Physiological Changes Research Articles

A Review of Biological Foundations of Anger

Anger, happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, and disgust are the six fundamental emotions that people can experience. Anger is a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility. It is a blaming emotion that is aimed against individuals, and it frequently leads to violent actions. However, anger serves survival purposes and is embedded in humans. While anger is typically viewed as a psychological or social phenomenon, it also has a biological basis. This literature review focuses on anger and its underlying biological foundations. The biological basis of anger can be explained through the activation of the amygdala, which plays a crucial role in emotional processing. Additionally, studies have shown that anger is associated with decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex. When a person becomes angry, this region of the brain is less active, leading to impulsive behaviors and decreased rational thinking. This explains why individuals often engage in aggressive or violent behaviors when angry. Understanding the biological basis of anger can help us better manage and control this emotion. By recognizing the physiological changes that occur when we become angry, we can take steps to calm ourselves down and develop healthier coping mechanisms.Keywords: Emotions, Anger, Amygdala, Prefrontal cortex, Biological basis

Changes in the exposure to cardiovascular disease risk factors in an 18 year follow-up study of a cohort of middle age urban residents. The Polish arm of the HAPIEE study.

Cross-sectional studies revealed that risk factor exposure increases with age but after reaching its peak decreases. This decline may be attributed to higher mortality among exposed individuals, lifestyle, or natural physiological changes related to age. Only prospective observations at the individual level provide credible insights of exposure during the transition from middle to old age. This study addresses changes in cardiovascular risk factors among older urban residents in Poland over an 18-year period. The study analyzed data from the Polish arm of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) project, a prospective cohort study investigating cardiovascular disease determinants. The sample included 312 participants (46-69 years). Data on demographic characteristics, blood lipids, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, and smoking status were collected at baseline and during re-examination. The analysis yielded a decrease in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol concentrations. However, BMI and fasting glucose levels increased. The decrease in blood pressure was mainly attributed to treatment effects, while the reduction in lipid concentrations was observed regardless of treatment. In addition, smoking prevalence decreased over the course of 18 years. The results of the prospective nearly 20 year observation at the individual level confirm findings from repeated cross-sectional studies on decrease in lipid concentrations, blood pressure and prevalence of smoking in older individuals.

Endocranial morphology of three early-diverging ceratopsians and implications for the behavior and the evolution of the endocast in ceratopsians

Abstract Ceratopsian dinosaurs underwent great changes, including a shift of locomotion mode, enlarged horns and frills, and increased body size. These changes occur alongside the evolution of endocranial morphology and physiology such as the size and shape of the flocculus, hearing range, olfactory ratio, and the reptile encephalization quotient (REQ). However, the evolution of endocranial structures in early ceratopsians is still unclear because of a lack of information on the earliest ceratopsians. Here, we reconstructed the endocasts of three early-diverging ceratopsians including the Late Jurassic Yinlong, and the Early Cretaceous Liaoceratops and Psittacosaurus. These ceratopsians display obvious flocculi, large and separate olfactory bulbs, long and high anterior semicircular canals, and relatively long cochlear ducts. In the evolution of the earliest ceratopsians to early neoceratopsians, changes include the increasing size of the flocculus (which is reduced or absent in late-diverging ceratopsids), the attenuation of the semicircular canals, and the heightening of the anterior semicircular canal (which is shortened in late-diverging ceratopsids). The endocranial structures suggest early-diverging ceratopsians had a higher olfactory acuity and were adapted to hearing higher frequencies than late-diverging ceratopsians. Furthermore, the REQ suggests that Yinlong and Psittacosaurus were more highly encephalized than late-diverging ceratopsians and most extant reptiles. The angle of the lateral semicircular canal suggests that heads in ceratopsians display a transition from a forward posture to a more downward posture. Our new findings are significant for understanding the physiological changes during ceratopsian evolution and also have implications for the evolution of physiology in extant tetrapods.

The influence of pregnant women's anxiety levels on fetal well-being and pregnancy complications: A cross-sectional study in Lombok, Indonesia

Pregnant women are a vulnerable group who are at risk of experiencing physiological changes that result in a partial decrease in immunity. Pregnancy with anxiety for pregnant women, which can affect maternal health, hinder development, cause emotional disturbances at birth, and even result in pregnancy complications. This type of research is observational-analytic with a cross-sectional design from January to June 2021. The population in this study is all third-trimester pregnant women at the Mataram City Regional Health Center and West Lombok Regency. There were 228 respondents in the study, taken using the accidental sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by accessing medical record data and filling out questionnaires for pregnant women who underwent examinations. The results of the chi square test showed that there was a relationship between anxiety and pregnancy complications with a p value of 0.0000 (p < 0.05) and a relationship between anxiety and fetal heart rate with a p value of 0.007 (p < 0.05). The ANOVA test results also showed that there was a simultaneous influence of fetal heart rate and pregnancy complications on anxiety in pregnant women, with a significance value of 0.0000 (p < 0.05) and an effect size of 74.6%. This research shows that early detection and management of anxiety during pregnancy is very necessary to prevent and minimize the occurrence of pregnancy complications and disruption of fetal well-being, which is characterized by an abnormal fetal heart rate.

Enhancing respiratory function through Yoga and Pilates in women aged 45-50

Background and Study Aim. Respiratory function in women aged 45-50 often declines due to natural physiological changes associated with aging. These changes include reduced lung elasticity, decreased diaphragm efficiency, and a general reduction in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a combined yoga and Pilates program on respiratory function in women aged 45-50. Material and Methods. The study involved 38 women with an average age of 47.7 ± 2.5 years. A pedagogical experiment was conducted over six months. The experimental group (n=19) participated in a training regimen focused on improving respiratory function through a combination of yoga and Pilates. The control group (n=19) followed a yoga-based training program. Both groups completed an equal number of sessions—72 in total. The external respiratory function of the participants was assessed using spirometry at two key points: at the beginning of the study and after six months. Results. The comparison of respiratory function indicators between the experimental and control groups after 6 months of training revealed significant differences across most parameters. The actual value of Vital Capacity was significantly greater in the experimental group compared to the control group by 0.17 L (p < 0.01), forced vital capacity by 0.30 L (p < 0.01), forced expiratory volume by 0.19 L (p < 0.01), peak expiratory flow by 0.23 L/sec (p < 0.01), maximum expiratory flow at 25% of Forced Vital Capacity by 0.96 L/sec (p < 0.001), maximum expiratory flow at 50% of Forced Vital Capacity by 0.59 L/sec (p < 0.001), expiratory reserve volume by 0.47 L (p < 0.001), and maximal voluntary ventilation by 17.00 L/min (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The combined Yoga and Pilates training regimen was more effective in improving external respiratory function than Yoga alone. This result highlights the benefits of an integrated approach to respiratory health for women aged 45-50. The study demonstrates the potential advantages of combining different types of exercise to counteract age-related declines in respiratory function. Such programs could play a significant role in promoting overall well-being in this age group.

The oldest tadpole reveals evolutionary stability of the anuran life cycle.

Anurans are characterized by a biphasic life cycle, with an aquatic larval (tadpole) stage followed by an adult (frog) stage, both connected through the metamorphic period in which drastic morphological and physiological changes occur1. Extant tadpoles exhibit great morphological diversity and ecological relevance2, but their absence in the pre-Cretaceous fossil record (older than 145 million years) makes their origins and early evolution enigmatic. This contrasts with the postmetamorphic anuran fossil record that dates back to theEarly Jurassic and with closely related species in the Late Triassic (around 217-213 million years ago (Ma))3. Here we report a late-stage tadpole of the stem-anuran Notobatrachus degiustoi from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia (around 168-161 Ma). This finding has dual importance because it represents the oldest-known tadpole and, to our knowledge, the first stem-anuran larva. Its exquisite preservation, including soft tissues, shows features associated with the filter-feeding mechanism characteristic of extant tadpoles4,5. Notably, both N. degiustoi tadpole and adult reached a large size, demonstrating that tadpole gigantism occurred among stem-anurans. This new discovery reveals that a biphasic life cycle, with filter-feeding tadpoles inhabiting aquatic ephemeral environments, was already present in the early evolutionary history of stem-anurans and has remained stable for at least 161 million years.

Retinal and Macular Changes in Pregnant Women of Advanced Maternal Age: A Retrospective Study.

Aims/Background Pregnancy may cause physiological and pathological changes in multiple organs in a woman's body, including the heart, liver, and eyes. With rapid advances in societies and economies, the proportion of advanced maternal age (AMA) women has significantly increased. Here, we aimed to investigate the changes in arteriole retinal diameter, venule diameter, macular layer thickness, and arteriole to venule ratio (AVR) in this population. Methods This retrospective case-control study included 523 pregnant women (1046 eyes) and was performed on both eyes. In total, 318 subjects were included in the AMA group, and 205 subjects were included in the non-AMA group. Nonmydriatic fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed on the same day, and the results were analyzed for the central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), AVR, and macular thickness (9 subfields) by integrative vessel analysis and automatic OCT software. Results In both eyes, the CRAE was significantly lower in the AMA group than that in the non-AMA group (p < 0.05; respectively). The CRVE in the AMA group was higher than that in the non-AMA group (p < 0.001; respectively). Compared to the non-AMA group, the AMA group exhibited a significant reduction in macular thickness within the inner nasal, outer nasal, and inner temporal subfields of both eyes (p < 0.05; respectively). Age was significantly correlated with CRVE and AVR in both eyes of pregnant women (CRVE: p < 0.0001; AVR: p < 0.01). Conclusion This study reports variations in the diameter of the retinal vasculature and the thickness of the macula in women of AMA. It is important to consider these changes when interpreting the adverse eye outcomes experienced by women of AMA.

DIFFICULTIES AND CONSIDERATIONS IN ANESTHESIA FOR PREGNANT WOMEN: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction: The management of anesthesia in pregnant women presents unique challenges due to the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. A comprehensive understanding of these changes is essential for ensuring maternal and fetal safety. Objective: This study aims to explore the complexities of anesthetic management in pregnant women, focusing on the necessary adaptations in techniques, potential complications, and the impact of racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to care. Methods: A multidisciplinary approach was employed, including a review of current literature on anesthetic practices, complications, and healthcare disparities. Collaborative strategies among healthcare providers were also examined. A total of 10 articles were selected for meeting the research criteria. Results: The findings indicate that approximately 70% of studies emphasize the importance of tailored anesthetic techniques to address physiological changes. Additionally, disparities in access to anesthetic care were identified, highlighting the need for equitable health policies. Conclusion: Continued research and innovation are vital for improving anesthetic practices and ensuring that all pregnant women receive safe and effective care. This work contributes to the overarching goals of prioritizing maternal and neonatal safety and addresses systemic challenges in anesthetic management.

Delayed effects of antibiotic therapy in endotoxinemia

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, due to the increasing number of infectious and inflammatory diseases, the problem of the use of antibacterial drugs becomes especially important. As a result of the action of toxins, inflammatory processes can affect the central nervous system with the subsequent development of neuroinflammation. Activation of neuroinflammation leads to dysregulation of many physiological functions. These negative appearances can be observed even after a long period. It is known that doxycycline is a tetracycline-type antibiotic, which is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and has anti-inflammatory activity. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of delayed physiological changes in rats against the background of administration of the antibacterial drug doxycycline in the LPS-induced model of neuroinflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four groups of Wistar rats, 10 males in each group, were used in the experiment. The first group was injected once intraperitoneally with physiological solution, the second group — with lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg). Animals of the third and fourth groups received intragastrically doxycycline solution (25 mg/kg) daily for two weeks. On the 15th day of the experiment, rats from the fourth group were injected with lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg). Body weight of animals, mass coefficients of immunocompetent organs, as well as behaviour and motor activity of rats in the “Open Field” test were evaluated at several time points. RESULTS: It was shown that systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide led to an increase in the mass coefficients of spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands compared to the group of animals receiving doxycycline beforehand. These changes were noted 48 h and 2 months after the injection of endotoxin. In the “Open Field” test, animals that were injected with doxycycline and lipopolysaccharide showed no violations of motor activity and research behavior, unlike the group that received only lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS: It can be assumed that the physiological effects of doxycycline in the lipopolysaccharide-induced model of neuroinflammation revealed at early and late terms are not limited to the antibacterial effect of the drug and are mediated by anti-inflammatory and potential neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system.

Emergence of metabolic coupling to the heterotroph Alteromonas promotes dark survival in Prochlorococcus

Abstract Prochlorococcus is found throughout the euphotic zone in the oligotrophic open ocean. Deep mixing and sinking while attached to particles can, however, transport Prochlorococcus cells below this sunlit zone, depriving them of light for extended periods of time. Previous work has shown that Prochlorococcus by itself cannot survive extended periods of darkness. However, when co-cultured with a heterotrophic microbe and subjected to repeated periods of extended darkness, Prochlorococcus cells develop an epigenetically inherited dark-tolerant phenotype that can survive longer periods of darkness. Here we examine the metabolic and physiological changes underlying this adaptation using co-cultures of dark-tolerant and parental strains of Prochlorococcus, each grown with the heterotroph Alteromonas under diel light:dark conditions. The relative abundance of Alteromonas was higher in dark-tolerant than parental co-cultures, while dark-tolerant Prochlorococcus cells were larger, contained less chlorophyll, and were less synchronized to the light:dark cycle. Meta-transcriptome analysis revealed that dark-tolerant co-cultures undergo a joint change, in which Prochlorococcus undergoes a relative shift from photosynthesis to respiration, while Alteromonas shifts towards using more organic acids instead of sugars. Furthermore, the transcriptome data suggested enhanced biosynthesis of amino acids and purines in dark-tolerant Prochlorococcus and enhanced degradation of these compounds in Alteromonas. Collectively, our results demonstrate that dark adaptation involves a strengthening of the metabolic coupling between Prochlorococcus and Alteromonas, presumably mediated by an enhanced, and compositionally modified, carbon exchange between the two species.

Minimising Harm and Managing Pain: Deprescribing Opioids in Older Adults.

Approximately one in three older adults (aged 65 years and over) experience pain, negatively impacting their quality of life. Opioid analgesics are commonly prescribed to manage pain; however, balancing the benefits and harms of these high-risk analgesics can be challenging for both healthcare professionals and patients. This is particularly true for older adults, as factors such as polypharmacy, age-related physiological changes and cognitive decline may impact upon opioid safety and efficacy. Deprescribing is the patient-centred process of reducing or discontinuing a medication that is no longer appropriate, or where the risks of continuation are deemed to outweigh the anticipated benefits. Opioid deprescribing has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce individual and societal opioid-related harm; however, to date, research has predominantly focused on the general adult population, rather than older adults. This current opinion aims to summarise the existing opioid deprescribing literature, discussing its applicability for older adults. Drawing on a non-systematic review of the literature, it identifies unique challenges and considerations for this population, highlights international initiatives to enhance opioid deprescribing in clinical practice and proposes future directions to advance the field.

Post Mortem Molecular Biomarkers of Asphyxia: A Literature Review.

Asphyxia is a critical condition characterized by inadequate oxygen supply to the body. Post mortem diagnostics of asphyxia present significant challenges in forensic pathology, particularly when there are equivocal signs during autopsy or uncertain circumstantial data. The identification of biochemical biomarkers that indicate asphyxia has emerged as a promising area of research, as these markers can provide vital insights into the physiological changes occurring at the cellular level during asphyxiation. We performed a review of the scientific literature on the search engines Pubmed and Scopus in order to assess the state of the art on this topic. The aim of this study is to analyze which are the most promising markers and methods in the post mortem diagnosis of asphyxia. The literature review highlighted the great potential that molecular investigations can have in the analysis of this type of death, especially considering that hypoxia determines strong biochemical alterations in response to cellular stress. These changes are marked by specific biochemical alterations, which can be detected through various advanced technologies and methodologies, including mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, and metabolomic profiling. The review evidenced a combination of markers that can be used for diagnostic purposes in various cases, including mechanical asphyxia, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, perinatal asphyxia, and drowning analysis. However, we highlight that, to date, there are still no standard protocols for forensic biochemistry in asphyxia. By scrutinizing the reliability of identified biomarkers and their potential to reshape forensic investigative practices, this research aims to elucidate the critical role that post mortem biochemical analysis can play in diagnosing asphyxia, ultimately contributing to a more nuanced understanding of death-related scenarios and the development of standardized protocols in forensic examinations.

Modification of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) Observation Sheet for Patient Emergency Conditions in Hospitals

Background: Currently, the trend of patients admitted to the hospital is increasingly complex and has many co-morbidities, some of which the patient's condition will suddenly worsen or become critical, due to various interrelated causes such as weak monitoring systems and staff reactions to emergencies. Delays in treatment or inadequate care for patients who are treated in the Hospital Ward can result in several adverse conditions, namely increased patients transferred to the ICU (Intensive Care Unit), increased LOS (Lenght of Stay) in the hospital, heart attacks, or patient death. Purpose: The purpose of this study to analyze the differences in the modification of the NEWS observation sheet on the emergency conditions of patients at the hospital. Methods: The type of research used is quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test control group design. With a population of 160 patients and a total patient sample of 62 patients with 31 patients for the intervention group and 31 patients for the control group. How to take samples with purposive sampling technique. The independent variables in this study were the NEWS observation sheet and the NEWS modification, while the dependent variable was the patient's emergency condition. The instruments in this study were NEWS observation sheets and NEWS modifications, integrated patient development record sheets, pre-test and post-test sheets. Data analysis used Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney test with a value of α = 0.05. Results: The results showed that the modification of the NEWS (National Early Warning Score) observation sheet with a graphic was more influential than the NEWS observation sheet in increasing vital sign monitoring with p=0.00, while the NEWS observation sheet as a control had an influence with a significant level of p=0.043, both the model shows that it is equally influential in detecting changes in patient conditions and as an aid in communicating with other health workers. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that after being given a modified NEWS observation sheet which is a scoring system that is simple, practical and proven to increase alertness and response to signs of bad physiological changes so that patient safety can be monitored optimally and mortality rates can decrease.

Smart Compression Sock for Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

The prevention of diabetic foot ulcers remains a critical challenge. This study evaluates a smart compression sock designed to address this issue by integrating temperature, plantar pressure, and blood oxygen sensors and monitoring data recorded by these sensors. The smart sock, developed with input from a certified Pedorthist, was tested on 20 healthy adult participants aged 16 to 53. It includes four temperature sensors and pressure sensors at common ulcer sites (first and fifth metatarsal heads, calcaneus, and hallux), and a blood oxygen sensor on the hallux. The sensors are monitored, and their transduced data are collected and stored through an app installed on a personal cell phone. The mobile app interface is user-friendly, providing intuitive navigation and easy access to the sensors' data. Using repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc tests, we analyzed the impact of various physical activities on physiological changes in the foot. The device effectively detected significant variations in blood oxygen, temperature, and pressure across six activities. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences based on activity type and sensor location. These results highlight the smart sock's sensitivity and accuracy, suggesting its potential to prevent diabetic foot ulcers. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate its efficacy in a larger, more diverse population.

Effects of Nitrite Stress on the Antioxidant, Immunity, Energy Metabolism, and Microbial Community Status in the Intestine of Litopenaeus vannamei.

Nitrite is the main environmental pollutant that endangers shrimp culture. Intestinal health is essential for the disease resistance of shrimp. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps were separately exposed to 1 and 5 mg/L of nitrite stress for 48 h, and then the variations in intestinal health were investigated from the aspects of histology, antioxidant, immunity, energy metabolism, and microbial community status. The results showed that nitrite stress damaged intestinal mucosa, and 5 mg/L of nitrite induced more obvious physiological changes than 1 mg/L. Specifically, the relative expression levels of antioxidant (ROMO1, Nrf2, SOD, GPx, and HSP70), ER stress (Bip and XBP1), immunity (proPO, Crus, ALF, and Lys), inflammation (JNK and TNF-α), and apoptosis (Casp-3 and Casp-9) genes were increased. Additionally, intestinal energy metabolism was activated by inducing glucose metabolism (HK, PK, PDH, and LDH), lipid metabolism (AMPK and FAS), tricarboxylic acid cycle (MDH, CS, IDH, SDH, and FH), and electron transfer chain (NDH, CytC, COI, CCO, and AtpH) gene transcription. Further, the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota composition was also disturbed, especially the abundance of some beneficial genera (Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Faecalibacterium, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010). These results reveal that nitrite stress could damage the intestinal health of L. vannamei by destroying mucosal integrity, inducing oxidation and ER stress, interfering with physiological homeostasis and energy metabolism, and disrupting the microbial community.

Fustin, a Potent Phytochemical, Attenuates Scopolamine-induced Memory Impairment and Neurodegeneration by Modulating Neuroinflammation and Neurotransmitters.

Fustin, a photogenic flavanol found in the plant Rhus verniciflua Stokes, has been involved in multiple disease ailments and has a beneficial pharmacological effect and a history of use in traditional medicine. The present research aimed to study the impact of fustin on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration by modulating neuroinflammation and neurotransmitters in rats. A total of 30 healthy Wistar rats were allocated into five groups (n=6). Group I- served as control and received saline solution (1mL/kg i.p.), group -II- fustin (100 mg/kg, orally), group -III -SCOP (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and group -IV and V were given fustin (50 and 100 mg/kg/p.o.) with SCOP (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14-days. After 14 days, 2 hours after SCOP injection, the Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were performed. After behavioral tests rats were subsequently euthanized, and brain supernatants were used to estimate choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)], and total protein, oxidative stress markers [nitrate and malondialdehyde (MDA)], pro-inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and Interleukins-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6]. Also, neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), ϒ-amino butyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (Ach), and noradrenaline (NA) contents were performed. Fustin exhibited substantial behavioral improvement in the Y-maze measures spontaneous alterations percentage (SA%) and decreased latency time following the acquisition and prolonged time spent in the probe trial in the MWM test. Moreover, fustin inhibits enhanced neuroinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers and improves the neurotransmitters. The findings of this study suggest that fustin inhibits SCOP impact on cognitive abilities in rats. The present investigation demonstrates that fustin, a potent phytochemical, effectively mitigated the behavioral and physiological changes induced by SCOP in rats. This was primarily achieved by modulating the levels of inflammatory response and neurotransmitters.

Intracellular metabolome elucidates the time-of-day-dependent response to hydrogen peroxide in salmonid gill epithelial cells

The internal timekeeping system regulates the daily cycle of physiological and behavioural changes in living organisms. This rhythmic phenomenon also influences cellular responses to reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, the temporal interaction between H2O2 and fish mucosal cells is not well understood. This study examined the temporal variations of immunological and physiological responses to H2O2 in salmonid gill cells using the RTgill-W1 cell line. The results showed that gene expression levels varied during a 24-h cycle but did not exhibit rhythmicity. The presence of a 12-h light-dark cycle (12L:12D) signal increased gene expression levels compared to a 24-h dark cycle (0L:24D). To investigate whether the time of day affects the defences in gills, cells were exposed to H2O2 at two different times (Zeitgebertime 2, ZT2, or ZT14). Although significant expression changes were observed in genes related to stress and NF-κB signalling, only a limited time-dependent pattern of response to H2O2 was observed. The intracellular metabolome of gill cells was primarily composed of organic acid and derivatives, organoheterocyclic compounds, benzoids, organic oxygen and nitrogen compounds. Exposure to H2O2 at ZT2 led to significant changes in the metabolome compared to the control group, while no such changes were observed at ZT14. Within the control groups, the concentrations of 11 metabolites significantly varied between ZT2 and ZT14, with higher levels at ZT14. These metabolites were involved in arginine biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. In contrast, the level of 26 metabolites significantly varied between ZT2 and ZT14 in H2O2-exposed groups, with lower levels at ZT14. Comparing control and H2O2-exposed groups at ZT2, 38 metabolites were affected, primarily organic acid and derivatives and organic oxygen compounds. Functional annotation revealed that these altered metabolites were involved in 15 different pathways, with valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis being the most affected. This study reveals the presence of a time-dependent response to H2O2 in salmonid gill cells, which is reflected in the intracellular metabolome. The findings provide new insights into the temporal regulation of mucosal defences in fish.

Hemiparasitism of Acanthosyris paulo-alvinii on Theobroma cacao, via root system through of haustorium, promotes anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes and induce the host plant death

Hemiparasitism of Acanthosyris paulo-alvinii on Theobroma cacao, via root system through of haustorium, promotes anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes and induce the host plant death

A review on dietary approaches to enhance calcium intake among adolescents

Adolescence is one of the most important milestones in the life cycle stages, in which each individual undergoes various physiological and psychological changes. This period is considered one of the important stages of nutritional vulnerability. Calcium needs are elevated due to intensive bone and muscular development. Calcium acts as one of the vital minerals for bone mineralization during childhood and adolescence that primarily needs to be driven through adequate dietary sources. Globally, calcium intake in all age groups including adolescents has lowered due to changing food patterns which have highly tilted towards a high intake of ultra-processed foods. This review draws attention to enhanced calcium intake through healthy dietary measures.

Effect of Active Virtual Reality Experience on the Memory and Emotion of an Indirect Exposure to an Adverse Event

Emergency responders such as firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical service (EMS) providers are exposed to significant risks of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal ideation. Existing psychological interventions are focused on improving generic coping skills rather than dealing with the link between the memory of the adverse event and its reexperience. In this regard, this paper introduces a novel framework to address mental health problems among first responders by examining the impact of active virtual reality (VR) on memory and emotion following indirect exposure to an adverse event. Especially, we hypothesize that semantically irrelevant VR experience suppresses the retrieval of the memory of the adverse event and alleviate associated emotion. Our study consists of three stages: (a) watching a video of a severe car accident, (b) doing a semantically irrelevant VR activity (exploring a natural environment), and (c) taking a recall-based memory test of the car accident. To assess the changes in emotion, the Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) survey is used before watching the car accident video, after watching the video, and after performing the VR activity. In addition, participants’ heart rate and eye tracking measures are collected to understand how physiological and eye movement changes along the phases. Expected findings will inform the design of the VR-based mental health interventions and highlight VR as an effective tool for addressing mental health challenges faced by first responders.