Change In anti-Müllerian Hormone Research Articles

Population-based anti-Müllerian hormone reference intervals help define gonadal status in the bitch.

To establish statistically valid, population-based reference intervals (RIs) for canine anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and define changes in AMH and inhibin-B in bitches during breeding cycles. A homologous canine ELISA was used to measure AMH in serum samples (collected between May 2019 and July 2024) from 102 intact and 78 reportedly ovariohysterectomized (OVH) bitches and 8 bitches before and after ovariohysterectomy, and in longitudinal samples from 24 bitches undergoing breeding management. Established 95% RIs were used in a retrospective assessment of 3,193 clinical submissions. Cyclic variation of AMH and inhibin-B (heterologous ELISA) were regressed with time and normalized to the rise in progesterone in samples from breeding bitches. Intact and OVH RIs for AMH were calculated with and without inclusion of 7 samples from reportedly OVH bitches that had AMH concentrations in the intact RI. Anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin-B were positively correlated, and AMH was 3 times higher in proestrus than in estrus. Retrospectively, of 3,193 samples submitted for clinical AMH testing, 41% to 56% were in or above the intact AMH interval, 37% to 44% were within the OVH interval, and < 10% were inconclusive, depending on how RIs were defined. Statistically valid, population-based RIs establish a sound basis for interpreting results of clinical submissions requesting AMH to assess gonadal status in the bitch. Confirmation of cyclic variation in AMH (and, for the first time, inhibin-B) reaffirms proestrus as the optimum time to draw samples, and ≤ 10% of samples submitted for determination of gonadal status are expected to fall in an inconclusive AMH RI.

Half-life of serum anti-Müllerian hormone and changes after gonadectomy in adult female and male dogs with normal and abnormal gonads

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a biomarker for the presence of gonadal tissue. Changes in serum AMH after gonadectomy are not well established, and its serum half-life is unknown in dogs. We measured serum AMH with a validated electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay in adult female (n = 12) and male (n = 7) dogs with normal gonads, as well as in dogs with gonadal pathology (ovarian remnant syndrome, ORS n = 3, testicular tumor [Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, seminoma] n = 3, unilateral abdominal cryptorchid n = 4) on the day of gonadectomy (D0), and on D3, D7, D14 (females and males), and D21, D28 (males only). Males had higher AMH concentrations than females independent of gonadal status (P < 0.001). Dogs with ORS had lower initial AMH (0.45 ± 0.43 ng/ml) than bitches with normal gonads (1.16 ± 0.44 ng/ml; P = 0.027). Cryptorchid dogs had higher initial concentrations (80.57 ± 52.81 ng/ml) than males with normal gonads (7.92 ± 2.45 ng/ml; P = 0.004), and those with testicular tumors (18.63 ± 5.04 ng/ml) were intermediate (P ≥ 0.250). AMH decreased over time (P ≤ 0.012) and was 0.01–0.04 ng/ml by D14 in females and 0.02–0.12 ng/ml by D28 in males. Serum half-life in the whole study population was 2.85 ± 0.51 days and did not differ between groups. In conclusion, serum AMH can differentiate between intact and gonadectomized status of adult dogs by 14 days after ovario(hyster)ectomy in females and by 28 days after surgical castration in males.

Association of exposure to ozone and fine particulate matter with ovarian reserve among women with infertility

Evidence linking diminished ovarian reserve, a significant cause of female infertility, and exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) or O3 exposure remains a critical knowledge gap in female fertility. This study investigated the association between ambient PM2.5, O3 pollution, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a sensitive marker of ovarian reserve, in reproductive-aged Chinese women. We enrolled 2212 women with spontaneous menstrual cycles who underwent AMH measurements at a reproductive medicine center between 2018 and 2021. The daily mean concentrations of outdoor PM2.5 and O3 were estimated using a validated spatiotemporal model, followed by matching the participants' residential addresses. Three exposure periods were designed according to AMH expression patterns during follicle development. A generalized linear model was used to investigate changes in AMH associated with air pollution. The results showed a mean AMH level of 3.47 ± 2.61 ng/mL. During the six months from primary to early antral follicle stage (Period 1), each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and O3 exposure was associated with AMH changes of −0.21 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.48, 0.06) ng/mL and −0.31 (95% CI: −0.50, −0.12) ng/mL, respectively. Further analyses indicated that the reduced ovarian reserve measured by AMH level was only significantly associated with PM2.5 exposure during follicle development from the primary to preantral follicle stage (Period 2) but was significantly associated with O3 exposure during Periods 1, 2, and 3. These observations were robust in the dual-pollutant model considering co-exposure to PM2.5 and O3. The results indicated an inverse association between ovarian reserve and ambient O3 exposure and suggested distinct susceptibility windows for O3 and PM2.5 for reduced ovarian reserve. These findings highlight the need to control ambient air pollution to reduce invisible risks to women's fertility, especially at high O3 concentrations.

Association of PM2.5 mass and its components with ovarian reserve in a northern peninsular province, China: The critical exposure period and components

BackgroundA possible role of PM2.5 components on ovarian reserve has not been adequately unexplored. ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between PM2.5 components and women’ ovarian reserve over critical exposure periods in northern China, where the level of air pollution is among the nation’s highest. MethodsWe included 15,102 women with serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) measurements from the Center for Reproductive Medicine of Shandong University during 2015–2019. Concentrations of PM2.5 and its five major components (0.1° × 0.1°), including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic matter, and black carbon, were assigned to each residential address. Multivariable linear mixed effect models combined with constituent-residual models were performed to estimate the effect sizes of essential components over six short- to long-term exposure periods. ResultsThe strength of association was stronger during the process from primary to small antral follicle compared with other longer windows. For every interquartile range increase in PM2.5 mass was associated with − 8.7% (95%CI: −12.3%, −4.9%) change in AMH and the effect size was greatest for sulfate. Women with the lower level of attained education and those living inland were more susceptible compared with other population subgroups. ConclusionExposure to specific components of air pollution during critical exposure windows is associated with a decline in ovarian reserve. These data add to the growing body of evidence that environmental factors have adverse effects on reproductive health, particularly for vulnerable population subgroups.

Intraovarian Administration of Autologous Menstrual Blood Derived-Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Women with Premature Ovarian Failure

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a well-known cause of infertility, particularly in women under the age of 40. POF is also associated with elevated gonadotropin levels, amenorrhea and sex-hormone deficiency. In this study, the therapeutic potential of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from menstrual blood (Men-MSCs) for patients with POF was evaluated. 15 POF patients were included in the study. The cultured Men-MSCs were confirmed by flow cytometry, karyotype, endotoxin and mycoplasma and were then injected into the patients' right ovary by vaginal ultrasound guidance and under general anesthesia and aseptic conditions. Changes in patients' anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteal hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels, as well as general flushing and vaginal dryness were followed up to one year after treatment. All patients were satisfied with a decrease in general flushing and vaginal dryness. 4 patients (2.9%) showed a spontaneous return of menstruation without additional pharmacological treatment. There was a significant difference in AFC (0 vs. 1 ± 0.92 count, p value ≤0.001%), FSH (74 ± 22.9 vs. 54.8 ± 17.5 mIU/mL, p-value ≤0.05%), E2 (10.2 ± 6 vs. 21.8 ± 11.5 pg/mL p-value ≤0.01%), LH (74 ± 22.9 vs. 54.8 ± 17.5 IU/L,p-value ≤0.01%) during 3 months post-injection. However, there were no significant changes in AMH (p-value ≥0.05%). There were also no significant differences in assessed parameters between 3 and 6 months after cell injection. According to the findings of this study, administration of Men-MSCs improved ovarian function and menstrual restoration in some POF patients.

The effect of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination on AMH concentrations in infertile women

Research questionDoes SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination affect the ovarian reserve of infertile women undergoing IVF?DesignThis was a prospective observational study at a single university-affiliated IVF unit that included infertile women aged 18–44 years who were undergoing IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection between November 2020 and September 2021, had received two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and had undergone measurement of baseline anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration within the 12 months preceding their recruitment. AMH concentrations before and after vaccination were evaluated and compared.ResultsOverall, 31 women were included in the study. The median AMH concentrations before and after COVID-19 vaccine were comparable (1.7 versus 1.6 g/ml, respectively, P = 0.96). No correlation was found between the participant's anti-COVID-19 antibody titre and the change in AMH concentration.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination does not adversely affect ovarian reserve, as shown by comparing serum AMH concentrations before and after vaccination. These findings may serve as a counselling tool for clinicians to reassure women undergoing fertility treatment that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination is safe.

The effect of Covid-19 mRNA vaccine on serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels.

Does the administration of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine have an association with ovarian reserve as expressed by circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels? Ovarian reserve as assessed by serum AMH levels is not altered at 3 months following mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. A possible impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination through an interaction between the oocyte and the somatic cells could not be ruled out, however, data are limited. This is a prospective study conducted at a university affiliated tertiary medical center between February and March 2021. Study population included reproductive aged women (18-42 years) that were vaccinated by two Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccines (21 days apart). Women with ovarian failure, under fertility treatments, during pregnancy, previous Covid-19 infection or vaccinated were excluded from the study. Blood samples were collected for AMH levels before the first mRNA vaccine administration. Additional blood samples after 3 months were collected for AMH and anti-Covid-19 antibody levels. Primary outcome was defined as the absolute and percentage change in AMH levels. The study group consisted of 129 women who received two mRNA vaccinations. Mean AMH levels were 5.3 (±SD 4.29) µg/l and 5.3 (±SD 4.50) µg/l at baseline and after 3 months, respectively (P = 0.11). To account for possible age-specific changes of AMH, sub-analyses were performed for three age groups: <30, 30-35 and >35 years. AMH levels were significantly lower for women older than 35 years at all times (P = 0.001 for pre and post vaccination AMH levels versus younger women). However, no significant differences for the changes in AMH levels before and after vaccinations (Delta AMH) were observed for the three age groups (P = 0.46). Additionally, after controlling for age, no association was found between the degree of immunity response and AMH levels. Although it was prospectively designed, for ethical reasons we could not assign a priori a randomized unvaccinated control group. This study examined plasma AMH levels at 3 months after the first vaccination. It could be argued that possible deleterious ovarian and AMH changes caused by the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations might take effect only at a later time. Only longer-term studies will be able to examine this issue. The results of the study provide reassurance for women hesitant to complete vaccination against Covid 19 due to concerns regarding its effect on future fertility. This information could be of significant value to physicians and patients alike. The study was supported by Sheba Medical Center institutional sources. All authors have nothing to disclose. The study protocol was approved by the 'Sheba Medical Center' Ethical Committee Review Board (ID 8121-21-SMC) on 8 February 2021 and was registered at the National Institutes of Health (NCT04748172).

260 Effect of Dam Nutrition on Offspring Reproductive Performance

Abstract Domestic ruminants utilize extensive pasture and rangelands as a primary source of nutrition. These forage sources vary greatly in nutritional content and availability due to season, plant species and climatic factors. Therefore, ruminants are exposed to nutrient excesses and deficiencies at varying points during the reproductive cycle. The objectives of this presentation are 1) to review our understanding of the impact of nutritional changes experienced by the dam during gestation on subsequent reproductive performance of female offspring, 2) examine the timing and duration of nutrient restriction on indicators of fertility in domestic ruminants and 3) compare responses under production conditions to mechanisms determined in controlled experiments. Depending on the time and severity of the nutrient deprivation, physiological effects include reduced gonadal weight, reduction in 2° and 3° follicles, alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, fetal weight and attainment of puberty. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) are indicators of fertility in ruminants. Severe nutrient deprivation of heifers during the first trimester of gestation reduced AMH and AFC in female offspring. In contrast, a more moderate nutritional challenge to mature cows during early gestation did not result in changes in AMH and AFC in female offspring. Heifers from dams that grazed protein deficient range during the third trimester had delayed puberty onset and reduced pregnancy rates compared to heifers from supplemented dams. Recently, we compared indictors of fertility in heifers from dams that grazed range or irrigated pastures during the first two trimesters. Based on preliminary data, cows that grazed range were nutritionally challenged; however, heifers from range dams did not appear to differ in indicators of fertility from heifers from dams grazing irrigated pastures. Continued investigations on impacts of maternal nutrition on reproduction in offspring under production conditions are warranted.

Outdoor air pollution and anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in the Sister Study.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations are a marker of ovarian reserve and are indicative of a woman's reproductive lifespan. Exposure to tobacco smoke has been associated with lower AMH concentrations; however, less is known about the association between ambient air pollution and ovarian reserve. For 883 premenopausal Sister Study participants recruited between 2003 and 2009 in the United States, adult residential annual average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were estimated using validated universal kriging models incorporating land-use regression. We estimated the distance in meters to the nearest major road for both adult enrollment and childhood residences. Serum AMH was measured using an ultrasensitive ELISA assay. Samples with AMH concentrations below the detection limit were analyzed using a picoAMH ELISA assay. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression was used to estimate the percent change in AMH in relation to ambient residential air pollution, categorized in quartiles and per interquartile range increase, and distance to a major roadway. Overall, we observed little to no evidence of associations between AMH and air pollution concentrations or proximity to roadways. Women in the highest quartile of NO2 exposure, a traffic-related pollutant, had higher estimated AMH concentrations (Q4 vs. Q1, 42.9%; 95% CI = -3.4, 111.4) compared with the lowest quartile. However, lower mean AMH concentrations were observed for women living closer to a major roadway (<50 m to nearest roadway vs. ≥200 m = -32.9%; 95% CI = -56.1, 2.6). We saw little consistent evidence to support an association between outdoor air pollution and diminished ovarian reserve in US women ages 35-54.

Reproductive and metabolic adaptation to multistressor training in women.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis suppression in exercising women can be caused by low energy availability (EA), but the impact of a real-world, multistressor training environment on reproductive and metabolic function is unknown. This study aimed to characterize reproductive and metabolic adaptation in women undertaking basic military training. A prospective cohort study in women undertaking 11-month initial military training (n = 47) was carried out. Dynamic low-dose 1-h gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) tests were completed after 0 and 7 mo of training. Urine progesterone was sampled weekly throughout. Body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), fasting insulin resistance (homeostatic modeling assessment 2, HOMA2), leptin, sex steroids, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and inhibin B were measured after 0, 7, and 11 mo with an additional assessment of body composition at 3 mo. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responses were suppressed after 7 mo (both P < 0.001). Among noncontraceptive users (n = 20), 65% had regular (23-35 days) cycles preenrollment, falling to 24% by 7 mo of training. Of women in whom urine progesterone was measured (n = 24), 87% of cycles showed no evidence of ovulation. There was little change in AMH, LH, and estradiol, although inhibin B and FSH increased (P < 0.05). Fat mass fluctuated during training but at month 11 was unchanged from baseline. Fat-free mass did not change. Visceral adiposity, HOMA2, and leptin increased (all P < 0.001). HPG axis suppression with anovulation occurred in response to training without evidence of low EA. Increased insulin resistance may have contributed to the observed pituitary and ovarian dysfunction. Our findings are likely to represent an adaptive response of reproductive function to the multistressor nature of military training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We characterized reproductive endocrine adaptation to prolonged arduous multistressor training in women. We identified marked suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function during training but found no evidence of low energy availability despite high energy requirements. Our findings suggest a complex interplay of psychological and environmental stressors with suppression of the HPG axis via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The neuroendocrine impact of nonexercise stressors on the HPG axis during arduous training should be considered.

Changes in anti-müllerian hormone after ultrasound guided aspiration and ethanol sclerotic therapy of ovarian cyst

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy on anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) in patients with ovarian endometriomas. Setting: Teaching hospital affiliated with Chang Gung University, Taipei. Material and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed 124 patients, with ovarian endometriomas who underwent transvaginal aspiration and sclerotherapy of endometrioma(s) at a tertiary medical center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Preoperative evaluation included AMH, midcycle serum CA-125 level, and ultrasonography to exclude possibility of malignancies. Patients underwent ultrasonographic guided transvaginal aspiration and sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol irrigation of the cystic cavity. Patients were grouped into group 1, n = 44, retention of ethanol, and group 2, n = 80, no retention. Serum AMH level was checked at 6 months after aspiration. Those who were infertile prior to therapy were followed up for subsequent pregnancies (either by assisted reproductive technologies, or by natural conception). ResultsThe mean pre-operative AMH levels for the group without retention of ethanol and with ethanol retention were 3.80 and 3.06 respectively (p > 0.05). The change in AMH at 6-month follow up for retained group patients was significantly more than for non-retained group patients, with mean decrease of 0.72 (23.6%) and 0.10 (2.7%) respectively (p < 0.05). 54.5% (retained) and 47.2% (non-retained) of patients failed to achieve pregnancy during the observation period. ConclusionsTransvaginal aspiration of endometriomas followed by sclerotherapy with ethanol can be effective in preserving ovarian reserve, provided that no ethanol is left in situ.

Ovarian follicles are resistant to monocyte perturbations-implications for ovarian health with immune disruption†.

Monocytes and macrophages are the most abundant immune cell populations in the adult ovary, with well-known roles in ovulation and corpus luteum formation and regression. They are activated and proliferate in response to immune challenge and are suppressed by anti-inflammatory treatments. It is also likely they have a functional role in the healthy ovary in supporting the maturing follicle from the primordial through to the later stages; however, this role has been unexplored until now. Here, we utilized a Cx3cr1-Dtr transgenic Wistar rat model that allows a conditional depletion of circulating monocytes, to investigate their role in ovarian follicle health. Our findings show that circulating monocyte depletion leads to a significant depletion of ovarian monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Depletion of monocytes was associated with a transient reduction in circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) at 5days postdepletion. However, the 50-60% ovarian monocyte/macrophage depletion had no effect on ovarian follicle numbers, follicle atresia, or apoptosis, within 5-21days postdepletion. These data reveal that the healthy adult ovary is remarkably resistant to perturbations of circulating and ovarian monocytes despite acute changes in AMH. These data suggest that short-term anti-inflammatory therapies that transiently impact on circulating monocytes are unlikely to disrupt ovarian follicle health, findings that have significant implications for fertility planning relative to the experience of an immune challenge or immunosuppression.

Anti-Müllerian hormone in managed African and Asian rhino species

Serum collected across the lifespan of four managed rhino species: black (Diceros bicornis, n = 16), white (Ceratotherium simum simum, n = 19), greater one-horned (GOH, Rhinoceros unicornis, n = 11) and Sumatran (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, n = 6) were validated and analyzed in an anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) enzyme- linked immunoassay. Concentrations of AMH were examined over time, between sexes and throughout different reproductive states which included n = 3 female white rhinos immunocontracepted with porcine zona pellucida (pZP). Across species, males produced higher AMH concentrations compared to females. Among males, AMH concentrations varied by species aside from comparable values secreted between black and white rhinos. The GOH and Sumatran rhino secreted the highest and lowest male AMH concentrations, respectively. However, within each species, AMH concentrations were similar across male age categories. Preliminary insight into male AMH changes from birth to sexual maturity suggest its potential as a marker for onset of testicular maturation. Female black, GOH and Sumatran rhinos secreted comparable AMH concentrations which were higher than those in white rhino. Within each species, inter-individual variation in AMH secretion occurred among females of similar age. While AMH secretion did not differ across the ages sampled for female white (4->26 yr) and GOH (4–26 yr) rhinos, black and Sumatran rhinos >26 and <4 yr, respectively secreted lower AMH compared to conspecific females 7–26 yr of age. Two idiopathic infertility cases corresponded to low (outside species range) AMH values. The establishment of normative AMH concentrations in managed African and Asian rhinos provides an additional metric beyond traditional sex steroids to assess gonadal function. Further work is needed to determine if AMH can predict fertility potential in rhinos.

Hysterectomy with opportunistic salpingectomy versus hysterectomy alone.

Hysterectomy with opportunistic salpingectomy versus hysterectomy alone.

Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Is Significantly Altered by Downregulation With Daily Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Research Question: What is the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-agonist treatment on serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)?Design: This prospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary university hospital comprised patients (n = 52) who self-administered daily triptorelin (0.1 mg/0.1 mL) subcutaneously for 14 days from menstrual cycle day 21 ± 3, between July 2015 and March 2016. Enrolled women were 18–43 years old, considered normal ovarian responders, with a planned GnRH agonist controlled ovarian stimulation protocol. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the effect of GnRH agonist on serum AMH levels after 7 and 14 days of treatment.Results: Under GnRH agonist treatment, serum AMH was significantly decreased vs. baseline on day 7 (mean change from baseline: −0.265 ng/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.395 to −0.135 ng/mL; p < 0.001). On day 14, serum AMH was significantly increased (mean change from baseline: 0.289 ng/mL; 95% CI, 0.140–0.439 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Although the median change in AMH from baseline was only −14.9% on day 7 and +17.4% on day 14, from day 7 to 14 AMH significantly increased by 0.55 ng/mL (43.8%; p < 0.001), which is of paramount clinical importance. A linear, mixed-effect model demonstrated that GnRH agonist treatment for 7 and 14 days had a highly significant effect on serum AMH concentration after adjustment for confounding factors (age, body mass index, baseline antral follicle count, and visit). AMH assay precision was excellent (four aliquots/sample); coefficient of variation was 1.2–1.4%.Conclusions: GnRH agonist treatment had a clinically significant effect on serum AMH, dependent on treatment duration. The clear V-shaped response of AMH level to daily GnRH agonist treatment has important clinical implications for assessing ovarian reserve and predicting ovarian response, thus AMH measurements under GnRH agonist downregulation should be interpreted with great caution.

Effects of Radioactive Iodine Therapy on Ovarian Reserve: A Prospective Pilot Study.

Background: Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy. Surgery is the standard therapeutic approach for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), followed by radioiodine (RAI) therapy if indicated. For women with DTC, the effects of RAI therapy on gonadal and reproductive function are an important consideration. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of RAI therapy on ovarian function. Methods: A total of 33 premenopausal women were enrolled in this study. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels during the early follicular phase were measured before and 3, 6, and 12 months after RAI therapy. The Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to detect changes in FSH, AMH, LH, and estradiol levels induced by RAI therapy over time. Results: The patients' ages ranged from 21 to 38 years, with a mean age of 31.15 ± 4.83 years. The median follow-up was 19 months (range 4-26 months). The median AMH levels were 3.25 ng/mL (range 0.32-17.42 ng/mL), 1 ng/mL (range 0.01-3.93 ng/mL), 1.13 ng/mL (range 0.08-6.12 ng/mL), and 1.37 ng/mL (range 0.09-6.1 ng/mL) before and at 3, 6, and 12 months after RAI therapy, respectively. The median FSH levels were 6.6 mIU/mL (range 3.78-15.5 mIU/mL), 5.83 mIU/mL (range 4.19-35.36 mIU/mL), 7.71 mIU/mL (range 4.24-16.25 mIU/mL), and 7.04 mIU/mL (range 4.93-19.96 mIU/mL) before and at 3, 6, and 12 months after RAI therapy, respectively. The AMH levels were higher before than after RAI therapy (p = 0.001). The AMH levels did not differ significantly between the three time points (p > 0.05). The FSH, LH, and estradiol levels were similar before and after RAI therapy (p > 0.05). Conclusion: AMH is considered an important marker of ovarian reserve. Ovarian reserve decreased after RAI therapy. More attention may be needed when considering RAI therapy for patients with reduced ovarian reserve.

Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration before and after salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy.

Does salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy affect the ovarian reserve measured by changes in pre- and post-operative levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)? This is a prospective observational multicentre study of 64 women treated with salpingectomy for an ectopic pregnancy. AMH was measured in serum samples collected at admission before salpingectomy and at follow-up (median time to follow-up [interquartile range] was 3 [3-4] months). Changes in serum AMH levels were investigated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the relationship between changes in AMH and age, time to follow-up, and pre-operative serum AMH level was investigated using linear regression analysis. The biological variation of AMH was also calculated. Serum AMH levels did not differ significantly before and after salpingectomy (median ∆AMH [follow-up value minus admission value] 0.40 pmol/l, interquartile range -2.0 to 4.0 pmol/l). ΔAMH was independent of age, time to follow-up and pre-operative serum AMH level. The intra-individual biological variation for AMH ranged from 12.1% to 26.3%, depending on time between the two samples. This is the first paired study to investigate serum AMH values before and after salpingectomy in an unselected population of women presenting with an ectopic pregnancy, including both patients who conceived naturally and following fertility treatment. It was found that salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy had no short-term effect on serum AMH levels, and changes in AMH levels were independent of age, time to follow-up, and pre-operative serum AMH level. Furthermore, the study demonstrated a 6-month biological variation of AMH of less than 30%.

A Randomized Trial Comparing Triple versus Single Uterine Tourniquet in Open Myomectomy

Background: Single and triple uterine tourniquet significantly reduces blood loss during myomectomy and both are highly effective. Triple tourniquet, however, blocks ovarian circulation and there is doubt that it causes ischemic damage to ovaries. These 2 methods have not been compared by a randomised controlled study yet. The purpose of this study was to compare triple uterine tourniquet with single tourniquet in terms of blood loss during open myomectomy. Material and Methods: Women were randomized to triple (n = 24) or to single tourniquet (n = 24) at open myomectomy. All women with a myomatous uterus greater than 12 weeks of gestation were eligible to be part of the study. The primary outcome of the study was the amount of blood loss during surgery. Sample size was set to detect a 250 mL difference in blood loss with 80% power at α = 0.05. We also compared the change in anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) levels before and after surgery. Results: There was no significant difference in the outcome of blood loss between triple and single uterine tourniquet (322 ± 223 vs. 426 ± 355 mL, p = 0.230). Change in AMH was not different between the groups. Conclusions: There is no clinically significant difference between triple and single uterine tourniquets on blood loss at open myomectomy.

8 ANTI-MÜLLERIAN HORMONE AT WEANING AND BREEDING AS A PREDICTOR OF BEEF HEIFER FERTILITY

This study examined the relationship between serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration at weaning and breeding to determine if either or both measures could predict subsequent fertility of beef heifers. Blood was collected from 71 Angus based heifers at ~7 and 14 months of age and serum stored frozen (−20°C) until analysis for AMH, using bovine AMH ELISA kits (AL115; Ansh Laboratories, Webster, TX, USA). Before breeding, transrectal ultrasonography was used to determine cyclic status of heifers. Heifers received 25 mg of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and those detected in oestrus were AI ~12 h after detected oestrus. Heifers not detected in oestrus after 7 days received a second PGF injection and oestrus detection and AI continued for 4 days. Ten days later, the heifers were exposed to fertile bulls for a 45-days breeding season. At 50 to 60 days after insemination, transrectal ultrasonography was used to identify pregnant heifers and to confirm conception date based on fetal size. At 60 days after bull removal, ultrasonography was performed to determine pregnancy in heifers conceiving during the breeding season and confirm continuing pregnancy in heifers previously identified as pregnant. Based on fetal size at ultrasonography, the oestrous cycle after initiation of breeding when conception occurred was estimated. For comparison, AI pregnancies were considered cycle 1, and pregnancies initiated during subsequent 21-day intervals of the breeding season were classified as cycles 2, 3, and 4, respectively. For analysis, frequency distribution was used to assign serum AMH concentration measured at weaning, breeding, and the change from weaning to breeding, into quartiles. Comparisons were then made via Chi-squared analysis for heifers in each quartile that were cyclic at synchronization, detected in oestrus, conceived after AI, pregnant at the end of the breeding season, and the estimated cycle that conception occurred. Comparison of heifers based on serum AMH quartiles at weaning failed (P ≥ 0.35) to detect any effect of AMH on subsequent heifer cyclicity at breeding, oestrous response after synchronization, AI conceptions, overall pregnancy rate, or estimated oestrous cycle of the breeding season when conception occurred. Based on AMH concentration at breeding, heifers in the lowest quartile (Q1) had a lower (10%; P = 0.02) AI conception rate than heifers in other quartiles (43 to 73%), and conceived at a later oestrous cycle (P = 0.03) in the breeding season. Comparison of heifers based on the change in AMH concentrations from weaning to breeding revealed that none of the heifers in the lowest quartile (Q1) conceived after AI, compared with 80% in the highest quartile (Q4; P &lt; 0.001). Heifers in the lowest quartile also conceived at a later oestrous cycle in the breeding season than heifers in the other quartiles (P = 0.01). Results indicate that either AMH concentration at breeding or the change in AMH from weaning to breeding can identify beef heifers more likely to conceive to AI and to conceive early in the breeding season.

Quantifying the intraindividual variation of antimüllerian hormone in the ovarian cycle

To quantify intraindividual variability of antimüllerian hormone (AMH) as analytical and biological coefficients of variation and assess the effects of variation on clinical classification. Retrospective cohort study. Not applicable. Thirty-eight women referred by general practitioners. None. Total intraindividual variability (CVW), analytical (CVA) and biological variability (CVI) for each woman and for AMH ranges: low (<5 pmol/L), reduced (5-10), moderate (>10-30) and high (>30 pmol/L), with calculation of proportion of women crossing clinical cutoffs and expected variability around each cutoff. Cycling women (n = 38) contributed 238 blood samples (average 6 samples each). The average total intraindividual AMH variability was 20% (range: 2.1% to 73%). Biological variation was 19% (range: 0 to 71%) and at least twice the analytical variation of 6.9% (range: 4.5% to 16%). Reclassification rates were highest in women with low (33%) or reduced AMH (67%) levels. Expected variations around the 5, 10, and 30 pmol/L cutoffs were 3-7, 7-13, and 20-40 pmol/L, respectively. In a woman with mean AMH in the 10-30 pmol/L range, the span of results that could occur was 7-40 pmol/L. Total variation in AMH was 20%, and the majority of this was biological. Changes in AMH resulted in reclassification in 29% of women and occurred most frequently in those with low and reduced AMH. In cycling women, the variability in AMH should be considered by clinicians, especially if a result is close to a clinical cutoff.