Change In Venezuela Research Articles

Mapping Projected Variations of Temperature and Precipitation Due to Climate Change in Venezuela

The impacts of climate change will not be homogeneous in all countries or between regions within each country. Mapping projected changes in temperature and precipitation is crucial for formulating region-specific agricultural adaptation measures. The spatial variation of projected changes in temperature and annual precipitation for 1970–2000 and 2041–2060 in Venezuela was analyzed using the WorldClim 2.1 data. Both variables have been analyzed in fourteen physiographic regions that differ in climate, geology, geomorphology, soils, and land use. The results reveal that western regions experience higher temperature increases, while the regions located in the east and center of the country are projected to experience greater decreases in rainfall. Likewise, temperature and precipitation will increase from north to south. Thus, there are differences in how different regions will be affected by variations in temperature and annual precipitation associated with climate change. It is concluded that physiographic regions can be used as large spatial units to plan future land use and design agricultural adaptation measures to climate change at the national scale.

The Evolution of Religious Change in Venezuela: Exploring Religious Affiliation and Political Attitudes from 1998 to 2017

The Evolution of Religious Change in Venezuela: Exploring Religious Affiliation and Political Attitudes from 1998 to 2017

Endogenous hybridity: regime change in Venezuela (1998–2020)

ABSTRACT The political movement led by President Hugo Chávez Frías (1998–2013) and his successor, President Nicolás Maduro (2013–present), created an authoritarian regime in Venezuela. We explore two alternative interpretations. The first is that the regime underwent a series of incremental transitions along an initially democratic but progressively more authoritarian trajectory, largely as a result of pressures from its environment. The alternative interpretation is that authoritarianism was inherent in the regime’s origin and composition and emerged endogenously, albeit gradually. Using a theoretical framework that builds on the work of Robert Dahl, Guillermo O’Donnell, Juan Linz, and Alfred Stepan, we develop indicators of democracy and authoritarianism and trace the evolution of the regime through three periods. We conclude that endogenous and exogenous forces interacted and were mutually reinforcing across these periods, repeatedly foreclosing possibilities for democratization, but authoritarian tendencies were present from the start and reflected in critical political decisions by regime actors involving the design of new institutions.

WITHIN THE SCOPE OF EXTERNAL INTERVENTION THE U.S.-VENEZUELA RELATIONS

Venezuela, 1998’de Hugo Chávez’in iktidara gelişi ile birlikte köklü bir dönüşüm geçirmeye başlamıştır. Chávez tarafından Bolivarcı Devrim olarak adlandırılan bu köklü dönüşüm ülkede siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan pek çok değişimin yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu durumun, Venezuela’nın dış politikasına da yansımaları olmuştur. Chávez döneminde uygulanmaya başlanan çok taraflı dış politika vizyonu, anti-emperyalist/anti ABD duruşu ve neoliberal politikalara karşı yapılan hamleler Maduro döneminde de uygulanmaya ve sürdürülmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu gelişmeler sonrasında Venezuela’da yaşanan değişim sonucunda ortaya çıkan durum ABD’yi pek çok alanda olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle ABD, Venezuela’daki ekonomik çıkarlarını korumak, bölgede ABD karşıtı bir eğilimin yaygınlık kazanmasını önlemek ve Latin Amerika’daki hegemonyasını koruyabilmek için birtakım politikalar geliştirme ihtiyacı duymuş ve uygulamaya koymuştur. Böylece ABD ve Venezuela arasındaki ilişkiler zaman içerisinde oldukça gerginleşmiştir. Venezuela dış politikada müttefiklik ilişkileri, ülke içinde uygulanan siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik program ve politikalarla ABD açısından olumsuz olarak değerlendirilecek eylem ve uygulamalar gerçekleştirmiştir. Buna karşın ABD ise çeşitli müdahale araçlarını kullanarak Venezuela’ya müdahale etmiş ve etmeye devam etmektedir. Bu açıdan müdahale ve dış müdahale olguları bu iki ülkenin ilişkileri açısından gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu nedenle Venezuela ve ABD arasında yaşanan gelişmeler çalışmada dış müdahale olgusu kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir.

Continuity and change in Venezuela’s Bolivarian Revolution

The aims and outcomes of the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela are fiercely contested. A sympathetic view sees the possibility of Left revolutionary transformation as destabilised by aggressive US and domestic opposition actions. Detractors trace an authoritarian path from President Hugo Chávez’s election in 1998 to an inevitable socialist implosion under his successor Nicolás Maduro two decades later. This article emphasises continuities between the Bolivarian Fifth Republic and the Fourth Republic that the Revolution displaced. These account for the limitations of the transformative process. Historical institutionalism explains the reproduction of rentier practices and centralised state management and political organisation, culminating in cascading crisis across regime types.

Oroszország és a venezuelai válság

The economic and political crisis in Venezuela have become a key risk factor for Russia. On 23 January 2019 Juan Guaido, President of the National Assembly has declared himself interim resident and the United States unilaterally recognized this. According to the dominant Russian narrative of the events, the United States tries to unilaterally and forcefully remove the legitimately elected leader of a sovereign country. Hence, it is very likely that Russia will condemn the U.S. on all possible for it, and will try to slow down, or prevent Maduro’s loss of power. Nevertheless, Russia apparently started to play on the possibility of a regime change in Venezuela. In the short run, Moscow strives for managing the transition process, while hoping that at least parts of its earlier influence can be preserved. In the long run, one may expect that Russia will use the unilateral intervention of the West in Venezuela as a reference point, in order to legitimise its own steps that violated the international order or will do so in the future. From this perspective, the importance of the changes in Venezuela way exceeds Latin America, and points towards the further weakening of the institutional guarantees, on which the international system has been based.

The scientists of the IVIC in the evolution of science and technology policy during the Chávez administration in Venezuela

ABSTRACTHugo Chávez’s assumption of the presidency in late 1999 brought about major institutional change in Venezuela, and in its science and technology. Some authors speak of a breakage of the scientific community’s “social contract” with the state through the inroads of a new political bias or politicization, and of a replacement of decision-making among the scientific community traditionally responsible for the direction of science and technology policy (STP) – in which the scientific community of the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC) had been a historically influential, not to say dominant, actor – by other actors of Venezuelan society. This study aims to elucidate the changes occurring in the Chávez administration’s STP and, especially, in the role played by one of its actors – the scientific community of the IVIC – while identifying the political actions of the key actors responsible for that policy and highlighting the power they wielded, gained, or lost over its development.

EL DISCURSO POLÍTICO EN LA VENEZUELA DE HUGO CHÁVEZ: DE LA REFORMA CONSTITUCIONAL A LA ENMIENDA (2007-2009)

In this paper, is raised from the approaches of political theory and discourse analysis, the construction of political discourse on constitutional reform proposed by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez in January 2007, and that meant a generation of political debate on the implications and impact which Venezuelan society could have. Identified the political protagonists and antagonists involved, their plots and expository speeches that explains his position to accept or reject the proposed reform. It concludes by stating that the result was the product of a culture shock on the perceptions of political change in Venezuela.

Social and Political Diversity and the Democratic Road to Change in Venezuela

The political movement led by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez is subject to internal contradictions that play themselves out on various fronts. Members of three major social groups—the organized working class, the middle sectors, and the traditionally unincorporated sectors—identify with different lines of thinking and defend different interests. Chavismo’s internal political currents correspond to distinct leftist traditions. One adheres to the Marxist view of the organized working class as the main vanguard, another focuses on economic objectives, and a third stresses revolutionary values. Three important areas of struggle in the recent past have impacted these internal currents: expropriations, factional strife in the Chavista labor movement, and the community councils. The expropriations, far from obeying preconceived ideological notions corresponding to one of the three currents, were a response to the challenges posed by the private sector linked to the opposition. The gradual and peaceful path to ...

Points of departure for a constructive critique of the Bolivarian Revolution

From what Left position, both intellectually and politically, does one formulate a critique of the Chavez-led Bolivarian Revolution without aligning with a right-wing opposition? For starters, we need reliable evidence of the achievements, problems, and mistakes of the Bolivarian project. At the same time, any engagement with social change in Venezuela necessitates attention to one’s positionality as well as scholarly and activist categories of analysis and practice.

Does the process of change in Venezuela resemble a “Permanent Revolution”?

The ongoing radicalization over an extended period under the presidency of Hugo Chavez contrasts with revolutions elsewhere. The Chavez government has passed through increasingly radical stages beginning with moderate policies in 1999–2000, and leading to widespread expropriations after 2007. Political victories initiated each new stage. The escalations from one stage to the next helped identify “enemies” of the process of change. Government victories and radicalization infused rank-and-file Chavistas with a sense of optimism. The Venezuelan process recalls the concept of permanent revolution espoused by Leon Trotsky, but there are areas of divergence: First, in contrast to the Venezuelan case, Trotsky insisted that the working class and its vanguard party play the lead role untied to their class enemies. Second, Chavez throughout his 12 years of rule has occasionally accepted compromise arrangements with the adversaries of change.

The Politics of Institutional Change in Venezuela: Oil Policy During the Presidency of Hugo Chávez

This article explains institutional change in Venezuela's state-owned oil company, PDVSA, and Venezuelan oil policy since the election of Hugo Chávez in December 1998, with a focus on the general strike of 2002 and 2003. Drawing on institutionalist theory and interviews with Venezuelan policymakers, we argue that although PDVSA's organizational culture represented a powerful obstacle to reform, a growing contradiction between widely held societal beliefs and PDVSA's culture created a legitimacy problem that Chávez exploited to undermine the traditional power of the organization. The article will show how this legitimacy issue meshed with class politics to bring about comprehensive institutional change in Venezuelan oil policy. It draws on 21 semi-structured interviews conducted in late 2006 with actors who were directly involved in the management of PDVSA and the development of Venezuelan oil Policy over the last 40 years.

Ideology, Institutions and Ideas: Explaining Political Change in Venezuela

This article scrutinises the links between patterns and modes of political participation and the emergence of Bolivarianism in Venezuela in the early 1990s. I study how Bolivarianism triumphed over competing projects in a period characterised by widespread unrest and its relationship to the Punto‐Fijo institutional structure it overthrew. I argue that the ideas of Bolivarianism are derived from contradictions inherent to the existing institutions, and can only be understood in relation to the values and practices embedded in them, which Bolivarianism aimed to replace.

Explaining the Rise of Class Politics in Venezuela

The sudden rise to power of leftist former coup leader Hugo Chávez and the subsequent politicisation of social class raises a number of interesting questions about the sources of class politics and political change in Venezuela. Using nationally representative survey data over time, this article considers different explanations for the rise of class politics. It argues that explanations for the politicisation of class can best be understood in terms of ‘top-down’ approaches that emphasise the role of political agency in reshaping and re-crafting political identities, rather than more ‘bottom-up’ factors that emphasise the demands that originate within the electorate. The economic crises during the 1990s undermined support for the existing parties, but it did not create a politically salient class-based response. Rather, it created the electoral space that facilitated new actors to enter the political stage and articulate new issue dimensions.

Dialogue and confrontation in Venezuelan political interaction

This paper focuses on political change in Venezuela from a critical discourse analysis perspective that emphasizes the roles of the participants in the interaction to show how, with their actions, they are affected and affect others. An interactional approach based on Firth’s categories of context (Firth, 1951) and conversational analysis is used (Bolívar, 1986, 1994a, 1994b). The interaction is studied at a global level first in order to identify the actors responsible for political change in the social dynamics, and then particular events are examined in more detail. The aim is to describe how, in ongoing interaction, the political dialogue after 1998 moved from a formal democratic one to a violent confrontation between two major groups. The article focuses on political events before and after April 11th 2002, which marked a turning point in Venezuelan history. The corpus includes national newspapers, presidential speeches, the program Aló Presidente, slogans, graffiti, and insults recalled by women and men. The results show how verbal aggression and physical violence affect and weaken democratic dialogue and, consequently, the possibility of cooperation and understanding. The discussion highlights the need to strengthen critical language awareness in order to promote peace language rather than hate language.

Venezuela: mudanças políticas na era Chávez

A VENEZUELA da época democrática, que se inicia em 1958, tem na emergência política de Hugo Chávez seu marco divisor do cenário político: pode-se, desta forma, apontar uma Venezuela democrática pré e pós-Chávez. Este ensaio analisa, pois, os fatores da mudança político-institucional venezuelana em quatro momentos: durante o auge e a queda do Pacto de Punto Fijo; o início do fenômeno chavista e suas características; a polarização social e política na Venezuela de Chávez; e, por fim, a Venezuela pós-referendo presidencial.

Regime Change In Venezuela?

"Regime Change In Venezuela?." NACLA Report on the Americas, 37(6), p. 6 Additional informationNotes on contributorsGl GlBased on the work of the Center for Reflection, Education and Action (CREA), http://www.crea-inc.org, a faith-based social economic research, education and action center in Hartford, Connecticut

Regime Change In Venezuela?

Regime Change In Venezuela?

Women's Coalitions as a Strategy at the Intersection of Economic and Political Change in Venezuela

This essay presents an overview of women's coalitions during economic and political crises. Evidence suggests that success can be explained by opportunities opened by crises, international funding and agendas, and threats to previously won rights. The paper considers the decline of women's organizing in the late 1980s and early 1990s; the shift from civil society initiatives to greater involvement by politicians and femocrats; the emergence of short-term, more focused coalitions; and a rhetoric that became more clearly feminist throughout the 1990s and into the new millennium.

The Cha´vez phenomenon: Political change in Venezuela

This article focuses on the advent and governing style of, and issues facing colonel-turned politician Hugo Cha´vez since he became president of Venezuela in 1998 with 58% of the vote. The article begins with a brief account of the nature of the country's political environment that emerged in 1958, following the demise of the Perez Jimenez dictatorship. Aided by phenomenal increases in oil prices, Venezuela's political elites reached a pact that governed the country for nearly four decades. Huge increases in education, health and other social services constituted the hallmark of Venezuela's 'subsidised democracy'. Pervasive corruption, a decrease in oil revenues and two abortive coups in 1992 challenged the foundations of subsidised democracy. The election of Cha´vez in 1998 sealed the fate of the 1958 pact. Cha´vez's charisma, anti-colonial/Bolivarist rhetoric, and increasing levels of poverty form the basis of his support among the poor and dissatisfied middle classes. The articles then turns its attention to Cha´vez's governing style and the problems he faces as he labours to turn around the country's stagnant economy. Populist initiatives aimed at wealth redistribution, land reform and a more multidimensional and Third World-orientated foreign policy form the main tenets of the Cha´vez regime. These, coupled with anti-business rhetoric, over-dependence on oil revenues and opposition from Venezuela's political and economic elites, have polarised the country and threaten its political stability. The brief overthrow of Cha´vez in April 2002, ongoing daily demonstrations, and divisions within the army and society have brought the country to the brink of civil war.