Vowel Changes Research Articles

Speech Mismatch Negativity (MMN) in Schizophrenia with Auditory Verbal Hallucinations.

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are experienced by many individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), a neurodevelopmental disease that encumbers the quality of life and psychosocial outcome of those afflicted by it. While many hypotheses attempt to better define the etiology of AVHs in SZ, their neural profile and its moderation by current neuroleptics remains limited. The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) is an event related potential (ERP) measured from electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during the presentation of a deviance detection auditory paradigm. The neural regions and activity underlying the generation of the MMN include the primary auditory cortex and the prefrontal cortex which are regions also found to be activated during the experience of AVHs. Decreased MMN amplitudes have been robustly noted in SZ patients during the presentation of MMN tasks using auditory tones. However, the MMN generation to speech stimuli has not been extensively examined in SZ nor in relation to AVHs. The primary objective of this study was to examine the MMN to five speech-based deviants in SZ patients and healthy controls. Second, we assessed MMN features with AVH characteristics in 19 SZ patients and 21 HC. While AVH features did not correlate with measures of MMN, we found decreased MMN amplitudes to speech-based frequency and vowel change deviants in SZ patients compared to HC potentially reflecting deficiencies in basic speech processing mechanisms.

Translation Strategies of English Passive Constructions into Arabic: An Analysis of Google Translation Engine Produced Translations Using House’s TQA Model

This study explores the translation of English passive constructions into Arabic, focusing on the prevalent translation shifts and the preservation of the source functions within this process. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, it analyzes passive constructions from an English economic-political article based on House’s (2015) Translation Quality Assessment model. It reviews all passive participles classifying them into verbal and adjectival ones. The research aims to understand how these translation shifts cater to the syntactic and semantic needs of the Arabic language, particularly how machine translation tools like Google Translation engine handle these transformations. Data collected include various English passive constructions and their Arabic translations, providing a foundation for assessing either their adherence to the target language’s norms and preferences or to the literal approach that may lead to affect such preferences and norms. Key findings reveal how Google Translation engine tends to translate according to Arabic norms and produce a natural translation while preserving the source functions. The five translation strategies used by Google Translate when translating passive constructions from English to Arabic in economic-political texts are: 1) adjectival phrases, 2) active structures, 3) passive structures with internal vowel changes, 4) verbless structures with verbal nouns, and 5) verbal phrases with 'tamma'. However, the influence of such an approach may lead to manipulating the source function, which may lead to misunderstandings or to unbalanced power relations.

The Process of Absorbing Arabic Sounds into the Sounds of the Minangkabau language: Phonological Study | ʿamaliyyat imtiṣāṣ al-ʾaṣwāt al-ʿarabiyyah fī ʾaṣwāt al-lughah al-mīnānjakābūiyyah: dirāsah fūnūlūjiyyah

This research explores the absorption of Arabic into the Minangkabau language, known as Minangization, focusing on the changes in vowel and consonant sounds. Using the agih method, which analyzes language through substitution, the study detects shifts in Arabic words within the Minangkabau language. Data analysisemploys translational equivalent techniques using both primary and secondary data. The findings reveal that most Minangkabau vocabulary derived from Arabic is absorbed through four patterns: dissimilation (similar sounds becoming less similar), diphthongization (single vowel sounds becoming diphthongs), anaptic (insertion of additional sounds), and zeroization, which includes apheresis (removal of phonemes at the beginning of a word), syncope (removal of phonemes in the middle), and apocope (removal of phonemes at the end). These findings facilitate Minangkabau students' study of both their native language and the Quran.

Husainnasir

Abstract In the science of Qiraat, the problem of vowel reading on letters and words in the Qur'an is still much that has not been revealed, both from the aspect of classical and modern scholarly opinions. This study aims to describe and introduce several rules about the process of occurrence of vowel a/i/u in certain words and verses, which are caused by the presence of letters, hamzah, sukun, and ishmam, including exploring new ways of analyzing the phonology of modern Arabic vowels based on standard generative theory. This research is literature research. Primary data sources were obtained by al-Našr fi al-Qirā'at al-Islāmiyyah, and several verses of the Qur'an for comparison. Secondary data sources are literature, both in the form of books, journals, and research results related to phonology. Data collection is carried out by documentation techniques, listening, and recording. Data analysis techniques use open coding, then analyzed descriptively using grounded theory. This study informs about the rule that the variety of vowel punctuation on some verbs in the Qur'an will change according to the readings attributed to the ten Qira'at. The Vowel sign emphasizes the reading of dammah/kasrah). The emphasis mark on nouns requires the insertion of dammah while on verbs and insertion of kasrah. The round distinguishing mark (sifr) is important in turning kasrah into dammah. Both Kasrah and dammah have the property of 'Al, but some of them are distinguished by round marks on dammah and square marks on kasrah. The Vowel sign for classical scholars indicates that the kasrah from the letter "waw" in the verb "qul" moved to the letter "qaf" after hadzf dammah, then "waw" changed to "ya" to correspond to the kasrah in front of it. Modern linguists believe that the dammah of the letter "qaf" can be changed to Kasrah and then "waw" removed, so that the existence of the two kasrahs is merged and becomes a long shaddah The differences and changes in vowels in phonetics cannot be separated from the debate that exists between classical and modern scholars. This indicates that the problem of qira'at is closely related to diacritical marks that are icons of producing sounds with various characters. This research has implications that having to study Qur'anic verses from a Vowel aspect will require us to see how scholars used to read so that the sounds produced are not only one variant but have a variety of very detailed and interesting reasons to be studied based on modern linguistic theory. Vowel; linguistic interpretation; recitation, Qira’at Ten

Articulatory characteristics and vowel space analysis of Mandarin Chinese non-low vowels in Korean-speaking learners

Vowels are a fundamental component of Mandarin Chinese syllables. Accurate pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese relies on the distinct articulation of different vowels, especially the visually similar “ü” and “u”. Korean-speaking learners of Chinese Mandarin as a second language commonly exhibit non-standard pronunciation or errors in articulating “ü”, leading to confusion, particularly in non-low vowels centered around this sound. Using Praat to analyze the Formant values of non-low vowel sounds from six participants, a comparison between Korean L2 Chinese speakers and native Chinese speakers revealed vowel spaces differentiated through F2 values for /u/ and /o/, while /ɣ/ and /o/ are distinguished by F1 values. The sound similar to Korean “ㅟ” differs from /y/ in that the former is a gliding sound transitioning from low to high. The distinction between /y/ and /u/, /o/, /ɣ/ was found to be unclear, with /y/ often merging into sounds like “iu” and “io”. This aligns with historical vowel changes in Chinese “ü”, noted in previous linguistic studies, showing variations like “iu” and “io” over different periods. Korean L2 Chinese speakers tend to substitute /ɯ/ for /u/ and “ㅟ” (/ɯ/+/i/) for /y/, avoiding rounded lip movements in pronunciation, thus reducing effort and the need for additional phonemes. Furthermore, the F3 value for Korean L2 Chinese /y/ is notably lower, suggesting that the correct articulation should closely resemble the tongue position of /i/, combined with rounded lips.

Analisis Morfofonemik Dialek Lamalera

This research is entitled "Morphophonemic Analysis of Lamalera Dialect". This title was taken as research because the Lmalera dialect is the Lamaholot language and has its own identity in the form of vowel lengthening in the previous syllable. This morphophonemic work is determined on the influence of morphemes and phonemes as well as grammatical influence. The formulation of the problem in this study is how Lamalera morphophonemic which includes morpheme and phoneme effects and grammatical effects of Lamalera dialect. The purpose of this study is to find out the morphophonemic process of Lamalera dialect in the form of morpheme and phoneme effects and grammatical effects of Lamalera dialect. The method in this research uses the listening method and the chap method, while the data analysis technique in this research is descriptive. The reason the researcher uses this technique is a way used by researchers to process data which will then be descriptive in detail the results of observations of the data that has been collected. The conclusion of this study states that, nouns ending in the vowel /a/ will change to the nasal vowel /a^/ in the form of the second person singular owner. Lamalera dialect has a joint where -an changes into /a^/, there is also a morphophonemical change which is the lengthening of the vowel in the previous syllable. When due to other grammatical elements that follow the vowel changes /e^/ and /o/, the vowel changes /e^/ and /o/ in nouns. If the vowel /e"/ is preceded by another vowel, the morphophonemic changes will follow the pattern below: the final vowel /e"/ preceded by the vowel /a/ only takes a morphophonemic change to /i/.

Vowel alternation with final i offers an easy-to-learn morphological option for a sex-blind grammatical gender in French.

Like all modern Romance languages, French has a sex-based grammatical gender with two genders, feminine and masculine, and a lexicon that is highly sex-differentiated. These characteristics give rise to a number of issues, including the problematic generic use of the masculine grammatical gender, coupled with the challenge of sex categorization itself, and the epistemological difficulty of an adequate sociological description and analysis of what gender commonsense categories really are about. To remedy these concerns, several authors have proposed the creation of an additional, epicene grammatical gender. We have identified three such systematic proposals, or solutions, which specify various morphological options for new epicene nouns and gender markers on their satellite elements. These options include the use of non-standard or rarely used characters, the merging of feminine and masculine gender markers, as well as consonantal and vowel changes. In the simplest proposal, referred to as "solution I," new epicene forms are mostly derived from feminine forms by systematically replacing with an i the final e that generally differentiates feminines from their masculine counterparts in written French. Although these solutions are used in some communities, their learnability has not been addressed so far, even though it could be a determining factor in their popularity and their eventual integration into standard French. In the present study, we provide a first assessment of this aspect by means of an online translation test. For each solution, French-speaking participants were instructed that they would be trained to learn an "alien" language that does not mark sex/gender categories (these alien languages correspond to standard French where only gendered words referring to people are replaced by the new epicene forms recommended by each solution). After a short learning-by-example phase, participants were required to translate into the alien language a set of 16 standard French sentences. The translations were analyzed as a function of several variables including the participants' self-reported age and sex, the word categories and the solutions themselves. While all solutions proved quickly learnable, participants' responses with solution I achieved the highest accuracy score, in particular with regard to the production of non-standard epicene forms.

Asymmetries in Infants' Vowel Perception: Changes in Vowel Discrimination in German Learning 6- and 9-Month-Old Infants.

Infants' speech perception is characterized by substantial changes during the first year of life that attune the processing mechanisms to the specific properties of the ambient language. This paper focuses on these developmental changes in vowel perception. More specifically, the emergence and potential cause of perceptual asymmetries in vowel perception are investigated by an experimental study on German 6- and 9-month-olds' discrimination of a vowel contrast that is not phonemic in German. Results show discrimination without any asymmetry in the 6-month-olds but an asymmetrical pattern with better performance when the vowel changes from the less focal to the more focal vowel than vice versa by the 9-month-olds. The results concerning the asymmetries are compatible with the Natural Referent Framework as well as with the Native Language Magnet model. Our results foster two main conclusions. First, bi-directional testing must be mandatory when testing vowel perception. Second, when testing non-native vowel perception, the relation of the stimuli to the native language vowel system has to be considered very carefully as this system impacts the perception of non-native vowels.

Analisis Variasi Fonologis Bahasa Jawa

This research explores the phonological variations of Javanese language in three regions of Indonesia, namely Batang, Brebes, and Serang. With a focus on occupation, education, and age as social variables, the study employs phonological and lexical analysis methods to identify changes in vowel and consonant sounds, as well as lexicon within these dialects. The results reveal distinctive phonological and lexical characteristics in each region, highlighting significant differences between Batang Javanese (BJB) and Standard Javanese (BJS) as well as Javanese Banyumasan (BJBY). In conclusion, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of Javanese language variations at the dialectal level, with implications for further studies involving syntactic and semantic aspects. Recommendations for future research include expanding informant samples and delving deeper into the interplay between social factors and phonological variations.

Analysis of Vowel Sounds Errors in Arabic Conversation Modern Islamic Boarding School Muhammadiyah Daarul Khoir Gunungkidul Students

This study aims to determine the form of errors in the vowel sounds of Arabic words in the Arabic conversation of students at the Modern Muhammadiyah Islamic Boarding School Daarul Khoir Gunungkidul and to determine the factors that cause the occurrence of vowel errors. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Data obtained by observing and interviewing students. The results of this study are four vowel errors, namely the change in vowel a to u. There is also a change in the vowel sound i to e. In addition, there were also errors in long vowel sounds which were pronounced short, even so short vowel sounds were pronounced long. The factors causing the error were that some students had not mastered Arabic rules correctly, made pronunciation easier, efficiency in pronunciation and the lack of students listening to Arabic words and sentences.

Borrowings in Middle Armenian (Persian Borrowings, Continuation)

Key words: middle Armenian-Persian borrowings, semantic groups of words, modern literary Armenian, Lori dialect, transliterated phonetic changes of vowels and consonants, word formation, lexicalization, derivation Persian borrowings are considerably large in number in Middle Armenian, but few words are used in the modern Eastern Armenian literary language. There are incomparably many words preserved in Lori dialect. They refer to almost all spheres of social life: colors, plants, flowers, bushes, trees, fauna, medicine, names of body parts, mental conditions, statuses, religion, worship, spirituality, precious metals, stones, ores, household, accessories, profession, occupation, money, monetary unit, fee, time, closed-class parts of speech, non-identified dialectical words. Persian borrowings passed to Middle Armenian with various phonetic changes of vowels and consonants. They are simple root, complex, derived words. These compositions were sometimes made using word formation techniques specific to Armenian, in which sometimes the Persian compounds were observed. The same applies to derivation: there are both Armenian and Persian words composed of suffixes.

Contrastive Analysis Between Lio Language And English (A Phonological View)

This ressearch discusses the comparison of two languages, namely Lio and English, with Lio as the regional language or language of origin and English as the target language. In this study limited the study to comparing how many vowels and consonants there are from each language, after researchers know the number of vowels and consonants present in Lio language researchers compare with vowels and consonants in English to find out where the similarities and differences between vowel phonemes and consonant phonemes from the two languages are located. In this study the author used a qualitative descriptive method with the aim of knowing the phonemes of vowels and consonants in Lio and English, then from the phonemes of vowels and consonants the author compared to find out the location of similarities and differences between the two languages, with the data collection technique used was to conduct interviews with local communities and the results of the interviews were recorded and analyzed by the author. From this study it can be seen that:: (1). There are 5 types of vowels, namely; a, I, u, e, o in Lio and English, (2) there are 20 types of consonants in Lio b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s,t,w and 24 consonants in English, namely; B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,L,M,N,P,Q,R,S,T,V,W,X,Y,Z. (3) The difference between the two languages lies in the sound of speech and consonants. Different consonants are: consonants q, y, z, x, which exist in Lio besides that there are changes in pronunciation sounds in English vowels and consonants while in Lio language there can be no sound changes in both vowels and consonants. (4) The similarities between the two languages are vowels of both languages and some consonants4.

Prelateral vowel change in Australian English pool-pull trajectories

Australian English (AusE) pre-/l/ /ʉ:/ is retracted when coarticulated with coda /l/, leading to vowel change through acoustic contrast reduction between /ʉ:-ʊ/ (pool-pull). Younger speakers show smaller contrast in /ʉ:l- ʊl/ targets than older speakers. As vowel trajectories are less well understood, we tested changes in the F2 trajectory. 200 tokens of /ʉ:, ʊ/ in the /hVd, pVl/ contexts (who’d-hood, pool-pull), produced by eight younger (ages = 20–29) and nine older (ages = 54–80) female AusE speakers, were extracted from the audio corpus AusTalk. Formant trajectories in pre-/d/ vowels and /Vl/ rimes were extracted automatically, corrected manually, and time-normalized (0–1). F2 trajectory was fitted with a Generalized Additive Mixed Model using fixed factors Vowel, Coda, and Age (treatment-coded, comparing /ʉ:/ to /ʊ/, /l/ to /d/, younger to older) with Speaker as random intercept with smooths for Vowel and Coda. Both age groups maintained significant vowel contrast in the pre-/d/ context in the entire vowel trajectory. In the /l/-context, older speakers showed a significant F2 difference throughout the rime trajectory, while younger speakers did not. Durational differences may be maintained, as duration contrast was not analysed due to time normalization. Our findings are consistent with an AusE pool-pull merger.

Pattern-Based Target Selection for Treatment of Irregular Past Tense: A Single-Case Experimental Design for Children With Developmental Language Disorder.

Many children with developmental language disorder (DLD) demonstrate difficulty inflecting irregular past tense verbs. We evaluated using phonological-based patterns (i.e., schemas) to select targets for treatment of irregular verb inflection for children with DLD. We hypothesized this approach would result in acquisition of treated verbs, generalization to untreated verbs within the same phonological schema, and increased use of correct irregular verbs in naturalistic contexts. Treatment was provided to three 7-year-old participants with DLD in the context of multiple baseline designs across behaviors and participants. Phonological schemas included vowel change, final alveolar, and dual change irregular verbs. Treatment was provided using established therapeutic approaches, including narrative generation, sentence imitation, and naturalistic play activities. Acquisition of treated and untreated targets was assessed at the beginning of sessions, and use of verbs in naturalistic contexts was observed throughout treatment sessions. Positive acquisition effects were noted for two of three participants. Generalization to untreated items occurred within and across treatment sets for two participants, whereas increases in accurate irregular verb production in naturalistic contexts were not observed. Outcomes demonstrated support for a pattern-based approach to target selection for treatment of irregular past tense verbs. One participant, who demonstrated general difficulty with the probe and treatment tasks, showed no treatment effect, suggesting that the treatment may be effective for some children with DLD. Further research is warranted to determine what factors might have influenced these variable outcomes across participants. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23671500.

Contrastive Analysis of Vocal Phoneme Changes in the Affixation Process in Japanese and Indonesian: morphophonemic studies

This research conducted by analyzing similarities and differences of phoneme changes on Japanese and Indonesian affixation process. The purpose of this research is to find out the similarities and differences of vowel phoneme changes on Japanese and Indonesian affixation process. This research is qualitative research, using the contrastive analysis with descriptive metods. Object of research is vowel phoneme that change on Japanese and Indonesian affixation process.Result of this study indicates that the similarities of the vowel changes on affixation are the Japanese /me/ prefix and Indonesian /me-/ prefix that do not have changes, but having the addition of phoneme when vowel phoneme follows. And the differences of vowel on affixation are Japanese /me/ and /o/ prefixes have the addition of phoneme, but Indonesian /me-/ and /ber-/ prefixes do not have.

Vowel harmony in Rma: a diachronic perspective

Abstract This paper looks at the vowel harmony system of Ronghong Rma (Qiang). This system has previously been described in terms of synchronic vowel alternations. This paper takes a different approach to explore the diachronic element of vowel harmony. The finding is that ‘harmonization’ is epiphenomenal and that the vowel alternations are the results of regular sound changes from an earlier stage in the language. This diachronic perspective brings into focus a chain shift in the vowel system and clarifies the etymologies of forms that have undergone these changes. It also reveals the importance of uvular consonants as conditioning environments for vowel changes in Ronghong Rma.

한글 모음 및 표정 변화에 따른 안면 분석 시스템

Face deformation is caused by various causes such as facial paralysis or asymmetry. Therefore, accurate cause analysis and diagnosis are required, but CT, MRI, and Nottingham Grading System are subjective in nature and are affected by clinician proficiency and fatigue. In order to reduce the time and cost burden of patients who have to continuously visit specialized institutions for treatment, this study aims to develop a facial analysis system according to changes in Korean vowels and facial expressions. First, the coordinate value of the face landmark was extracted based on the webcam image, and then the distance value between the left and right face landmarks was calculated. In addition, quantification was performed based on the actual length of the eyes and lips and the results of the system derivation, and the final system analysis results could be checked with figures and charts.

Getting To Know Phoneme And Its Benefits In Sound Science

The purpose of this study is to find out how loanwords from other languages in Indonesian change their phonemes. Changes in vowel and consonant phonemes indicate these changes. The research method combines literature review techniques and qualitative descriptive methods. The data collected are taken from various literature sources and then grouped according to certain criteria. The results showed that language sounds are based on two premises: they usually form symmetrical patterns and the sounds of language usually interact with each other. Phonology also has hypotheses, which serve as the basis of its analysis in the following way, in addition to these two premises. When phonetically similar sounds contrast in minimal pairs, it is first necessary to treat them as different phonemes.

Vowels and consonants matter equally to British English-learning 11-month-olds' familiar word form recognition.

While adult studies show that consonants are more important than vowels in lexical processing tasks, the developmental trajectory of this consonant bias varies cross-linguistically. This study tested whether British English-learning 11-month-old infants' recognition of familiar word forms is more reliant on consonants than vowels, as found by Poltrock and Nazzi (2015) in French. After establishing that infants prefer listening to a list of familiar words over pseudowords (Experiment 1), Experiment 2 examined preference for consonant versus vowel mispronunciations of these words. Infants listened to both alterations equally. In Experiment 3, using a simplified version of the task with one familiar word only ('mummy'), infants' preference for its correct pronunciation over a consonant or a vowel change confirmed an equal sensitivity to both alterations. British English-learning infants' word form recognition appears to be equally impacted by consonant and vowel information, providing further evidence that initial lexical processes vary cross-linguistically.

«Умлаут» как терминологическое отражение межъязыковых связей в лингвистике

The article examines the history of appearance of the term "umlaut" in the terminology of Russian linguistics. Using the methods of historical-linguistic, definitional and semantic analysis of scholarly and scientific-theoretical sources (grammars, grammar treatises and dictionaries) published in Russia in the period from the late 18 th century to the mid 20 th century, the author traces the evolution of the phonetic status of umlaut. It was ascertained that in the 18 th century, in line with the traditions, established by the German grammarians, umlaut was first considered a diphthong, since it was widely believed to be a combination of two sounds pronounced together. It is shown that in the late 18 th century, the approach to the evaluation of the umlaut's status begins to change. This is to be explained by the change of scientific and linguistic paradigm in Russian linguistics. The facts of terminological variation are revealed and characterized. In the course of its existence, the term "umlaut", which entered Russian linguistic terminology only by the end of the first third of the 20 th century, received several one-word or compound names: "ogolosok" (1799), "peremena glasnykh" (vowel change) (1844), "perezvuk" (1845), "pereglasovka" (1857), "sliyaniye glasnykh" (vowel fusion) (1864), "izmeneniye glasnykh" (vowel mutation) (1871), "pereglasovaniye" (1882), "suzhivaniye glasnykh" (vowel narrowing) (1895). Until now, only the synonym "pereglasovka" has been preserved.