Changeable States Research Articles

MOF-818(Cu)-derived bi-nanozymes of laccase and catecholase mimics and colorimetric sensing to epinephrine

Cu-based nanozyme shows good oxidase-like activities due to the changeable states of Cu(II) and Cu(I), which are proven to be effective in the electron transfer in the redox process. Herein, the self-made MOF-818 with more Cu(II) loading was synthesized through a modified two-steps hydrothermal routes, which was then used as a sacrificial precursor to construct copper/zirconium composite oxides nanozymes (CN-MOF-818). The pyrolysis temperature was varied to obtain the best enzyme-like activities of the resulting CN-MOF-818. The laccase-like and catecholase-like activities were evaluated by using the oxidation of the mixture of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DP), and 3,5-Di-tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) respectively. The enzyme-like activities were optimized through altering the catalytic conditions, and the corresponding enzyme catalytic kinetics including Km and Vmax were also determined. The enzyme-like mechanism of the CN-MOF-818 were also discussed based on EPR technique and the in-situ FT-IR analyses. In comparison with the pristine MOF-818 and the other reported Cu-based mimics, the as-prepared CN-MOF-818 exhibits the higher oxidase mimetic activities. These CN-MOF-818 can also be employed to detect the epinephrine with a low detection limit of 1.63 μM.

Comparing dropout intentions of math students on trainee teacher courses versus bachelor of science courses using intensive longitudinal data

In the past, high dropout rates of university math students have been recurrently observed, causing psychological and economic costs for individuals and society. In this article, we draw on prospective, intensive longitudinal data (ILD) collected at a large German university to examine the effects of stable inter-individual differences (e.g., general math competencies) and intra-individual changes (e.g., motivational states) on the intention to drop out of math studies, an important precursor for actual dropout. Given the ongoing discussion on whether student teachers differ from other types of students in their characteristics (e.g., with respect to cognitive abilities), we were particularly interested in differences in dropout intentions between first-year math B.Sc. and B.Ed. students, who attend the same introductory lectures. Using recent residual dynamic structural equation modeling techniques (RDSEM) we find that dropout intentions of math students in their first semester depend on both baseline characteristics and motivational changeable states which occur during the course. Furthermore, it is shown that B.Sc. and B.Ed. students differ regarding their intra-individual effects and have different trajectories of dropout intentions over time such that they cannot be assumed to be a homogeneous group. The results suggest that the two groups require differential treatment concerning the prevention of early dropouts.

Европейское общество в условиях пандемии. Мониторинг СМИ и Копенгагенская школа безопасности

The article aims to identify trends in the study of modern European society in the context of a pandemic. The foundation of the source base for the analysis was European media reports. The information array was processed using quantitative assessment methods and interpreted from the standpoint of the approach of the Copenhagen School of security studies. The school attracted attention at the turn of the 21st century by adapting a number of constructivist ideas to the subject field of the study of international relations. The school became famous thanks to the developments carried out at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (Denmark) from 1988 to 2002 by a group of researchers led by Barry Buzan. Other participants of the school are Ole Waever, Jaap De Wilde, Richard Little. The central publication of this project was the monograph Security. A New Framework for Analysis (1998). The basis of this analysis was the ideas of societal security, securitization of the most problematic issues in the media and of regional security complexes. The main disadvantages of the school's approach are the specific understanding of society in constructivism, which is considered as a phenomenon relatively autonomous from the state, the limited validity of the concept, the analysis of security through a set of changeable states and contexts. Despite a number of comments made to the school, the school's approach allows us to speak about the specifics of European society as a whole. The focus of the European media in the context of a pandemic is on socio-political problems, it gradually shifted towards the topic of the pandemic in 2021. Nevertheless, political issues still occupy a central place in the focus of international security perception. Quantitative analysis shows the prime importance of traditional issues at the pan-European level. The pandemic did not displace, but rather caught up with it in the total amount of information. The European media show the “subsidence” of the panEuropean level of security before the national one in the conditions of a pandemic as a regional security complex. Not only COVID-19 played a role here, but also Brexit and other internal processes of the region's development: difficulties with flights, the introduction of immunity passports, restrictions on movement, lockdown in some countries (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and France). As a result, in 2021, national measures to overcome the development of the pandemic led to a decrease in the number of reports on general regional issues. There is a certain shift in emphasis towards the problems of societal security, which objectively reflects the reaction of the European communities. Within the social field, which is the specificity of the European region, the sphere of restriction of personal and political rights of people plays a critical role. At the same time, in the context of the development of regional protest sentiments, this aspect is an important factor in the formation of a pan-European societal agenda. The situation with the reaction to COVID-19 affected the fundamental values of society, not individual countries, but European identity as a whole. This allows us to speak about the formation of a general level of social self-identification.

Suicide and other sudden death bereavement of immediate family members: An analysis of grief reactions six-months after death

IntroductionWhile suicide bereavement has been assumed to be different from bereavement following death by other modes, a number of studies have reported that there are several similarities, particularly for violent deaths. The aims of the current study are to test, using confirmatory factor analysis, the factor structure of Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) that has been proposed in other studies; and to compare short term grief reactions, mental health, and suicidality six-months after bereavement in close family members bereaved by suicide versus sudden death. MethodsParticipants were 142 adults who were bereaved following a suicide and 63 who were bereaved following the sudden death of a family member. Data were collected six-months after the death. ResultsAnalyses did not show good fits for the factor structures proposed for the GEQ in earlier studies. However, a relatively good fit was found for an 8-factor version of the originally proposed GEQ. Bereavement type (suicide vs. sudden death) significantly predicted rejection, somatic reactions, stigmatisation, responsibility and shame on the GEQ, after adjusting for kinship type, gender, age, pre-bereavement diagnosis of mental illness and self-harm behaviours of both the deceased and the bereaved, and current mental health and suicidal ideation of the bereaved. LimitationsDifferent recruitment methods were used and response rates were relatively low. ConclusionsThe new knowledge of bereaved experiences specific to suicide loss at six-months post death, should be channelled into determining the most practical and satisfactory ways to alleviate the impacts of these potentially changeable states of experience.

Stochastic properties and reliability measures of discrete-time semi-Markovian systems

In the present paper, a discrete-time semi-Markovian system is studied for both theoretical and practical demands. The state space of a semi-Markov chain is divided into three subsets, namely working state subset, changeable state subset and failure state subset, resulting from applications for this kind of models in degradation analysis on system performances. Performances of changeable states depend on recent evolutions of the system, including the immediate history and future. The Z-transform is used to investigate stochastic properties of the semi-Markovian system and distributions of some sojourn time lengths, based on which, for example, the working period length and failure period length, are discussed. Reliability measures such as reliability, point availability and interval availability are derived for the system. Besides, two new reliability measures, point covering availability and interval covering availability, are discussed for discrete-time semi-Markovian systems for the first time. Preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance from outside of the system are also investigated with respect to related costs. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the results obtained in the paper. Those models and results presented in the paper can be used in reliability, maintainability, supply chain management and other areas.

Multi-point and multi-interval availabilities for Markov repairable systems with history-dependent up and down states

A Markov repairable system with history-dependent up and down states is presented. The state space of the repairable system is divided into three sets, which are up states, down states and changeable states. Using aggregated stochastic processes, we can get the multi-interval availability and multi-point availability for the Markov repairable system. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the obtained results.

English

In the wake of di erential quality of theories, where some outshine others by way of, for instance, scope of explained phenomena or track record of empirical support, I review a series of criteria to judge the merit of multiple theories. The six criteria include comprehensiveness, precision and testability, parsimony, empirical validity, and both heuristic and applied value. I then utilize these criteria to review various leading personality theories, and include among them ‐ for comparison ‐ meta-motivational Reversal Theory, which challenges the universality of stable traits and instead embraces the notion of changeable states according to circumstances. Finally, I o er the reader a graphic representation (via cluster analysis) of the partnerships and families that unite together various theories based on similar criteria of evaluation.

Aggregated semi-Markov repairable systems with history-dependent up and down states

Some states in the aggregated semi-Markov repairable system with history-dependent up and down states are changeable in the sense that whether those physical states are up and down depends on the immediately preceding state of the system evolution process. Two reliability indices of the system, the frequency of failures and the time to the first system failure are given. The Laplace–Stieltjes transforms of several time distributions in a cycle, such as the up and down time, the total time the system is in the up, down and changeable states, the length of a single sojourn in the up, down and changeable states are derived. The means of them are also presented. Markov renewal theory, transform and matrix methods are employed for getting these performance measures. A numerical example is given to illustrate the results in the paper.

Employing New Mathematical Models and Equations to Evaluate Risk-Benefit Criteria of Clinical Therapeutics

Current preclinical and clinical evaluation of a drugs or therapy is at first to find out a maximum toxicity tolerance, which is overall fixed. The potential therapeutic dosage will be ranged just lower or within the periphery of these maximum tolerant data. A hidden acceptance among general researchers lies as the toxicity concentration of a drug is always the same and can be referred as a fixed data. However, practical therapeutics is not very strictly following this doctrine. Even using many strict well-formed mathematical models and toxicity evaluating systems, the disputes and lawsuits of some newly-developed drugs are increasing dramatically nowadays. In this work, a mathematical equation and a dynamic parameter  are generated to help improving this situation. This new mathematic model combines and integrates effective, toxicity and no effective data as a whole, which fits to evaluate the risk-benefits of therapeutics in dynamic and changeable states. We need no more to deduce therapeutic dosage from fixed tolerance data regardless different therapeutic modes of action and toxicity of drugs acting on different organs and physiological systems. We hypothesize and equation that risk-benefit ratios are varied with drug dosages. It is a new start to help the understanding of effects and toxicities of therapeutic same time in a single clinical practice and well compliment with previous mathematical models.

Classical Theism and Pantheism: a Victory for Process Theism?

In Anselm's Discovery, Professor Hartshorne makes the rather startling and (I think) counterintuitive claim that ‘…there is indeed no issue between theism and pantheism. We all exist in the divine being, as St Paul said.’1 Classical or orthodox theists, it seems eminently fair to say, can be expected to recoil from any such suggestion with more than a little indignation. First of all, it might well be objected that Hartshorne - as a ‘process theist’ (or, as he often calls himself, a ‘neoclassical theist’) - is not a classical theist, and, consequently, while there may be no issue between pantheism and his brand of theism, such is simply not the case in so far as classical theism is concerned. According to the latter - in contradistinction, of course, to Hartshorne's ‘neoclassical theism’ - immutability is an ‘essential’ property of God; as such, it would be a conceptual error to ascribe any contingent (i.e. changeable) states to God at all. Now as is well known by philosophers of religion, Hartshorne regards this immutability doctrine of classical theism as a serious ‘logical blunder’ (loc. cit.), one which - in so far as it reflects the ‘Greek bias’ which has always (but mistakenly) identified perfection with the absolutely unchangeable - is profoundly distortive of the biblical concept of Deity.