Gravity Changes Research Articles

Gravity Change and Its Relation to Land Subsidence and Underground Water Table Variation at Kerman, Iran

Gravity Change and Its Relation to Land Subsidence and Underground Water Table Variation at Kerman, Iran

Research on Underwater Navigation Adaptation Area Classification Prediction Based on Support Vector Machine Model

This paper focuses on the selection of adaptation areas for gravity matching navigation in marine regions, using gravity anomaly benchmark data as the foundation. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) model is established, and the model is verified and studied for its complexity. Initially, the gravity anomaly benchmark data is cleaned and preprocessed to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the information. Subsequently, based on the principal component analysis (PCA) criterion, four gravity field characteristic parameters of the adaptability designation for each area are screened, resulting in two feature attribute indicators for judging regional adaptability: average gravity change and gravity field slope standard deviation. Through feature extraction from the refined gravity anomaly benchmark map, the classification of adaptation areas is predicted using a Support Vector Machine under non-linear separable conditions. Finally, for new gravity anomaly benchmark data, a translatability prediction is conducted on the classification system, achieving a good fitting effect. This indicates that System has significant applicability to new gravity anomaly data. It performs excellently in processing new gravity anomaly data, effectively interpreting and simulating the characteristics and patterns of these data. The system can accurately capture non-linear relationships and complex dynamic changes within the data, demonstrating good adaptability and robustness.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Trends of Vegetation Cover Evolution and Its Driving Forces from 2000 to 2020—A Case Study of the WuShen Counties in the Maowusu Sandland

The WuShen counties in the hinterland of the Maowusu Sandland are located in the “ecological stress zone” of the forest–steppe desert, with low vegetation cover, a strong ecosystem sensitivity, and poor stability under the influence of human activities. Therefore, it is important to study and analyze the changes in vegetation growth in this region for the purpose of objectively evaluating the effectiveness of desertification control in China’s agricultural and pastoral intertwined zones, and formulating corresponding measures in a timely manner. In this paper, the spatial and temporal variations in the vegetation NDVI in the WuShen counties of the Maowusu Sandland and their response relationships with driving factors were investigated by using a trend test, center of gravity transfer model, partial correlation calculation, and residual analysis, and by using the MOD13A3 vegetation NDVI time series data from 2000 to 2020, as well as the precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration data from the same period. The results showed the following: ① The regional vegetation NDVI did not fluctuate significantly with latitude and longitude, and the NDVI varied between 0.227 and 0.375 over the 21-year period, with a mean increase of 0.13 for the region as a whole and an increase of 0.61 for the region of greatest change. Of the area, 86.83% experienced a highly significant increase, and the trend in increase around rivers and towns was higher than that in the northwestern inland flow area, with the overall performance of “low in the west and high in the east”. ② Only 2.07% of the vegetation NDVI center of gravity did not shift, and the response with climate factors was mainly characterized by having consistent or opposite center of gravity changes with precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. ③ Human activities have been the dominant factor in the vegetation NDVI change, with 75.89 percent of the area positively impacted by human activities, and human activities in the southwest inhibiting the improvement of vegetation in the area. The impact of human activities on the unchanged land type area is increasing, most obviously in the farmland area, and the impact of human activities on the changed land type area is gradually decreasing in the area where the farmland becomes impervious. The vegetation in the area above 1300 m above sea level is degraded by the environment and human activities. The research results can provide scientific support for the implementation of ecological fine management and the formulation of corresponding ecological restoration and desertification control measures in the Maowusu Sandland. At the same time, it is expected to serve as a baseline for other studies on the evolution of vegetation in agro-pastoral zones.

Dynamic changes of gravity field before the Luding MS6.8 earthquake and its crustal material migration characteristics

On September 5, 2022, an earthquake of magnitude MS6.8 occurred in Luding County, Sichuan Province. This earthquake occurred at the key part of the southeast-clockwise extrusion of material on the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau, the Y-shaped confluence of the Xianshuihe, Longmenshan and Anninghe fault zones. In this study, the three-dimensional dynamic crustal density changes in the earthquake area are obtained by the typical gravity change data from 2019 to 2022 before the earthquake and gravity inversion by growing bodies. The results indicate that gravity changes presented an obvious four-quadrant and gradient belt distribution in the Luding area before the earthquake. The three-dimensional density horizontal slices show that small density changes occurred at the epicenter in the mid-to-upper crust between 2019.9 - 2020.9 and 2019.9–2021.9. At the same time, the surrounding areas exhibited a positive and negative quadrant distribution. These observations indicate that the source region was likely in a stable locked state, with locking-in shear forces oriented in the NW and NE directions. From 2021.9 to 2022.8, the epicentral region showed negative density changes, indicating that the source region was in the expansion stage, approaching a near-seismic state. The three-dimensional density vertical slices reveal a southeastward migration of positive and negative densities near the epicenter and on the western of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone, indicating that the material is flowing out to the southeast. The observed local negative density changes at the epicenter along the Longmenshan Fault Zone are likely associated with the NE-oriented extensional stress shown by the seismic source mechanism. The above results can provide a basis for interpreting pre-earthquake gravity and density changes, thereby contributing to the advancement of earthquake precursor theory.

Administration of Essential Phospholipids Prevents Drosophila Melanogaster Oocytes from Responding to Change in Gravity.

The aim of this study was to prevent initial changes in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes under simulated weightlessness and hypergravity at the 2 g level. Phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tail groups (essential phospholipids) at a concentration of 500 mg/kg of nutrient medium were used as a protective agent. Cell stiffness was determined using atomic force microscopy, the change in the oocytes' area was assessed as a mark of deformation, and the contents of cholesterol and neutral lipids were determined using fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the administration of essential phospholipids leads to a decrease in the cholesterol content in the oocytes' membranes by 13% (p < 0.05). The stiffness of oocytes from flies that received essential phospholipids was 14% higher (p < 0.05) and did not change during 6 h of simulated weightlessness or hypergravity, and neither did the area, which indicates their resistance to deformation. Moreover, the exposure to simulated weightlessness and hypergravity of oocytes from flies that received a standard nutrient medium led to a more intense loss of cholesterol from cell membranes after 30 min by 13% and 18% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the control, but essential phospholipids prevented this effect.

Gravitational change-induced alteration of the vestibular function and gene expression in the vestibular ganglion of mice

Gravity has profoundly influenced life on Earth, yet how organisms adapt to changes in gravity remains largely unknown. This study examines vestibular plasticity, specifically how the vestibular system responds to altered gravity. We subjected male C57BL/6J mice to hypergravity (2 G) followed by normal gravity (1 G) to analyze changes in vestibular function and gene expression. Mice showed significant vestibular dysfunction, assessed by righting reflex tests, which persisted for days but reversed at 1 G after exposure to 2 G. Gene expression analysis in the vestibular ganglion identified significant changes in 212 genes out of 49,585 due to gravitational changes. Specifically, 25 genes were upregulated under 2 G and recovered at 1 G after 2 G exposure, while one gene showed the opposite trend. Key neural function genes like Shisa3, Slc25a37, Ntn4, and Snca were involved. Our results reveal that hypergravity-induced vestibular dysfunction is reversible and highlight genes critical for adaptation.

Effect of Voltage variation on the Geotechnical Properties and Removal Efficiency of Heavy Metal Contaminants from Contaminated Soil using Electrokinetic Remediation Technique

A lot of research work has shown that despite the effectiveness of the electrokinetic remediation technology in decontaminating heavy metal contaminated soils, more work is still required to fully understand the role of voltage in the remediation process. There is need to establish the optimum voltage that would best remove heavy metals from such contaminated soil and its attendant effect on the geotechnical properties of the remediated soil. Effect of voltage variation on the removal efficiency of lead, copper and the geotechnical properties of remediated heavy metal contaminated soil using electrokinetic remediation technique was investigated in this research. The contaminated soil was remediated by applying direct current (DC) to the remediation setup at 0.5V/cm, 1.0V/cm, 1.5V/cm and 2.0V/cm. The concentration of the heavy metals after remediation were determined using the Oxford Instrument Analyzer to evaluate removal efficiency, geotechnical properties tests were also conducted on the soil specimens at each phase of remediation. The results showed that the lead removal efficiency was highest at 2.0V/cm (86%) with the shortest remediation time of 5days and lowest at 0.5V/cm (39%) at 9days. 52% of copper was removed at 2.0V/cm in 5days and 29% at 0.5V/cm after 9days of remediation. At 1.0V/cm, the lead and copper removal efficiency are 75% and 40% respectively. There was no significant change in the Specific Gravity of all the soil samples with the test results lying between 2.0 and 2.2. The soil is generally silty fine sand with not less than 40% passing the sieve no.200 (75micron). 45% passed through sieve 75micron for unremediated soil and slightly reduced to 40%, 40.4% and 40.2% for 30V, 45V and 60V respectively. The soil is non-plastic with the liquid limit of between 25.8% and 29.5% belonging to the A-4 group of soil. The maximum dry density improved across all the three compactive efforts, from 1.8390g/cm3 to 1.8480g/cm3 with WAS compactive effort and from 1.8000g/cm3 to 1.8320g/cm3 with BSL method with an average optimum moisture content of 10%. The CBR values increases with increase in voltage applied. The unsoaked CBR values averagely increased with 31%, 18% and 7% for BSH, WAS and BSL compactive efforts respectively. The durability index with resistances of 89% and 90% to loss in strength was recorded at 1.0V/cm and 1.5V/cm respectively, this, when compared to the resistance to loss in strength of 71% in unremediated soil has respectively 25.3% and 26.8% durability advantages. There was also a consistent increase in the UCS values, from 381kN/m2 to 474kN/m2 and from 351kN/m2 to 447kN/m2 when WAS and BSL methods of compaction were used. Generally, there was improvement in the geotechnical properties of the remediated soil. These improvements are maximum at 1.0V/cm and 1.5V/cm with little or no further improvement at 2.0V/cm. It is recommended that 1.0V and 1.5V are suitable for remediation purpose since it requires low energy consumption.

Vertical gravity gradient in volcano monitoring – In situ measured or theoretical? (Campi Flegrei study)

We analyse the vertical gravity gradient (VGG) properties at calderas using the Campi Flegrei (CF) site in Italy. In situ observed VGG values can depart significantly from the theoretical (normal) value of −308.6 μGal/m, particularly in areas of rugged relief. It is assumed that in sufficiently flat areas, the effect of geology, i.e., of the subsurface density heterogeneities, on VGG could prevail over the effect of terrain (topography), which can subsequently be neglected. With respect to the CF caldera, which is often considered as ‘reasonably flat area’, according to our findings the effect of topography on VGG is usually underestimated, while the effect of deeper geology is overestimated. We model the effect of the near topography on VGG at CF and subsequently verify the results of modelling by in situ observations to support our predictions. The results show that, in terms of VGG, the topographic relief plays a more significant role than the assumed geological sources even at ‘flat’ calderas such as CF. For a better understanding, in addition to CF, we analyse the effect of deeper geological sources on VGG also in the territory of Slovakia using a detailed gravimetric database of Slovakia. As a result, we question the use of in situ observed VGG values when processing and interpreting observed time-lapse gravity changes in volcanic areas accompanied by surface deformation.

Optimization of the handling behaviour of an electric car by adjusting the kinematic gains of suspension

Abstract In this paper, within the scope of development of an electric car on a vehicle platform that is borned as internal combustion engine is presented. The vehicle dynamics behaviour changes due to the change of weight distribution and centre of gravity. Replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor, plus the addition of the battery moves the center of gravity towards the rear of the vehicle. Due to the increase in the rear axle load, the tendency of the vehicle to oversteer increases. To overcome this phenomenon, the rear suspension kinematic gains (camber, toe change due to vertical movement of the wheel) are adjusted thanks to the multi-link suspension. In the fist part of the study the platform is measured and Admas Car model is correlated depends on measured handling metrics. Subsequently, centre of gravity changes are applied to the verified Adams Car model. Also main platform handling metrics is defined as design targets and rear axle kinematic gains are defined as design parameters. A design of experiments (DOE)-based optimization study was performed via Adams®/Insight commercial software to achieve required handling metrics which satisfy design targets. Kinematic gains of the suspension system is analyzed via Adams car and sensitivity deepens on harpoints is determined. Design space for hardpoints is determined depends on mechanical design. The lowest and highest points are determined on the x, y and z axis and experiment list are designed according to DOE. Maneuvers that are for measuring the handling metrics are performed one after the other by changing the parameters according to the boundary conditions comes from DOE. A regression mathematical model is obtained and optimum parameters are calculated for the handling behaviour optimisation. Optimum parameters are applied on the Adams Car model again and handling manoeuvres are repeated. Results show that, although weight distribution changes, handling behaviours remain the same as based platform.

Limited sensitivity of Antarctic GIA mass change estimates to lateral viscosity variations

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has revealed spatiotemporal mass changes in the Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, GRACE data must be corrected for the gravity changes due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Here we investigate the sensitivity of GIA-induced gravity changes in Antarctica to the lithospheric thickness and upper mantle viscosity using a one-dimensional (1-D) model that assumes a radially varying Earth structure. The sensitivity is assessed using several Antarctic ice-history models that have been widely used to correct GRACE data. The results indicate a trade-off between lithospheric thickness and upper mantle viscosity in evaluating the Antarctic GIA correction. This trade-off exists for all ice-history models; however, the reason for the trade-off differs among models. Furthermore, since there is a sharp contrast in the Earth structure between West and East Antarctica, the adopted ice histories are separated into West and East Antarctic components to examine their contributions to the Antarctic GIA correction. We consider 1-D Earth structures that are averaged from the seismically derived three-dimensional Earth structure for West and East Antarctica. These results indicate that the contributions of the East and West Antarctic loads do not significantly affect the GIA corrections for the West and East Antarctic regions, respectively, and that the trade-off between lithospheric thickness and upper mantle viscosity results in minimal divergence in the assessment of the Antarctic GIA correction between the averaged Earth models of West and East Antarctica. Therefore, the contrast in Earth structure beneath Antarctica may have a limited effect on the ice-mass change estimates for the entire Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Disparity in the effect of partial gravity simulated using a new apparatus on different rat hindlimb muscles

The days of returning to the Moon and landing on Mars are approaching. These long-duration missions present significant challenges, such as changes in gravity, which pose serious threats to human health. Maintaining muscle function and health is essential for successful spaceflight and exploration of the Moon and Mars. This study aimed to observe the adaptation of rat hindlimb muscles to partial gravity conditions by simulating the gravity of space (microgravity (µG)), Moon (1/6G), and Mars (3/8G) using our recently invented ground-based apparatus. A total of 25 rats were included in this study. The rats were divided into five groups: control (1G), sham (1G), simulated Mars (3/8G), simulated Moon (1/6G), and simulated Space (µG). Muscle mass, fiber proportion, and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of four types of hindlimb muscles were measured: gastrocnemius (GA), tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus (Sol). Sol and GA exhibited the most significant alterations in response to the changes in gravity after 10 days of the experiment. A notable decline in muscle mass was observed in the simulated µG, Moon, and Mars groups, with the µG group exhibiting the most noticeable decline. In Sol, a noteworthy decline in the proportion of slow-twitch type I fibers, CSA of slow-twitch type I fibers, and average CSA of the whole muscle fibers was observed in the simulated groups. The GA red, mixed, and white portions were examined, and the GA mixed portion showed significant differences in fiber proportion and CSA. A notable increase in the proportion of slow-twitch type I fibers was observed in the simulated groups, with a significant decrease in CSA of type IIb. In EDL or TA, no discernible changes in muscle mass, fiber proportion, or fiber CSA were observed in any of the five groups. These findings indicate that weight-bearing muscles, such as Sol and GA, are more sensitive to changes in partial gravity. Furthermore, partial gravity is insufficient to preserve the normal physiological and functional properties of the hindlimb muscles. Therefore, targeted muscle interventions are required to ensure astronauts' health and mission success. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate the viability and durability of our ground-based apparatus for partial gravity simulation.

Gravity Change Caused by Heavy Rainfall Detected by A gPhone Gravimeter in Zhengzhou, China

Gravity Change Caused by Heavy Rainfall Detected by A gPhone Gravimeter in Zhengzhou, China

A Rate of Change and Center of Gravity Approach to Calculating Composite Indicator Thresholds: Moving from an Empirical to a Theoretical Perspective

A composite indicator (CI) is the mathematical aggregation of sub-dimension (local) indicators used to provide an overall score for the multidimensional concept being measured. CIs are widely used to assess the benefits or risks in human endeavors, such as by creating life satisfaction indices or disaster risk indicators. One important aspect of the development of CIs is setting up value thresholds for taking action, such as in determining the minimum acceptable level of life satisfaction in a community or the maximum acceptable flood risk value beyond which people should be ordered to evacuate from the area in danger. The analytic hierarchy/network process (AHNP) is widely used for the development of CIs. In a review of 111 AHP/ANP CI studies, fewer than 10% discussed any threshold. This means that about 90% of the developed CIs were theoretically sound but lacked the actionable thresholds necessary to be of practical use. Furthermore, for the few studies that set thresholds, the values were typically set arbitrarily or using inadequate statistical approaches. To address this important concern, this study first discusses the most commonly used approaches to setting up thresholds, as well as their inadequacies, and proposes the development of AHP/ANP CI thresholds using a mathematical approach based on the rate of change and center of gravity (RCCG) concepts. Using this approach, a virtual reference alternative, i.e., a threshold profile (TP) made up of the local thresholds of each indicator, is calculated. The key advantage of the proposed method is that it not only provides a non-arbitrary way to set up a CI threshold; more importantly, it is independent of the data and/or alternatives to be evaluated; that is, a threshold calculated with the proposed approach constitutes an absolute reference value, outside the dataset.

Upregulation of Amy1 in the salivary glands of mice exposed to a lunar gravity environment using the multiple artificial gravity research system.

Introduction: Space is a unique environment characterized by isolation from community life and exposure to circadian misalignment, microgravity, and space radiation. These multiple differences from those experienced on the earth may cause systemic and local tissue stress. Autonomic nerves, including sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, regulate functions in multiple organs. Saliva is secreted from the salivary gland, which is regulated by autonomic nerves, and plays several important roles in the oral cavity and digestive processes. The balance of the autonomic nervous system in the seromucous glands, such as the submandibular glands, precisely controls serous and mucous saliva. Psychological stress, radiation damage, and other triggers can cause an imbalance in salivary secretion systems. A previous study reported that amylase is a stress marker in behavioral medicine and space flight crews; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying amylase regulation in the space environment are still unknown. Methods: In this study, we aimed to elucidate how lunar gravity (1/6g) changes mRNA expression patterns in the salivary gland. Using a multiple artificial gravity research system during space flight in the International Space Station, we studied the effects of two different gravitational levels, lunar and Earth gravity, on the submandibular glands of mice. All mice survived, returned to Earth from space, and their submandibular glands were collected 2days after landing. Results: We found that lunar gravity induced the expression of the salivary amylase gene Amy1; however, no increase in Aqp5 and Ano1, which regulate water secretion, was observed. In addition, genes involved in the exocrine system, such as vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (Vamp8) and small G proteins, including Rap1 and Rab families, were upregulated under lunar gravity. Conclusion: These results imply that lunar gravity upregulates salivary amylase secretion via Rap/Rab signaling and exocytosis via Vamp8. Our study highlights Amy1 as a potential candidate marker for stress regulation in salivary glands in the lunar gravity environment.

Is sleep affected after microgravity and hypergravity exposure? A pilot study.

Sleep is known to be affected in space travel and in residents of the international space station. But little is known about the direct effects of gravity changes on sleep, if other factors, such as sleep conditions, are kept constant. Here, as a first exploration, we investigated sleep before and after exposure to short bouts of microgravity and hypergravity during parabolic flights. Sleep was measured through actigraphy and self-report questionnaires in 20 healthy men and women before and after parabolic flight. Higher sleep fragmentation and more awakenings were found in the night after the flight as compared with the night before, which was discrepant from participants' reports showing better and longer sleep after the parabolic flight. Variable levels of experience with parabolic flights did not affect the results, nor did levels of scopolamine, a medication typically taken against motion sickness. Pre-existing sleep problems were related to sleep fragmentation and wake after sleep onset by a quadratic function such that participants with more sleep problems showed lower levels of sleep fragmentation and nighttime awakenings than those with few sleep problems. These novel findings, though preliminary, have important implications for future research, directed at prevention and treatment of sleep problems and their daytime consequences in situations of altered gravity, and possibly in the context of other daytime vestibular challenges as well.

Evaluation of body shape as a human body composition assessment in isolated conditions and remote environments

Individuals in isolated and extreme environments can experience debilitating side-effects including significant decreases in fat-free mass (FFM) from disuse and inadequate nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the strengths and weaknesses of three-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging for monitoring body composition in either simulated or actual remote environments. Thirty healthy adults (ASTRO, male = 15) and twenty-two Antarctic Expeditioners (ABCS, male = 18) were assessed for body composition. ASTRO participants completed duplicate 3DO scans while standing and inverted by gravity boots plus a single dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. The inverted scans were an analog for fluid redistribution from gravity changes. An existing body composition model was used to estimate fat mass (FM) and FFM from 3DO meshes. 3DO body composition estimates were compared to DXA with linear regression and reported with the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). ABCS participants received only duplicate 3DO scans on a monthly basis. Standing ASTRO meshes achieved an R2 of 0.76 and 0.97 with an RMSE of 2.62 and 2.04 kg for FM and FFM, while inverted meshes achieved an R2 of 0.52 and 0.93 with an RMSE of 2.84 and 3.23 kg for FM and FFM, respectively, compared to DXA. For the ABCS arm, mean weight, FM, and FFM changes were −0.47, 0.06, and −0.54 kg, respectively. Simulated fluid redistribution decreased the accuracy of estimated body composition values from 3DO scans. However, FFM stayed robust. 3DO imaging showed good absolute accuracy for body composition assessment in isolated and remote environments.

A conversion of the geoid to the quasigeoid at the Hong Kong territories

A levelling network was readjusted and a new geoid model compiled within the framework of geodetic vertical datum modernization at the Hong Kong territories. To accomplish all project objectives, the quasigeoid model has to be determined too. A quasigeoid model can be obtained from existing geoid model by applying the geoid-to-quasigeoid separation. The geoid-to-quasigeoid separation was traditionally computed as a function of the simple planar Bouguer gravity anomaly, while disregarding terrain geometry, topographic density variations, and vertical gravity changes due to mass density heterogeneities below the geoid surface. We applied this approximate method because orthometric heights of levelling benchmarks in Hong Kong were determined only approximately according to Helmert’s theory of orthometric heights. Considering a further improvement of the accuracy of orthometric heights by applying advanced numerical procedures, we determined the geoid-to-quasigeoid separation by applying an accurate method. The comparison of the accurately and approximately computed values of the geoid-to-quasigeoid separation revealed significant differences between them. The approximate values are all negative and reach -2.8 cm, whereas values from the accurate method vary between -4.1 and + 0.2 cm. In addition, we assessed the effect of anomalous topographic density on the geoid-to-quasigeoid separation by employing a newly developed digital rock density model. According to our estimates the effect of anomalous topographic density reaches a maximum value of 1.6 cm, reflecting a predominant presence of light volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits at the Hong Kong territories. Our numerical findings indicate that the conversion between geoid and quasigeoid models should be done accurately, even in regions with a moderately elevated topography.

Independent component analysis and finite element modelling of the 2004–2005 ground deformation in Tenerife (Canary Islands)

Historic volcanic activity in Tenerife was concentrated within two of the island’s three dorsals and on the Teide-Pico Viejo complex located inside Las Cañadas caldera. Eruptions on the island are primarily characterised by basaltic and trachybasaltic fissural eruptions. However, the Teide-Pico Viejo complex also hosted explosive and effusive phonolitic eruptions. Our study focused on the analysis of the 2004–2005 unrest in Tenerife, which was characterised by an onset of a ground deformation pattern, heightened on-land seismic activity, changes in the chemical composition of fumaroles of the Teide composite volcano, an increase in diffusive emissions of carbon dioxide along the NW rift, and, significant gravity changes. We used the Envisat-ASAR satellite images from 2003 to 2010 to generate the Line-Of-Sight SBAS-DInSAR deformation time series to investigate the source responsible for ground deformation. We applied the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to separate distinct ground deformation patterns. Specifically, we selected four components for the Independent Component Analysis decomposition: the first one mainly affects the stratovolcano’s summit region of Teide and shows a circular symmetry; the second and third components are possibly related to the topography and atmospheric artifacts, while the fourth contains only a noisy signal. We employed a non-linear optimisation approach in a Finite Element modelling environment to determine the source geometry responsible for the first identified ICA pattern of ground deformation within Las Cañadas. Our results revealed the existence of an ellipsoidal ground deformation source oriented along the E-W axis, located beneath the Teide and Montaña Blanca volcanoes at 1,600 m a.s.l. This source became active during the seismic crisis of 2004–2005, which was associated with the degassing of a magma batch that intruded into the northwest rift of Tenerife island. We propose that the ground deformation observed at Teide volcano during the 2004–2005 crisis was related to hydrothermal activity within the volcano.

Receptors Implicated in Microgravity-Induced Bone Loss

For humans to explore and colonize the universe, both engineering and physiological obstacles must be successfully addressed. A major physiological problem is that humans lose bone rapidly in microgravity. Understanding the underlying mechanisms for this bone loss is crucial for designing strategies to ameliorate these effects. Because bone physiology is entangled with other organ systems, and bone loss is a component of human adaptation to microgravity, strategies to reduce bone loss must also account for potential effects on other systems. Here, we consider the receptors involved in normal bone remodeling and how this regulation is altered in low-gravity environments. We examine how single cells, tissues and organs, and humans as a whole are affected by low gravity, and the role of receptors that have been implicated in responses leading to bone loss. These include receptors linking cells to the extracellular matrix and to each other, alterations in the extracellular matrix associated with changes in gravity, and changes in fluid distribution and fluid behavior due to lack of gravity that may have effects on receptor-based signaling shared by bone and other regulatory systems. Inflammatory responses associated with the environment in space, which include microgravity and radiation, can also potentially trigger bone loss.

Mass–Radius Relationships and Contraction of Condensed Planets by Cooling or Despinning

Condensed planets contract or expand as their temperature changes. With the exception of the effect of phase changes, this phenomenon is generally interpreted as being solely related to the thermal expansivity of the planet’s components. However, changes in density affect pressure and gravity and, consequently, the planet’s compressibility. A planet’s radius is also linked to its rate of rotation. Here again, changes in pressure, gravity, and compressibility are coupled. In this article we clarify how the radius of a condensed planet changes with temperature and rotation, using a simple and rigorous thermodynamic model. We consider condensed materials to obey a simple equation of state which generalizes a polytopic EoS as temperature varies. Using this equation, we build simple models of condensed planet’s interiors including exoplanets, derive their mass–radius relationships, and study the dependence of their radius on temperature and rotation rate. We show that it depends crucially on the value of ρ s gR/K s (ρ s being surface density, g gravity, R radius, K s surface incompressibility). This nondimensional number is also the ratio of the dissipation number which appears in compressible convection and the Gruneïsen mineralogic parameter. While the radius of small planets depends on temperature, this is not the case for large planets with large dissipation numbers; Earth and a super-Earth like CoRoT-7b are in something of an intermediate state, with a moderately temperature-dependent radius. Similarly, while the radius of these two planets is a function of their rotation rates, this is not the case for smaller or larger planets.