Changes In Relative Humidity Research Articles

Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode on Planetary Boundary Layer Ozone in China

AbstractThe Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode exerts distinct impacts on the climate in China and can further affect tropospheric ozone. Using long‐term GEOS‐Chem simulations, we found distinct changes in planetary boundary layer ozone throughout China during positive and negative phases of IOD. In summer, ozone shows synchronized increases except in southern China during positive IOD; the ozone increases are dominated by chemical production and transport in northern and western China, respectively. The increased precursor from biogenic emissions contributed to ozone chemical formation in the northern region, and the increased precipitation and decreased solar radiation hindered ozone production in southern China. Ozone changes show good symmetry over most regions during negative IOD. In autumn, the ozone reduction in southern China shares the same reason as summer, while the chemical increase over northern China is affected more by changes in solar radiation and relative humidity than in the precursor emission.

Size-Dependent Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol Bounce Fractions and Estimated Viscosity: The Role of Divalent Cation Enrichment, Surface Tension, and the Kelvin Effect.

Viscosity, or the "thickness," of aerosols plays a key role in atmospheric processes like ice formation, water absorption, and heterogeneous kinetics. However, the viscosity of sea spray aerosols (SSA) has not been widely studied. This research explored the relationship between particle size and viscosity of authentic SSA particles through particle bounce, atomic force microscopy analysis, and predictive viscosity modeling from molecular composition. The study found that 40 nm SSA particles had estimated viscosities around 104 Pa·s and bounce fractions three times higher than 100 and 200 nm particles with less than 102 Pa·s at a relative humidity (RH) of 60%. Additional studies revealed the Kelvin effect and particle density, influenced by particle size, have a greater impact on size-dependent bounce fractions than changes in RH across impactor stages. While changes in the level of surfactants can impact particle bounce, the increased viscosity in smaller SSA is attributed to the formation of gel-like phase states caused by cation-organic cross-links between divalent calcium ions and organic anions enriched in the smaller particles. This work shows the smallest gel-like SSA particles observed in the field are highly viscous, which has implications for cloud formation, secondary aerosol growth, and pollutant transport in coastal environments.

Multiwavelength Raman lidar system for profiling the CCN number concentrations

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) play an important role in the research of cloud microphysical and aerosol–cloud interactions. This study employs a multiwavelength Raman lidar for measuring CCN concentration. First, the multiwavelength Raman lidar was used to measure the atmospheric relative humidity profile, and the combination of relative humidity and the aerosol backscattering coefficient was used to retrieve the hygroscopic growth factor. By fitting the hygroscopic growth factor using the κkappa parameter model, the hygroscopic parameter κkappa that characterizes the hygroscopicity of aerosols was obtained. Then, the critical activation radius of aerosols was derived using the κ–Köhler theory and hygroscopicity parameter κkappa. Finally, the CCN number concentration was obtained by combining with the aerosol particle size distribution. Experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility of the multiwavelength Raman lidar. Results showed that the effective detection range of the lidar is approximately 0–4 km. The error of the temperature measured by the lidar at the height of 0.3–3.8 km is approximately ±1K. When the relative humidity change is 0.77–0.87, the range of the hygroscopic growth factor change is 1.06–1.10, the hygroscopic parameter γ is 0.065, and the hygroscopic parameter κkappa is 0.009. The CCN numbers concentration decreases with height but increases closer to the cloud. The multiwavelength Raman lidar is an important tool for detection of cloud microphysical and aerosol–cloud interactions and could have scientific importance and research value, both for improved understanding of the formation of clouds and precipitation and for enhanced accuracy of weather modification.

Experimental investigation on the application of cold-mist direct evaporative cooling in data centers

The rapid development of the internet era has driven the construction of numerous data centers worldwide. In hot climate, data centers consume significant energy for cooling. Cold-mist direct evaporative cooling offers a natural cooling solution that can help reduce this energy consumption. This study investigates the temperature and relative humidity changes of natural high-temperature air after being cooled using a cold-mist direct evaporative cooling test bench. The effects of several control factors such as spray angle, spray flow rate, and air speed on the cold-mist direct evaporative cooling performance was systematically examined. The findings revealed that: (1) the optimal spray angle for cold-mist direct evaporative cooling treatment air is 65°; (2) high-temperature air between 27 °C and 37 °C can be cooled to 23.57 °C – 25.58 °C after cold-mist direct evaporative cooling treatment, with relative humidity levels of 67.0 % – 78.8 %, meeting the air supply requirements for data centers; (3) the proposed approach could reduce the data center energy consumption by 14 % – 41 %, while extending the annual natural cooling period by 3.16 % – 20.45 %.

Drought-Induced Alterations in Carbon and Water Dynamics of Chinese Fir Plantations at the Trunk Wood Stage.

Over the past three decades, China has implemented extensive reforestation programs, primarily utilizing Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) in southern China, to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and counter extreme climate events. However, the effects of drought on the carbon sequestration capacity of these forests, particularly during the trunk wood stage, remain unclear. This study, conducted in Huitong, Hunan, China, from 2008 to 2013, employed the eddy covariance method to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) and water fluxes in Chinese fir forests, covering a severe drought year in 2011. The purpose was to elucidate the dynamics of carbon and water fluxes during a drought year and across multi-normal year averages. The results showed that changes in soil water content (-8.00%), precipitation (-18.45%), and relative humidity (-5.10%), decreases in air temperature (-0.09 °C) and soil temperature (-0.79 °C), and increases in vapor pressure deficit (19.18%) and net radiation (8.39%) were found in the drought year compared to the normal years. These changes in environmental factors led to considerable decreases in net ecosystem exchange (-40.00%), ecosystem respiration (-13.09%), and gross ecosystem productivity (-18.52%), evapotranspiration (-12.50%), and water use efficiency (-5.83%) in the studied forests in the drought year. In this study, the occurrence of seasonal drought due to uneven precipitation distribution led to a decrease in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and evapotranspiration (ET). However, the impact of drought on GEP was greater than its effect on ET, resulting in a reduced water use efficiency (WUE). This study emphasized the crucial role of water availability in determining forest productivity and suggested the need for adjusting vegetation management strategies under severe drought conditions. Our results contributed to improving management practices for Chinese fir plantations in response to changing climate conditions.

Mechanisms underlying drying shrinkage in ASM-based geopolymer: Capillary tensile stress and its prediction method

A pivotal limitation in the widespread adoption of geopolymer stems from their notable and substantial drying shrinkage properties, which significantly constrain their potential applications. The complex reaction processes and amorphous gel structures make it difficult to quantitatively calculate the drying shrinkage rate. In this study, alkali-activated slag-metakaolin-based geopolymer was used to develop a method for predicting drying shrinkage. By analyzing the internal relative humidity changes, contact angles on the structure surface at different ratios, and the surface tension of pore solutions, the capillary tensile stress within the structure was calculated. This analysis was combined with measurements of drying shrinkage, elastic modulus, and porosity to establish a predictive method for the drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag-metakaolin-based geopolymer. The results indicated that as the system's relative humidity decreased, the surface tension of the pore solution increased, the interface contact angle reduced, and the capillary tensile stress, as calculated using the Young-Laplace equation, increased. These changes intensified the microstructural shrinkage and, consequently, increased the geopolymer's overall shrinkage rate. At the same time, the larger the porosity of the geopolymer system, the smaller the elastic modulus, the larger the dry shrinkage rate of the geopolymer. At a porosity of 29.0 %, an elastic modulus of 1.83 GPa, and a capillary tensile stress of 3.6 MPa, the dry shrinkage of the geopolymer is only 0.899 %. By adjusting the porosity and elastic modulus to 38.3 % and 1.60 GPa, respectively, and increasing the capillary tensile stress to 10.84 MPa, the dry shrinkage of the geopolymer reaches a maximum of 1.942 %. The prediction method for geopolymer drying shrinkage, established based on these factors, has a correlation coefficient of 0.97, effectively predicting the trend of geopolymer drying shrinkage rate characteristics. The current study provides a theoretical basis for methods to reduce shrinkage in geopolymers and their application in engineering.

Epidemiological Study of Downy Mildew Disease of Opium Poppy

The downy mildew caused by Peronosporaspp is a major disastrous disease of many plant species. The symptoms of downy mildew disease incidence on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) were collected in three years from 2019-20 to 2021-22 for prediction of weather parameters on the progression of downy mildew disease. The downy mildew disease initiation was recorded in the 52nd SMW (10.0%DMI) when the maximum temperature was 19.430C. At 3rd SMW, the maximum temperature dropped 17.330C and DMI reached up to 20.00 percent depicting the progression and spread of downy mildew disease in opium poppy with the decrease of maximum temperature. The maximum disease incidence was recorded 92.53 percent in 10th SMW when maximum and minimum temperature were 29.030C and 13.530C. Regression analysis between dependent variable downy mildew disease incidence Vs. independent variables (viz., rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity) showed that all the weather parameters contributed more than 85 percent variation (R2 = 0.869, 0.957, 0.859) in the downy mildew incidence of opium poppy. One unit change of maximum temperature, minimum temperature (1.00c), maximum and minimum relative humidity (1.0%) might cause to change 0.128, 0.70, 0.117 0.130 units in downy mildew incidence, respectively.

Effect of relative humidity on passive spore release from substrate surfaces

Fungal spores are abundant in ambient air and exposure to this type of bioaerosols are found to cause significant health and climatic effects. In this study, we investigated the influence of air relative humidity (RH) on the passive release of spores from solid substrates. Preliminary investigations into the effect of RH on fungal spore release indicated an increase in spore flux with reduced air RH. The change in spore emission flux occurred very quickly in response to a change in ambient RH. To verify the hypothesis of extremely rapid drying under lower RH, experiments were conducted using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) to understand the timescales of spore moisture uptake and drying. The analysis of mass transfer of water to and from the spores indicated that the bulk of the transfer occurred within a minute of exposure to any RH. The effect of the ambient RH was explained using a mathematical model with the spotlight on the parameter, E, that represented the energy required to aerosolise one spore. This study demonstrates the application of QCM-D to study interaction between ambient aerosol particles and various vapor phase and gas phase environments. The study enhances the overall understanding and capability to characterise passive fungal spore release under varying humidity conditions in the natural environment.

Dynamics of extreme climatic variables for viticulture in the main zones of ampelocenosis of the Krasnodar region

Modern climate changes affect all branches of agriculture. Everywhere there is an increase in air temperature, changes in precipitation, an increase in extreme weather events. Since the productive lifespan of a grape plant is 30-40 years, it is necessary to assess climatic changes in order to create a variety adapted to changes. The purpose of the research is to assess changes in extreme heat supply and relative humidity in the main viticultural areas of the Krasnodar region. The average values of extreme heat supply and relative humidity variables of two climatological periods of 1961–1990 and 1991–2020, their changes over time and the course of variable’s anomalies of 1991–2020 compared with the average values of 1961–1990 are calculated. An increase in the absolute maximum air temperature by 0.2–1.6 °C for the period 1991–2020 was noted compared to the previous period, with the exception of Novorossiysk (decrease by 1.4 °C); an increase in the average absolute maximum air temperature by 1.5–2.5 °C, an increase in the number of days with a maximum air temperature above +35 °C by 1.0–2.3 days; a decrease in the average relative humidity of April–October by 0.7–2.7 % and an increase in the number of days with a minimum relative humidity of less than 30 % over the summer by 0.8–5.4 days. The variability of these variables over time for the period 1991–2020 is consistent with the change in the average. An increase in the absolute maximum was established (by 0.65–0.9 °C/10 years), the number of days with a maximum air temperature above +35 °C (by 0.8–1.1 days/10 years), the number of days with a minimum relative humidity of less than 30% over the summer (by 1.2–7.2 days/10 years); decrease in the average relative humidity of April–October (by 0.5–6.5 %/10 years). These changes indicate an increase in climate extremes and the frequency of unfavorable conditions for grapes in the summer, which requires an adjustment of the assortment.

Initial monitoring of a six-story lightweight timber frame building under different environmental conditions

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive investigation of the dynamic behavior of a six-story lightweight timber frame building through periodic and continuous ambient vibration tests. Seasonal changes in temperature and relative humidity can influence the dynamic response of timber buildings, by affecting stiffness, strength, and connection properties due to changes in moisture content. Systematic tests were performed from October 2022 until May 2024 to identify natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes of the building using five battery-driven data acquisition units equipped with 15 uni-axial accelerometers. Two different only-output frequency and time domain Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) methods were used to evaluate the dynamic properties of the building. Additionally, the building has been continuously monitored with temperature and humidity sensors since its construction. Results obtained from the periodic measurements highlighted the need for a permanent system to capture the transient changes in the modal parameters. A complementary permanent system to record the accelerations at the roof level was installed in May 2024. The modal parameters from in situ measurements were compared with those obtained from the Finite Element (FE) model of the structure. The FE model, calibrated through a multi-stage approach, incorporating non-structural elements, and varying imposed loads, showed good agreement with experimental data. Comparative analysis of the results obtained under different temperature and humidity conditions showed the effect of the environmental conditions on the building dynamics properties, for both periodic and permanent measurements. This study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and detailed FE modeling in understanding the dynamic properties and long-term structural behavior under varying conditions. This information can be used to ensure that the building meets safety and performance requirements and to identify potential issues that may need to be addressed during the design and maintenance phases.

Humidity Sensing Properties of Different Atomic Layers of Graphene on the SiO2/Si Substrate.

Graphene has great potential to be used for humidity sensing due to its ultrahigh surface area and conductivity. However, the impact of different atomic layers of graphene on the SiO2/Si substrate on humidity sensing has not been studied yet. In this paper, we fabricated three types of humidity sensors on the SiO2/Si substrate based on one to three atomic layers of graphene, in which the sensing areas of graphene are 75 μm × 72 μm and 45 μm × 72 μm, respectively. We studied the impact of both the number of atomic layers of graphene and the sensing areas of graphene on the responsivity and response/recovery time of the prepared graphene-based humidity sensors. We found that the relative resistance change of the prepared devices decreased with the increase of number of atomic layers of graphene under the same change of relative humidity. Further, devices based on tri-layer graphene showed the fastest response/recovery time, while devices based on double-layer graphene showed the slowest response/recovery time. Finally, we chose devices based on double-layer graphene that have relatively good responsivity and stability for application in respiration monitoring and contact-free finger monitoring.

Impact of future climate scenarios on thermal performance and resilience of building façades: Canadian climate case study

Buildings in urban areas are responsible for a significant share of GHG emissions that directly contribute to climate change. Nevertheless, the built environment is vulnerable to the changing climate. Particularly, the unpredictable weather threatens the performance of building components, durability of building materials, and indoor environmental comfort. In this study, the impact of future climate on thermal performance of building façades in the Canadian climate is investigated using simulation analysis. To account for different climate conditions, three future weather scenarios pertaining to global temperature rise of 0.5°C, 1.5°C, and 2.5°C were compared with historical weather data. Both hourly and Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data were studied. The results, including thermal transmittance, heat flux, moisture content, and façade temperature were compared. This comparison could show the applicability of using averaged TMY data compared to the large hourly dataset. The results show a pattern of change in the façade's thermal and hygrothermal performance as temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation norms change in both seasons. The comparison between the TMY and the Yearly data showed an underestimation of heat transfer within the façade when the TMY data is used. The historical TMY data results showed the inadequacy of this weather file for climate impact assessments of facades in both summer and winter. The approach used in this study can be repeated for different climate conditions, acting as a tool to design façades and predict their performance in face of a changing climate.

MODELING THE ENTRY OF AIR CONTAMINANTS INTO A ROOM

A mathematical model of air contaminant (products of human activity) inflow into the isolated air space has been developed. On the basis of the formula modified by us the simulation of human respiration with carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat emission is implemented. The model also takes into account the heat input from the human body through clothing. Applying numerical modelling ANSYS CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) on the basis of continuity equations and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations "RANS" (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) the following results on air medium state change in the isolated space were obtained: - the human respiratory cycle is modelled at simultaneous heat transfer from the body surface through clothes into the studied air space; - the exponential equation of the trend line of concentration to observation time was obtained; - monitoring and rendering (visualization) of changes in concentration, temperature and relative humidity in the space under study by time along the room height was performed. These results and regularities served as initial data for solving a number of model non-stationary problems on aerodynamics and heat and mass transfer in the room. The inverse problem of general exchange ventilation was to be solved. Changes in the state of the air environment initially contaminated with carbon dioxide, heat and water vapors were studied when people were in the studied space and the supply and exhaust ventilation was operating. Of the four air change schemes planned for the study, the results for one schemes are presented in this publication. The dynamics of assimilation of excess heat, humidity and carbon dioxide made it possible to assess the efficiency of ventilation systems and to predict improvements in their energy efficiency when air parameters are brought up to standard values.

Diagnostics of the heat and humidity condition of a wall insulated with mineral wool in the double ETICS system – case study

The work concerns the diagnostics of the thermal and humidity condition of the external wall of a real building, insulated with an additional layer of mineral wool in the ETICS system. Eight sensors were placed in four different sections of the envelope, located at the boundaries of its layers, to monitor changes in air temperature and relative humidity. The measurements were carried out from January 2024. The data obtained from the experimental tests were compared with the simulation calculations using the coupled two-component Künzel model. Discrepancies were found between experimental and computational data

The role of water mobility on water-responsive actuation of silk

Biological water-responsive materials that deform with changes in relative humidity have recently demonstrated record-high actuation energy densities, showing promise as high-performance actuators for various engineering applications. However, there is a lack of theories capable of explaining or predicting the stress generated during water-responsiveness. Here, we show that the nanoscale confinement of water dominates the macroscopic dehydration-induced stress of the regenerated silk fibroin. We modified silk fibroin’s secondary structure, which leads to various distributions of bulk-like mobile and tightly bound water populations. Interestingly, despite these structure variations, all silk samples start to exert force when the bound-to-mobile (B/M) ratio of confined water reaches the same level. This critical B/M water ratio suggests a common threshold above which the chemical potential of water instigates the actuation. Our findings serve as guidelines for predicting and engineering silk’s WR behavior and suggest the potential of describing the WR behavior of biopolymers through confined water.

A dynamic humidity arena to explore humidity-related behaviours in insects.

Humidity is a critical environmental factor influencing the behaviour of terrestrial organisms. Despite its significance, the neural mechanisms and behavioural algorithms governing humidity sensation remain poorly understood. Here, we introduce a dynamic humidity arena that measures the displacement and walking speed of insects responding to real-time changes in relative humidity (RH). This arena operates in a closed-loop mode, adjusting humidity based on the insect's position with 0.2% RH resolution, allowing the insect to choose its optimal humidity. It can also be set to maintain a specific RH, simulating an open-loop condition to observe insect behaviour at constant humidity levels. Using the dynamic humidity arena, we found that desiccated and starved Drosophila melanogaster search for a RH of around 65-70% at 23°C, whereas sated flies show no unique preference for any RH. If the desiccated and starved flies are rehydrated, their searching behaviour is abolished, suggesting that desiccation has a great impact on the measured response. In contrast, mutant flies with impaired humidity sensing, due to a non-functional ionotropic receptor (Ir)93a, show no preference for any RH level irrespective of being desiccated and starved or sated. These results demonstrate that the dynamic humidity arena is highly sensitive and precise in capturing the nuanced behaviours associated with hydration status and RH preference in D. melanogaster. The dynamic humidity arena is easily adaptable to insects of other sizes and offers a foundation for further research on the mechanisms of hygrosensation, opening new possibilities for understanding how organisms perceive and respond to humidity in their environment.

Impact of meteorological conditions on the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission rate from eastern Mediterranean vegetation under drought

Abstract. A comprehensive characterization of drought's impact on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions is essential for understanding atmospheric chemistry under global climate change, with implications for both air quality and climate model simulation. Currently, the effects of drought on BVOC emissions are not well characterized. Our study aims to test (i) whether instantaneous changes in meteorological conditions can serve as a better proxy for drought-related changes in BVOC emissions compared to the absolute values of the meteorological parameters, as indicated by previous BVOC mixing-ratio measurements and (ii) the impact of a plant under drought stress receiving a small amount of precipitation on BVOC emission rate, and on the manner in which the emission rate is influenced by meteorological parameters. To address these objectives, we conducted our study during the warm and dry summer conditions of the eastern Mediterranean region, focusing on the impact of drought on BVOC emissions from natural vegetation. Specifically, we conducted branch-enclosure sampling measurements in Ramat Hanadiv Nature Park, under natural drought and after irrigation (equivalent to 5.5–7 mm precipitation) for six selected branches of Phillyrea latifolia, the highest BVOC emitter in this park, in September–October 2020. The samplings were followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis for BVOC identification and flux quantification. The results corroborate the finding that instantaneous changes in meteorological parameters, particularly relative humidity (RH), offer the most accurate proxy for BVOC emission rates under drought compared to the absolute values of either temperature (T) or RH. However, after irrigation, the correlation of the detected BVOC emission rate with the instantaneous changes in RH became significantly more moderate or even reversed. Our findings highlight that under drought, the instantaneous changes in RH and to a lesser extent in T are the best proxy for the emission rate of monoterpenes (MTs) and sesquiterpenes (SQTs), whereas under moderate drought conditions, T or RH serves as the best proxy for MT and SQT emission rate, respectively. In addition, the detected emission rates of MTs and SQTs increased by 150 % and 545 %, respectively, after a small amount of irrigation.

A CuO/MoO3-based SO2 gas sensor with moisture resistance and ultra-fast response at 90°C

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a toxic and harmful decomposition product generated during arc discharge or partial discharge in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) electrical equipment, which can corrode internal pipelines. Detecting SO2 is crucial for assessing the insulation condition of equipment and preventing faults. To overcome the challenges faced by traditional SO2 gas sensors, including high operating temperatures, slow response times, and poor moisture resistance, this paper proposes a novel SO2 gas sensor based on CuO/MoO3. The morphology, composition, and chemical states of the materials were analyzed using different characterization techniques. At 90°C, the S2 sensor (CuO: MoO3=1: 1) exhibited a fast response time (10 s) to 10 ppm SO2 and demonstrated good moisture resistance (a 1 % change in relative humidity (RH) has the same effect on the sensor as 25.9 ppb SO2). The response of the S2 sensor to 100 ppm SO2 was 26.5. Additionally, the voltage sensitivity of the S2 sensor at low (1–10 ppm) and high (10–100 ppm) concentrations are 658.74 mV/ppm and 33.43 mV/ppm, respectively. Therefore, the S2 sensor is more suitable for low concentration conditions. These good sensing characteristics of the S2 sensor are owing to the high content of oxygen vacancies (39.2 %) and the heterojunction effect in the composite material. Additionally, this sensor exhibits excellent anti-interference capabilities, including moisture resistance and high selectivity. Therefore, the CuO/MoO3-based SO2 gas sensor can be effectively applied to detect the decomposition of SF6.

Water Vapor Adsorption-Desorption Hysteresis Due to Clustering of Water on Nonporous Surfaces.

Water vapor is continuously adsorbed onto and desorbed from all kinds of surfaces depending on changes in relative humidity. Adsorption-desorption hysteresis of water that occurs on various nonporous surfaces and extends down to low relative humidities has been reported for decades, but remains unexplained. Here we show experimentally that such hysteresis is a common phenomenon on metal oxide and mineral surfaces and can be divided into two distinct categories based on the wettability of the adsorbent surface. Type I hysteresis occurs on more hydrophobic surfaces and is associated with adsorption isotherms that behave rather linearly as water saturation is approached, whereas type II hysteresis occurs on more hydrophilic surfaces and is associated with adsorption isotherms that curve steeply upward close to saturation. Our model calculations strongly indicate that adsorption in both types occurs cluster-wise, and the type I hysteresis is caused by contact angle hysteresis, while type II hysteresis is associated with film formation close to saturation. The understanding of water vapor adsorption and desorption mechanisms may be key for explaining and quantifying physical and chemical interfacial phenomena in atmospheric and industrial environments.

Assessing the Resilience of Enteric Bacteria in Manure in Response to Changes in Relative Humidity and UV-B Light

Assessing the Resilience of Enteric Bacteria in Manure in Response to Changes in Relative Humidity and UV-B Light