Changes In Technological Parameters Research Articles

ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ КОРМОВОГО СМУЗИ ИЗ ОТХОДОВ ОВОЩЕЙ И ФРУКТОВ

Background. Currently, about 50-60% of vegetable and fruit waste is generated at fruit and vegetable storage facilities, retail stores, distribution centers of retail chains from the total volume of discarded products. One of the solutions to reduce waste is to propose a way of their processing: fodder smoothie production. Purpose. To select technological processing modes for obtaining a sample mixture of fodder smoothie from vegetables and fruits. Materials and methods. For obtaining a model mixture of fodder smoothie 30% of tomatoes, 10% of potatoes and 20% each of carrots, cabbage, apples were used. To work out the technological parameters of obtaining the sample mixture, the following were recorded: grinding time, grinding speed, appearance of the obtained model mixture, as well as pH and mass fraction of soluble solids were determined.Results. The pH of the sample mixture of fodder smoothie was 6.4, the value of the mass fraction of soluble solids ranged from 14.2% to 16% depending on the parameters of producing the mixture. The sample mixture was mushy of brown color. Conclusion. The technological parameters were selected for the investigated sample mixture. The pH of the crushed product does not change with the change of technological parameters. Mass fraction of soluble solids increases with increasing the amount of product grinding time and the grinding speed.

Ensuring quality indicators of photopolymer 3D printing by using mathematical modeling and test models

The subject of the research in the article is the analysis of the influence of technological parameters of photopolymer printing on the appearance of defects in the printing process. Test models for analysis are used, which contain elements that are affected by changes in technological parameters. The purpose of the work is to determine the dependence between the technological parameters of photopolymer printing and the defects that arise because of printing using models for testing. The article addresses the following tasks: analysis of existing test models and determination of model elements and the influence of technological parameters on them. The methods used for the research are mathematical analysis in the form of univariate linear regression and the empirical method. This method consists in comparing and measuring the difference between individual test samples to obtain values that will later be used in regression analysis. The following results were obtained: the dependence of technological factors and their influence on the elements of the test model was determined, which consists in changing the physical dimensions of the test models. With insufficient exposure time, the dimensions of the model are reduced, and defects are created. When the exposure time increases, the dimensions of the model increase linearly, defects appear in the form of holes disappearing or their sizes changing. Conclusions: because of an experimental study, which consists in printing test models and their analysis with the help of linear one-factor regression, the dependence between the exposure time and the physical dimensions of the model was determined and confirmed. Then a method of studying the correspondence of dimensions depending on the exposure time using test models was proposed and mathematical modeling in the form of regression univariate analysis. In the following, it is proposed to determine the influence of the layer height on the exposure time. Further, it is proposed to determine the significance of individual technological factors among themselves and their influence on the defects obtained because of printing. Building a regression analysis model, determining the correlation of technological parameters and their influence on quality indicators. Determination of the coefficient of determination of the constructed model.

Manufacturing of die blanks from hard alloy granulated mixture and influence of chemical composition of the mixture on technological properties of hard alloy die blanks

The technology of manufacturing dies from a hard alloy granulated mixture includes the following operations: preparation of raw materials, forming of blanks, and subsequent sintering. The preparation of hard alloy mixtures consisting of carbide powders and binder metals is one of the main operations in the production of hard alloys. The properties of the resulting alloys largely depend on the conditions of performing this operation. All operations are interconnected, and any change in technological parameters can lead to a change in the formation of the final material structure and, consequently, its properties. This article discusses the technology of manufacturing and the production process of die blanks from a hard alloy granulated mixture. The results of laboratory studies of the hard alloy mixture, the manufacture, and production tests of die blanks are described.

Catalysts and Kinetic Regularities of Oxidation Processes of Chlorotoluenes

The article is devoted to the selection, synthesis and study of the activities of the vanadium oxide-based catalytic systems supported on SiO2 and Al2O3 carriers in the oxidation process of chlorotoluenes. It was shown that V-P-O/SiO2+Mo, V-Mo-O/SiO2+V, V-P-O/Al2O3+Sb, V-Mo-O/Al2O3+Mo catalytic systems exhibit high activity and selectivity in the processes of selective oxidation of mono- and dichlorotoluenes in the gas phase. The oxidation processes of chlorotoluenes were studied in open-type reactors with stationary and fluidized catalyst beds. It was established that the conversion of chlorotoluenes in a reactor with a stationary bed is higher than in a fluidized bed reactor, but selectivity in stationary bed it is slightly lower. The optimal conditions ensuring high conversion (80–95 %) and selectivity of the obtained chloromaleic anhydrides (40–45 %) were determined in a wide range of changes of technological parameters T=673–773 K, τ=0.1–1.0 s, molar ratios XT:O2=1:1–1:25. It is established that the activities of the catalytic systems were different depending on the method of preparation. Thus, it was noticed that among the catalysts obtained by the methods of precipitation, mechano-chemical impregnation and co-precipitation-impregnation, the latter has shown satisfactory results

Control of technological parameters in the process of ribbed panel forging: use of measuring equipment and mathematical modeling methods

The article discusses the control of technological parameters for the process of isothermal forging of cross-ribbed panels. To ensure defect-free manufacturing of panels, strict adherence to the temperature and rate conditions is required. However, due to errors and external disturbances, the measuring equipment does not often provide reliable information. In addition, the temperature of the metal in the deformation zone can only be estimated indirectly. Therefore, by analogy with the Kalman filter, it is proposed to combine data from sensors and the results calculated using the finite element method. For this purpose, the accuracy and speed of calculation of the finite element model were studied in four popular specialized software products: DeForm, QForm, Forge NxT, Simufact Forming. Comparison of the results of the analysis made it possible to confirm the high degree of reliability of modeling and the potential possibility of controlling technological parameters for the production of defect-free panels by the suggested way. It is shown that the finite element method in the two-dimensional formulation of the problem provides an acceptable calculation speed for monitoring the progress of operations in real time. The obtained results are relevant for metallurgical enterprises for which there are increased requirements for compliance with the range of permissible changes in technological parameters during production processes.

Features of application in critical structures of products made by fused deposition using 3D printing technology

The technology of hot-melt 3D printing has prospects for military equipment and other special applications, provided that necessary requirements for the quality, strength and durability of plastic components are met. However, there is a problem of insufficient accuracy and unexplored patterns of change in technological parameters during 3D printing, which makes it necessary to manufacture critical structures using plasma deposition technology. The main purpose of the article is to study and evaluate the features of using the fused deposition method in 3D printing technology for the manufacture of products that are critical special-purpose structures and require increased strength and durability. To achieve this purpose, the technology and means of 3D printing by fused deposition method (filament feed control system with a circular encoder) have been improved. It has been established that the use of the filament feed control system can reduce the number of visually detected defects on the surface of printed products by an average of 71.7%, but increase the amount of wire consumed by 13% and the average printing time by 15-17%, which is due to the lack of supporting structures for the resulting surfaces. The research conducted in this paper has shown an increase in delamination strength of elements of critical structures, such as brackets for mounting a laser rangefinder to the body of an unmanned aerial vehicle. With the help of the filament feed control system, the strength of these elements has increased from 27.4 (tensile) and 32.1 (compressive) to 38 (tensile) and 44.3 MPa (compressive). There is also a more than 2.7-fold increase in the number of dynamic load cycles during endurance tests. This study indicates greater dynamic stability and less fatigue of the elements manufactured by fused 3D printing using a filament feed control system. The results will have practical applications in various fields, including military applications

Modeling of a low-temperature gas treatment system

Objective. The main purpose of the work is: investigation of the effect of changes in technological parameters on the efficiency of the separation process and determination of optimal technological modes of operation of gas field X CNTS in the separation process.Method. The problem was solved in the KBC Petro-SIM computer program and the LTS model was built. To conduct the study, a model of the LTS was built in the KBC Petro-SIM computer program.Result. The results obtained with the help of it showed: with the current composition of the gas with a decrease in temperature for every 2oC, with other technological indicators being equal, the specific condensate yield increases in the range from 15 to 30%, and the lower the temperature, the higher this percentage. When the pressure on the throttle decreases by every 0.4 MPa, the condensate output increases, if the pressure drops below 1.8 MPa, the specific condensate output will begin to decrease, which is explained by the pressure drop below the maximum condensation line of the phase diagram. The change in gas flow within the design values did not affect the operation of low-temperature separation. At any available low temperature and high pressure at the inlet to the ILTS, the most optimal mode will be when the pressure after the throttle is maintained within 1.8 - 1.9 MPa. The maximum specific yield of gas condensate (48.21%) was obtained at a pressure at the inlet to the ILTS of 5.1 MPa, a temperature after the heat exchanger of minus 2oC and a pressure drop at the throttle of 3.05 MPa. As part of the numerical research, the following results were obtained: with an increase in the pressure at the inlet to the ILTC, the change in the specific output of the gas condensate is insignificant, but with this parameter it is possible to create a larger pressure drop on the throttle; with a decrease in the gas temperature at the outlet of the heat exchanger, the specific yield of the gas condensate will increase; with an increase in the pressure drop at the throttle, the specific output of the gas condensate increases until the pressure after the throttle reaches the range of values of 1.8 – 1.9 MPa. In this interval, the maximum specific condensate yield is achieved. With a further increase in the pressure drop on the throttle, the specific output of the gas condensate decreases. This is explained by the phenomenon of retrograde condensation, since the maximum condensation line is in the range of these pressures.Conclusion. Based on the results of the work, it was found that the developed software module can be used to solve the emerging series of problems. The results of the work show the suitability of the proposed method for practical purposes.

Study of the VAC of the EPCTT process with varying electrode parameters

Nowadays the treatment of machine parts, instruments is one of the actual topics in the modern world. One of the modern processing method is chemical-thermal treatment of parts, in which there is an increase of hardness in the surface part to increase wear resistance, while the core of the part remains in a ductile state for resistance to shock loading. The solution to this problem could be the electrolytic plasma chemical-thermal treatment of the parts. This method has a number of advantages over traditional methods, such as costeffectiveness and speed of processing. In the present work the influence of changes in technological parameters on the volt-ampere characteristics of electrolyte-plasma chemical-thermal treatment unit is presented. A solution of soda ash (Na₂CO₃), urea (CH₄N₂O) in distilled water was used as an electrolyte. According to the results of the study current-voltage diagrams were plotted by varying the diameter of the anode (D=90; 110;130 mm) and the distance between the electrodes (L=50;70; 90 mm). According to the analysis, in the voltage range of 180-220 V, with anode diameter D=110 mm and electrode spacing D=70 mm, a more stable vapor-gas envelope is formed. It was found that by changing the anode diameter, respectively the ratio of active and passive electrodes we can significantly influence the formation of stable vapor gas shell and establishment of the optimum mode of treatment of parts.

Impact by the operating and structural parameters of a screen on the technological parameters of vibratory basalt sieving

Purpose is to identify a dependence of basalt raw material fine screening upon the operating and structural parameters of sieving equipment. Methods. The research results have been obtained relying upon comparative analysis of basalt raw material fine screening upon the operating and structural parameters of sieving equipment. In this regard, the analyzed grading efficiency characteristics were defined for three densities of basalt rock mass mined in open pits. They are γ = 1.4 g/сm3 for tuff; γ = 2.2 g/сm3 for lava-breccia; and γ = 2.6 g/сm3 for basalt. The rock mass components are extracted selectively and processed separately. Findings. Expediency of complex mining and processing of three basalt rock mass components (being tuff, lava-breccia, and basalt) as well as their selective treatment has been identified. Mathematical modelling has helped generate regression models of fine basalt raw material sieving upon the operating and structural parameters of a screen. The regression models as well as the represented calculation results are indicative of strong correlation between the efficiency of fine basalt raw material screening and the factors involved by the regression models (i.e. rock mass density; inclination angle of a disturbance force of a vibration exciter of a screen; inclination angle of a screen effector; mesh size; specific load on a screen; disturbance frequency of a screen drive; and a screen length). Originality. For the first time, dependencies of fine basalt raw material sieving efficiency upon the operating and structural parameters of a screen have been modelled mathematically. Based upon the multifactor experiment, ideas have been developed concerning the fine grading process; selection of boundaries of each parameter control; and determination of the efficiency as well as a law of changes in technological parameters while controlling them. Practical implications. Use of the findings will help make adequate solutions while selecting instrumental conditions of an operation schedule to prepare basalt raw material for its integrated processing.

Формирование организационно-технологического механизма повышения технологичности производства работ при капитальном ремонте зданий

Introduction. Modern methods of executing total building renovation are based on the principles of flow and scientific methods of labour organisation, developed with due regard for the specific features of certain types of repair and construction works technologies. The following labour-intensiveness and duration of work, material-intensiveness, cost and production cost of constructions are considered as the main indicators of work production technology in the course of overhaul repair. Each of these indicators has corresponding reserves, which are identified and used to improve the manufacturability of production of each type of work, as well as on the building as a whole. Materials and methods. The article is based on the method of assessing the effectiveness of various options to reduce the duration of work, which directly affects the change in technological parameters. A ranking among contractors has been carried out to identify the reserves for increasing labour productivity, as well as to identify bona fide contractors for customers. Results. The developed methodology of evaluation of manufacturability of overhaul works allows contractors to justify for customers the proposals on reduction of terms and cost of overhaul works. The use of the developed organizational and technological mechanism in practice of interaction of all participants of capital repair process will allow not only to achieve the highest indicators, but also will serve as a basis for actualization of normative documents on total building renovation. Conclusions. The method of efficiency estimation of different variants of work time reduction and related changes of technological parameters according to Wald, Savage and Hurwitz criteria allowed to establish the most preferable construction-technological solution. The developed rating assessment of contractors will, on the basis of achieved results, enable to reveal reserves of increasing labour productivity in the course of repair-construction works and to encourage these organizations to be more preferable in carrying out competitive procedures of selecting contractors by the customer. The identified reserves of reducing the duration of overhaul works are used as a basis for the formation of measures to improve the manufacturability of works.

Impact of Technological System’s Characteristics on the Machining Accuracy of Bearing Rings

The article shows the influence of the technological system of an automated lathe, in particular cam chucks, on the accuracy of machining bearing rings for production conditions. The value of the deformation during machining, i.e., the non-circularity of the ring of a single row tapered roller bearing 32017X in outer diameter, was investigated. For the study, samples were selected that were processed under the same conditions directly in the production unit of PJSC “SKF Ukraine” without interference with the technological process. The use of replaceable floating cams in the chuck design was proposed to increase the accuracy and productivity of machining. Experimental studies have shown that the machined surface’s ovality depends on the chuck cams’ clamping force. The effectiveness of computer processing of statistical data on the accuracy control of engineering products was shown. Implementing machining accuracy control in production using the Minitab computer program was presented. It was proven that the quality of products is formed under the influence of the use of modern computer technologies at all stages of manufacturing and control of parts, which ensures research in a wide range of changes in technological parameters and comparison of individual studies with actual machining conditions on the machine, with the results of a sufficient level of reliability.

Selection of a system for automatic control of the sterilization process of canned food in an industrial autoclave

The article proposes an automatic control system that meets the technical criteria of the technological process of sterilization of canned food in an industrial autoclave. The proposed algorithm of operation and the developed structure of the automatic process control system implement modern automatic control laws and take into account the mutual influence of control coordinates. A two-circuit four-channel temperature and pressure regulator in the autoclave has been developed, which reduces the volume of defective products and saves energy resources, due to a more accurate correction of the mutual influence of control circuits. The regulator is the basis for creating an automatic control system that allows compensating for disturbing effects associated with changes in technological parameters. The proposed control device can be used to improve existing and create new automatic control systems for sterilization installations. The reliability of the study was proved by means of simulation modeling and comparison of the results with experiments on the operating equipment of the cannery.

РОЗРОБКА ПРОГРАМНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДЛЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-УПРАВЛЯЮЧОЇ СИСТЕМИ ВИРОЩУВАННЯМ АРСЕНІДУ ГАЛІЮ ДЛЯ ПОРУВАТИХ ПІДКЛАДОК

Purpose. The article discusses the features of improving the technology of growing gallium arsenide ingots for the production of substrates that are intended for applying a porous film. Such porous gallium arsenide is used to manufacture gas sensors with improved technical parameters. Such sensors are highly sensitive and can operate at room temperature without the use of heating systems. To improve the technology of growing gallium arsenide ingots, the paper proposes the development of software for an information-control system for growing ingots. The features of the technological process of growing gallium arsenide ingots are considered in detail and the main parameters that directly affect the process are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the requirements for the operation algorithm of the information and control system have been developed. Methodology. The developed algorithm allows organizing the system operation in three modes; Technologist mode, operator mode, adjuster mode. Each mode has its own privileges and its own limitations. In addition, the algorithm allows organizing control and output of information from the following subsystems: heater control subsystem, crucible control subsystem, seed control subsystem, weight sensor control subsystem, as well as storing information in the database. Results. Software has been developed that implements this algorithm. The technologist mode is designed to form the growth profile of ingots. The technologist can choose one of the existing profiles previously recorded with reference to the ingot brand, or create a new profile in case of launching a new batch of products. The profile allows you to bind changes in technological parameters to the length of the ingot. In the "Operator" mode, the system displays current information about the technological process and allows you to organize work in automatic or manual mode. Manual mode is designed to adjust the process parameters in case of emergency situations. In the “Adjuster” mode, it is possible to configure the control system depending on specific requirements, change the PID controller coefficients, and configure input and output signals. Originality. The proposed program differs from the existing ones in that it allows you to freely configure the control system for the growth of gallium arsenide ingots, in particular, to change the parameters with reference to the length of the grown ingot or to the diameter of the ingot. Change the parameters of the inputs and outputs of the controllers. Practical value. The developed system makes it possible to improve the quality of gallium arsenide ingots by eliminating the human factor, which often leads to process parameters going beyond acceptable values, to increase the repeatability of ingot parameters, and to obtain better substrates for manufacturing gas sensors. The proposed software can be used for the system of growing silicon ingots in the electronics industry. Figures 4, references 14.

Research and Evaluation of the Influence of the Construction of the Gate and the Influence of the Piston Velocity on the Distribution of Gases into the Volume of the Casting

Distribution of gasses to the cast volume and volume of pores can be maintained within the acceptable limits by means of correct setting of technological parameters of casting and by selection of suitable structure and gating system arrangement. The main idea of this paper solves the issue of suitability of die casting adjustment—i.e., change of technological parameters or change of structural solution of the gating system—with regards to inner soundness of casts produced in die casting process. Parameters which were compared included height of a gate and velocity of a piston. The melt velocity in the gate was used as a correlating factor between the gate height and piston velocity. The evaluated parameter was gas entrapment in the cast at the end of the filling phase of die casting cycle and at the same time percentage of porosity in the samples taken from the main runner. On the basis of the performed experiments it was proved that the change of technological parameters, particularly of pressing velocity of the piston, directly influences distribution of gasses to the cast volume.

Research into the Effect of Speed Mismatch during Continuous Rolling on the Process Parameters

The paper analyzes the influence of tension (dam) on the technological parameters of the rolling process (spreading, force and rolling torque). For the analysis, a model of continuous rolling in three adjacent stands was developed, using the Deform 3D software. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by comparing the experimental data from the small-section wire mill 150 and the simulation results. The error in determining the forming was 0.4%, and in determining the power parameters was 11%. Further, a computational experiment was planned, to identify the effect of mismatched of rolling speeds on technological parameters. According to the results of calculations, graphs of changes in technological parameters were constructed. It is established that, even small deviations of rolling speed from the matched mode lead to significant changes in technological parameters.

Формування газотермічних покриттів

Розглянуто перспективи використання методу неруйнівних випробувань безперервним вдавленням індентора для визначення механічних властивостей газотермічних покриттів. Проведено випробування з оцінки мікротвердості й модуля пружності композиційних покриттів на основі карбідів вольфраму і хрому, отриманих методом детонаційно-газового напилення. Розглянуто діаграми проникнення для покриттів з порошків ВК8, ВК15, ВК18С, КХН15С. Показано, що при оптимальних режимах напилювання мікротвердість одержуваних покриттів близька до мікротвердості спечених твердих сплавів того ж складу. Визначено значення коефіцієнтів варіації значень мікротвердості зі збільшенням глибини відбитка для зразків зі спеченого твердого сплаву і напилених покриттів. При оптимальних режимах напилювання досягаються не тільки максимальні значення мікротвердості та модуля пружності покриттів, але і більш однорідні структура і механічні властивості покриттів. Більш чутливими до змін технологічних параметрів є значення модуля пружності напилених покриттів, що більш зручно при відпрацюванні технологічних процесів.

Process modeling of gas displacement of oil on the example of oil fields in Bashkortostan

The article presents the results of the process modeling of gas displacement of oil. The proposed model takes into account the features of the state and changes in the physical and chemical state of formation systems on exposure to formation fluids with various gases-carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons. Numerical experiments made it possible to predict changes in technological parameters of impact objects and determine the incremental value in the oil recovery factor for Devonian fields of several oil-fields in Bashkortostan.

A homlokmarás hatékonyságának elemzése, a forgácsolóerő vizsgálata

A cikk célja az EFOP 3.6.1. projekt támogatásával megvalósított kutatómunka bemutatása, eredményeinek összefoglalása. Az elvégzett feladatokról részletesen beszámoltam/beszámoltunk hazai és külföldi szakfolyóiratokban. A forgácsolási adatok megadásánál törekedni kell arra, hogy minél nagyobb anyagleválasztási sebességet lehessen megvalósítani, ugyanakkor a beállított értékekkel teljesülniük kell a legyártott alkatrészekre vonatkozó pontossági és minőségi követelményeknek. A technológiai paraméterek változása hatással van a forgácsolás során fellépő terhelésre, ezért kiemelkedően fontos a forgácsolóerő (és összetevőinek) a vizsgálata, az összefüggések feltárása.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF BAKERY PRODUCTS

The article is devoted to the study of the properties of bakery products, in particular the choice of the optimal concentration of flaxseed cake in baguettes in order to ensure maximum caloric content. It is known that bakery products are necessary for a person to ensure his health and ability to work. The range of food products, in particular bakery products, is constantly growing. The analysis of the range of bakery products showed that the market is experiencing a shortage of flour products for dietary, therapeutic and prophylactic and special purposes for different groups, and their share in total production does not exceed 1-2%. The problem of food production is becoming more complicated and exacerbated by increasing consumption, declining natural resources of food raw materials and the presence of specific anti-nutrients. The article describes the characteristics of anticancer substances in food, which belong to the groups of hytosterols and lignans. The article presents the results of optimizing the composition and properties of wheat baguettes with the addition of linencake, flaxseed meal. The recipe of bread with the inclusion of linen cake in the amount of 1 to 15% was developed. The nutritionalvalue and caloric content of bread are calculated, its characteristics are given according to the main organoleptic indicators of quality (product surface, color and thickness of the crust, as well as the condition of the crumb). The effect of the percentage of flaxseedmeal on the moisture and acidity of bread samples was studied. It is established that with the increase of the content of flaxseed mealthe protein content increases, the carbohydrate content decreases, the fat content and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids increase.As the content of linen cake in bread increases, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids increases and its caloric content decreases, andits nutritional value increases. The use of flax seeds and products of their processing in the formulation of bakery and confectionery products can increase their biological value and physiological efficiency due to the content of anticancer substances, fibers, micro- and microelements, proteins and essential amino acids. Trial laboratory baking of baguettes showed that the optimal content of linen cake is 5% by weight of wheat flour, which allows you to get bread that meets the standards and does not require changes in technological parameters, which are set for the product without additives.

Milk-containing product with milk fat replacer, manufactured using sour cream technology with an extended shelf life

The authors proposed a milk-containing product with a substitute for milk fat, produced according to the technology of sour cream using a protective culture in order to prolong the shelf life. The use of protective starter cultures does not require additional equipment or changes in technological parameters. The protective culture is introduced along with the main sourdough and works according to the traditional principle of fermentation, as well as through competitive exclusion, i.e. taking up space and reducing the possibility for the growth of yeast, molds and BGKP. Two developments of a milk-containing product were carried out - the first using a protective culture (experimental sample), the second without using a protective culture (control sample). The products are stored for 40 days at a temperature of 4 ± 2 °C. In the control sample, on day 30, yeast growth, deterioration in organoleptic indices, increase in titratable acidity were observed, on day 40, the product was considered spoiled. In the experimental sample, organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological parameters during storage were within normal limits. The shelf life of a milk-containing product with a milk fat substitute produced using the technology of sour cream is determined using a protective culture taking into account a safety factor of 30 days. An increase in the shelf life of the latter by 30% was established in comparison with the control sample.