapeutic approach to the problems of patients with secondary amenorrhea or irregular anovulatory menses of unknown etiology. Studies on the mechanism of action of this drug will also lead to a better understanding of reproductive physiology.

Study of serum proteins during the menstrual cycle

An investigation was made of the changes in the serum total protein and the protein fractions through three consecutive menstrual cycle less the days of menstruation. Relationship with the basal body temperature changes and Sevag and Colton's urine chemical test is mentioned. The study was performed on the serum and urine from a normal, healthy, mature woman.The results indicate that there are definite changes in the serum total protein concentration and the albumin and globulin fractions which occur at midcycle.These changes correlate well with the time of the cycle detected as the period of ovulation by the time-honored basal body temperature changes and a urine chemical test.