Changes In Sex Composition Research Articles

The college wage premium in the UK: decline and fall?

Abstract We exploit two longitudinal cohort studies for birth cohorts of 1970 and 1990 to assess the change in the UK college wage premium (CWP) for those aged 25–26 years. After controlling for a rich set of covariates, we find evidence of a decline in the average CWP from 18 per cent to 8 per cent. The extent of the fall is common to men and women; hence, it is not driven by changes in sex composition over this time period. Our results contrast with previous findings of relative stability in the CWP over time. In a complementary analysis, we exploit Labour Force Survey (LFS) data from 1995 to 2019 to explore the timing of the fall in the CWP and to assess whether the decline is specific to particular birth cohorts or age ranges of workers.

Gender Disparity in the Population of India: A Statistical View

The population of India at 0:00 hour of 1st March 2001 stood 1027015247 comprising 531277078 males and 495738169 females. As widely believed and expected India became the second country in the world after China to cross officially one billionth mark. Changes in sex composition largely reflect the underlying socio-economic and cultural pattern of a society in different ways. The sex ratio of Indian population has always been a topical interest for the demographers social scientists women’s groups research scholars and various planners and policy makers. This paper is an attempt to study the ratio percentage of female population in India over the male population. This study also focus on some related indicators and parameters because of which it reflects. It also pin-out the change in world sex ratio

An examination of pharmacists’ labor supply and wages

Background For the last decade, there has been a shortage of pharmacists for most of the United States. This shortage is in part because of demand-side phenomena (eg, increasing prescription drug use, increases in the complexity of drug regimens, and an aging population). However, there also may be supply-side causes. Although the number of pharmacy school graduates has increased, most graduates are women, many of whom may choose to work part-time. Because of the change in sex composition of the workforce, some researchers conclude that pharmacist shortages will be even more critical in the future. Objectives The goals of this article are to model pharmacists’ decisions to work, estimate pharmacists’ wages, and identify influences on the number of hours worked by pharmacists in the United States. Methods Pharmacist labor supply is examined using a static, 3-step, empirical labor supply model that estimates the decision to work, hourly wages, and number of hours worked for U.S. pharmacists. Results Pharmacists have high starting wages but flat wage trajectories. Although many pharmacists are working part-time, this is true for women and men. Income effects do not dominate substitution effects, even at the high level of compensation found here. Conclusions Results indicate that previous predictions brought about by the changing sex composition of the pharmacist labor force might not come to pass, and additional pharmacists may be attracted to the profession by higher wages and flexible schedules.

Continuing Progress? Trends in Occupational Segregation in the United States over the 1970s and 1980s

This study uses comparable data on 470 detailed occupations from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 Censuses to analyze trends in occupational segregation in the United States in the 1980s and compare them in detail to the 1970s experience of declining segregation. We find that the trend towards reduced segregation did indeed continue into the 1980s at only a slightly slower pace. In both decades, changes in sex composition within occupations accounted for the major share of the decline in segregation (compared to changes in the mix of occupations in the economy). We also find that the pattern of changes in the sex composition of occupations and in the employment distribution of workers that produced the observed reductions in segregation were remarkably similar in each of these two periods. This similarity potentially poses some problems for the future. As women continue to enter the same areas, resegregation, which we found to have relatively moderate effects in the 1970s and 1980s, becomes an increasing possibility. Continued progress towards reducing occupational segregation requires that women succeed in entering a broader range of traditionally male occupations and/or a greater flow of men into traditionally female occupations.

Measuring Change in Sex Composition

The present paper deals with changes over time in the sex composition of a given population. Such changes are generated by the components of population change: natality, mortality, immigration and emigration. The objective of this paper is to propose a model which provides a quantitative statement concerning the effect of each such component on the change in the sex composition of the population. It is shown that the model is applicable to the measurement of sex composition by either the masculinity proportion of the sex ratio. To demonstrate the application of the proposed model, an example based on Canadian data is given.