Changes In Activities Of Daily Living Research Articles

Improvement in functional motor scores in patients with non-ambulatory spinal muscle atrophy during Nusinersen treatment in South Korea: a single center study

We analyzed the changes in various motor function scores over a four-year period in patients with non-ambulatory spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) during Nusinersen treatment. Patients underwent Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) or Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) before treatment, and approximately every 4 months thereafter. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND) or Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia – Adult Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP ATEND), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and Motor Function Measure (MFM) were performed based on baseline functional status. Narrative interviews were conducted to explore post-treatment physical improvement regarding activities of daily living (ADLs) and fatigue after ADLs. Based on HFMSE results, 9 patients achieved minimum clinically important differences. Average rates of change (slopes) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for all assessment tools were in a positive direction. CHOP-INTEND showed the most prominent improvement in children and adolescents followed by HFMSE. Improvements in CHOP-ATEND were most noticeable in adults. Improvements were accompanied by changes in ADLs as observed in the narrative interviews. It is necessary to consider various functional aspects to determine the effectiveness of Nusinersen therapy. The objective assessment of the therapeutic effect of Nusinersen in non-ambulatory SMA requires consideration of functional aspects and the related ADLs.

Trajectories of activities of daily living according to dementia among middle-aged and older people in South Korea: a longitudinal study from 2006 to 2020 (14 years).

The aging population in South Korea faces numerous health challenges, one of which is the decline in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). This study aims to investigate the patterns of change in ADL and IADL among older adults and examines how these patterns vary between individuals with and without dementia. We conducted an analysis of data collected from the Korea Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) between 2006 and 2022. Our cohort consisted of individuals aged 45 and older with non-dementia conditions, including mild cognitive impairment (N=6042), and a smaller group with dementia (N=91). Using Latent Growth Curve Models, we explored the developmental trajectories of ADL and IADL among our sample. Our findings indicate a linear decline in both ADL and IADL scores as individuals age. The decline in IADL was more pronounced in the dementia group, suggesting a greater sensitivity to sociocultural factors within this domain. The data revealed that individuals with dementia had consistently lower ADL and IADL scores. Notably, the variance in scores within the dementia group increased with age, signifying a worsening in daily living performance and an increase in individual variation (F=226.630, p<.001). The results of this study underscore the impact of dementia on both the self-regulation function and the social and cultural aspects of daily living performance, particularly reflected in IADL scores. These findings point to the necessity for comprehensive care strategies that address the multifaceted needs of older adults with dementia, including support for complex daily activities that are influenced by sociocultural factors.

Transitioning to a guaranteed annual income and the impact on activities of daily living in older adults: Evidence from public pensions in Canada using the CLSA.

Statistically model the likelihood of changes in the activities of daily living (ADLs) over time for three groups of older adults: those on a pension at all time periods, those never on a pension, and those who transition onto a public pension. Our study used data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), a large national survey. We used data from baseline (2010-2015) and the first follow-up wave (2015-2018). We used logistic regression to model the likelihood of ADL changes in males and females by pension receipt status, controlling for several potential confounders and allowing for the impact of public pensions to be modified by baseline income. The magnitudes of the estimates indicated that those who transition to a public pension are less likely to report ADL degradation and more likely to report ADL improvement compared to those with no public pension. In the lowest baseline income group, those who transitioned onto a pension at follow-up had a 15%(male) or 11% (female) lower likelihood of reporting degraded ADL scores compared to those not receiving a pension at follow-up. Those who transitioned onto a pension in the lowest income group were more likely to report an improved ADL score at follow-up. Our results could provide evidence for the potential health benefits of more comprehensive guaranteed annual income programs beyond the pension program. The penalty of being low-income was mitigated by the stability of the pension income in terms of ADL improvement or degradation.

Relationships of change in Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) on patient outcomes and probability of progression: observational analysis

BackgroundUnderstanding the relationship among changes in Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), patient outcomes, and probability of progression is crucial for evaluating the long-term benefits of disease-modifying treatments. We examined associations among changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stages and outcomes that are important to patients and their care partners including activities of daily living (ADLs), geriatric depression, neuropsychiatric features, cognitive impairment, and the probabilities of being transitioned to a long-term care facility (i.e., institutionalization). We also estimated the total time spent at each stage and annual transition probabilities in AD.MethodsThe study included participants with unimpaired cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, and mild, moderate, and severe AD dementia in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set (UDS) database. The associations among change in AD stages and change in relevant outcomes were estimated using linear mixed models with random intercepts. The probability of transitioning to long-term care facilities was modeled using generalized estimating equations. The total length of time spent at AD stages and annual transition probabilities were estimated with multistate Markov models.ResultsThe estimated average time spent in each stage was 3.2 years in MCI due to AD and 2.2, 2.0, and 2.8 years for mild, moderate, and severe AD dementia, respectively. The annual probabilities of progressing from MCI to mild, moderate, and severe AD dementia were 20, 4, and 0.7%, respectively. The incremental change to the next stage of participants with unimpaired cognition, MCI, and mild, moderate, and severe AD dementia (to death) was 3.2, 20, 26.6, 31, and 25.3%, respectively. Changes in ADLs, neuropsychiatric features, and cognitive measures were greatest among participants who transitioned from MCI and mild AD dementia to more advanced stages. Participants with MCI and mild and moderate AD dementia had increasing odds of being transitioned to long-term care facilities over time during the follow-up period.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrated that participants with early stages AD (MCI or mild dementia) were associated with the largest changes in clinical scale scores. Early detection, diagnosis, and intervention by disease-modifying therapies are required for delaying AD progression. Additionally, estimates of transition probabilities can inform future studies and health economic modeling.

Examination of reliability and validity of the Self-Assessment Burden Scale-Motor for community-dwelling older adults in Japan: a validation study.

The aging society in Japan is progressing rapidly compared with that in the United States and European countries. Aging limits activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults, declining their lives and functions at home. Therefore, improving their ADL to effectively support their functioning at home for as long as possible is vital. Consequently, supporters need to have a common understanding, be promptly aware of the decline in ADL, and quickly introduce rehabilitation. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Barthel Index (BI) are the main scales used to quantitatively assess ADL. However, previous studies have reported that FIM requires specialized knowledge for evaluation, and BI does not appropriately capture changes in ADL. The Self-Assessment Burden Scale-Motor (SAB-M) was developed as a scale for family caregivers to appropriately assess changes in ADL in older adults. Previous studies using the SAB-M have confirmed its reliability and validity in hospitalized patients as assessed by their family caregivers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the SAB-M among community-dwelling older adults as assessed by their family caregivers. This study included community-dwelling older adults who received home-visit rehabilitation at the first author's facility between October 2020 and December 2020 in Japan. Following previous studies, the SAB-M was used by family caregivers to assess 20 older adults twice for intra-rater reliability. Furthermore, 168 older adults were evaluated by family caregivers for internal consistency using the SAB-M. For criterion validity, the SAB-M was used for the assessment by family caregivers, and therapists used the FIM-Motor (FIM-M). This study used the weighted kappa, Cronbach's alpha, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for the statistical analysis of intra-rater reliability, internal consistency, and criterion validity, respectively. The weighted kappa coefficient for the total score was 0.98 (p<0.01) and individual item, it was 0.93 for feeding (p<0.01), 0.91 for bathing (p<0.01), 0.98 for dressing (p<0.01), 0.94 for transfer (p<0.01), 0.94 for walking/wheelchair (p<0.01), 0.95 for stairs (p<0.01), and 0.96 for bladder management (p<0.01). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.93 for the seven items. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between the SAB-M and FIM-M scores was 0.91 (p<0.01). The SAB-M has sufficient reliability and validity among community-dwelling older adults. Family caregivers can routinely assess changes in the ADL of community-dwelling older adults using the SAB-M, enabling them to promptly consider introducing rehabilitation when older adults' ADL declines. Therefore, implementing SAB-M helps older adults live and function at home for as long as possible.

Exploring Post-COVID-19 Functional Outcomes in Residents in Long-Term Care Homes in British Columbia, Canada.

Research on functional outcomes in long-term care (LTC) home residents after COVID-19 infection is limited. In the current study, we examined outcomes in 1,310 LTC residents with a positive COVID-19 test in the period from March 2020 to April 2022 ("COVID" group). We also reviewed outcomes in residents in the same LTC homes without a history of COVID-19 during the same period ("No-COVID" group, n = 2,301). In a retrospective longitudinal design, we explored activities of daily living (ADLs), cognitive function, and clinical care needs over time. Change was assessed from the last assessment before contracting COVID-19 to three assessments subsequent to COVID-19, over on average seven months after infection. We found deterioration over time in ADLs and cognitive performance in both groups. The change in ADLs and clinical care needs was slightly greater in the COVID than the No-COVID group from baseline to the first follow-up assessment; in subsequent assessments, the change was similar in both groups. Overall, we observed similar functional outcomes among surviving residents in the two groups, with initially greater deterioration in ADLs and clinical care needs in residents with a history of COVID-19 followed by a trajectory resembling the one in the No-COVID residents.

Clinical Manifestations.

As the disease progresses, people with dementia (PWDs) gradually lose their ability to conduct activities of daily living (ADLs) independently and increasingly rely on family caregivers (CGs) for assistance and support. This can lead to CGs experiencing increased burden. These dyadic processes may be manifested by (a) CGs' increased physical proximity to PWDs (reflecting greater needs for CGs to monitor PWD's needs and safety, and (b) CGs' increased movement (reflecting greater needs to assist PWDs with ADLs and taking on additional household responsibilities). Working with an industry partner, we developed a wearable watch that measured: (a) physical proximity between PWDs and CGs; and (b) movement of CGs and PWDs in their homes. In the current study, we examined how these wearable-based measures correlated with standard measures of PWD's ADLs and CG's burden. PWDs and CGs each wore a low-energy Bluetooth watch that provided long-battery-life (up to four months). The watches broadcasted information about proximity to three Bluetooth receivers placed in different rooms (which helped us determine the proximity between the PWDs and CGs) and used a three-axis accelerometer to determine movement on a second-by-second basis. In a nationwide US sample, 27 PWDs diagnosed with dementia or mild cognitive impairment and their co-residing familial CGs wore these watches over a six-month period. CGs also completed online questionnaires assessing PWDs' ADLs (Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) and their own perceived burden from caregiving (Zarit Burden Interview) at the beginning and the end of the study. Over the six-month period, greater increases in PWD-CG proximity were associated with greater increases in CG's burden (r = 0.57, p = .009). In addition, greater increases in CGs' (but not PWDs') movement were associated with greater decreases in PWD's ADLs (r = -0.55, p = .005). These wearable devices show promise of providing scalable remote measures that are associated with ADLs in PWDs and burden in CGs. Findings also underscore the dyadic nature of dementia caregiving, with assessments of CGs useful for understanding changes in ADLs in PWDs, and assessments of PWDs useful for understanding changes in burden in CGs.

Impact of Hospitalization on Patients Ability to Perform Basic Activities of Daily Living.

Functional independence is dictated by the ability to perform basic activities of daily living (ADLs). Although hospitalization is associated with impairments in function, we know less about patients' functional trajectory following hospitalization. We examined patients' ability to do basic ADLs across pre-admission, admission, and follow-up (discharge or two-weeks post-admission) and determined which factors predicted changes in ADLs at follow-up. A secondary analysis of a small prospective cohort study of older patients (n=83, 50 females, 81 ± 8 years) from the Emergency Department and a Geriatric Unit were included. ADL scores (dressing, walking, bathing, eating, in and out of bed, and using the toilet) and frailty level (via the Clinical Frailty Scale) were measured. Comparing follow-up to pre-admission, patients reported worse ADL scores for dressing (36% of patients), walking (31%), bathing (34%), eating (25%), in and out of bed (37%), and using the toilet (35%). Most patients (59%) had more difficulty with 1+ ADL at follow-up versus pre-admission, with one-fourth of patients having greater difficulty with 3+ ADLs. Older age and higher frailty level were associated with (all, p < .04) worse functional scores for eating, getting in and out of bed, and using the toilet (frailty only) at follow-up versus pre-admission. Here, most inpatients experienced worse difficulty performing multiple basic ADLs after hospital admission, potentially predisposing them for re-hospitalization and functional dependence. Older and frailer patients generally were less likely to recover to pre-admission levels. Hospitalization challenges patients' ability to perform ADLs in the short-term, post-discharge. Strategies to improve patients' functional trajectory are needed.

Factors associated with changes in activities of daily living from admission to discharge among older patients with pneumonia

IntroductionIt has not been fully elucidated that nutritional parameters affect the change of activities of daily living (ADL) during pneumonia treatment. This study assessed the impact of nutritional status, including erector spinae muscle (ESM) size on ADL changes from admission to discharge among older patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). MethodsWe retrospectively included patients (age: ≥65 years) who were admitted to the hospital for CAP and underwent chest computed tomography (CT) on admission. ADL was evaluated using the Barthel index, and patients were divided into the maintained or improved ADL group and the declined ADL group from admission through discharge. The ESM cross-sectional area was measured on a single-slice CT image. Logistic regression models were applied for assessing factors associated with changes in ADL. ResultsA total of 523 patients hospitalized for CAP (median age 86 years) were evaluated. The declined group had significantly higher ADL levels on admission, a greater frequency of smoking history and malignancy, and a lower frequency of cerebrovascular disease and dementia. No significant difference in ESM size was observed between the groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher ADL levels on admission (odds ratio 1.034, interquartile range 1.026–1.043) and malignancy (3.002, 1.150–7.836) were associated with a decline in ADL, whereas cerebrovascular disease (0.579, 0.373–0.900) was related to improvement or maintenance of ADL. ConclusionsAlthough nutritional status might not affect the change of ADL among older patients hospitalized with pneumonia, a cerebrovascular disease history may be a good predictor for ADL improvement.

Adaptation Processes of Survivors and Informal Caregivers after Stroke: A Scoping Review through the Lens of Educational Sciences

ABSTRACT Background Systematic knowledge about stroke adaptation can be a useful tool to develop evidence-based policies and practices centered on survivors and informal caregivers. Purpose This scoping review summarizes the body of knowledge about the adaptation processes after stroke. Methods Based on PRISMA-ScR guidelines, databases were searched, in November 2021, and 14 studies were included. The qualitative findings were inductively synthesized. The quantitative results were included in the taxonomy of categories and themes of the qualitative analysis. Results The adaptation processes after stroke are constituted by psychosocial and structural adaptation. The emotional distress, the use of emotional-based coping strategies, the received social support, the role and relationship changes, and the social participation were central factors of the psychosocial adaptation. Regarding the structural adaptation, the use of problem-solving based coping strategies; the centrality of the caregiving role; the learning processes; and the changes in daily life activities were reported. Discussion Health education research and interventions after stroke should consider the role of adaptative coping strategies, social support networks and services, and long-term educational policies. Translation to Health Education Practice: This work will assist Health educators and researchers to deeper understand the adaptation after stroke, identify knowledge gaps, and define further research issues.

Primary motor hand area corticospinal excitability indicates overall functional recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal cord injury (SCI), the excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) lower extremity area decreases or disappears. A recent study reported that the M1 hand area of the SCI patient encodes the activity information of both the upper and lower extremities. However, the characteristics of the M1 hand area corticospinal excitability (CSE) changes after SCI and its correlation with extremities motor function are still unknown. A retrospective study was conducted on the data of 347 SCI patients and 80 healthy controls on motor evoked potentials (MEP, reflection of CSE), extremity motor function, and activities of daily living (ADL) ability. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to analyze the relationship between the degree of MEP hemispheric conversion and extremity motor function/ADL ability. The CSE of the dominant hemisphere M1 hand area decreased in SCI patients. In 0-6 m, AIS A grade, or non-cervical injury SCI patients, the degree of M1 hand area MEP hemispheric conversion was positively correlated with total motor score, lower extremity motor score (LEMS), and ADL ability. Multiple linear regression analysis further confirmed the contribution of MEP hemispheric conversion degree in ADL changes as an independent factor. The closer the degree of M1 hand area MEP hemispheric conversion is to that of healthy controls, the better the extremity motor function/ADL ability patients achieve. Based on the law of this phenomenon, targeted intervention to regulate the excitability of bilateral M1 hand areas might be a novel strategy for SCI overall functional recovery.

Development and usability of a hospital standardized ADL ratio (HSAR) for elderly patients with cerebral infarction: a retrospective observational study using administrative claim data from 2012 to 2019 in Japan

BackgroundMaintenance of activities of daily living (ADL) during acute hospitalization is an important treatment goal, especially for elderly inpatients with diseases that often leave disabilities, such as cerebral infarction. However, studies assessing risk-adjusted ADL changes are limited. In this study, we developed and calculated a hospital standardized ADL ratio (HSAR) using Japanese administrative claims data to measure the quality of hospitalization care for patients with cerebral infarction.MethodsThis study was designed as a retrospective observational study using the Japanese administrative claim data from 2012 to 2019. The data of all hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of cerebral infarction (ICD-10, I63) were used. The HSAR was defined as the ratio of the observed number of ADL maintenance patients to the expected number of ADL maintenance patients multiplied by 100, and ratio of ADL maintenance patients was risk-adjusted using multivariable logistic regression analyses. The c-statistic was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the logistic models. Changes in HSARs in each consecutive period were assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.ResultsA total of 36,401 patients from 22 hospitals were included in this study. All variables used in the analyses were associated with ADL maintenance, and evaluations using the HSAR model showed predictive ability with c-statistics (area under the curve, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.88–0.89).ConclusionsThe findings indicated a need to support hospitals with a low HSAR because hospitals with high/low HSAR were likely to produce the same results in the subsequent periods. HSAR can be used as a new quality indicator of in-hospital care and may contribute to the assessment and improvement of the quality of care.

Pilot testing of the strengthening caregiving activities program for Thai informal caregivers of dependent older people

This study sought to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effect of the Strengthening Caregiving Activities Program on care partners' caregiver burden and activities of daily living (ADLs) ability. The program was used for the informal caregivers of dependent older people; 29 participants were recruited from a community center in Thailand. Caregiver burden and ADL changes were assessed for preliminary effects using the one-way repeated measure ANOVA at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up. The six program sessions were implemented as intended, with 93.10% of participants reporting satisfaction with the program (M = 26.653; SD = 3.380). Caregiver burden statistically decreased after the intervention and follow-up (p < .05), but the care partners' ADLs did not. This program was feasible and showed promise for the reduction of caregiver burden. A randomized controlled trial should be conducted to test the effect of the Strengthening Caregiving Activities Program on large samples of caregivers.

Lifestyle and body composition changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective, observational study

ObjectivesBehavioral restrictions and staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic have affected lifestyles. It was hypothesized that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) decreased their activities of daily living (ADL) and exercise during the pandemic. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in lifestyle and body composition. MethodsData were obtained from an observational study (CHIKARA study). Of 100 RA patients, 70 (57 women, 13 men) were followed-up with measurements of grip strength, as well as muscle mass, fat mass, and basal metabolic rate by a body composition analyzer. Changes in ADL and exercise were evaluated using a visual analog scale. The relationships between changes in ADL or exercise and body composition were investigated. ResultsMuscle mass and grip strength were significantly lower after behavioral restrictions compared to the periods before restrictions (34.0 vs 34.7 kg, P < 0.001; 16.2 vs 17.2 kg, P = 0.013, respectively). Fat mass was significantly greater after behavioral restrictions compared to the periods before restrictions (16.2 vs 15.5 kg, P = 0.014). The mean decrease in ADL was 44%, whereas that of exercise was 20%.The change in muscle mass (β = −0.335, P = 0.007) was the only independent factor for the change in exercise on multivariate analysis. ConclusionsMuscle mass and grip strength decreased and fat mass increased in RA patients with the behavioral restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Muscle mass decreased in patients without exercise. Maintenance of muscle mass may be important during the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 Accelerated Cognitive Decline in Elderly Patients with Pre-Existing Dementia Followed up in an Outpatient Memory Care Facility.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may affect the cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) of elderly patients. This study aimed to establish the COVID-19 effect on cognitive decline and the velocity of cognitive function and ADL changes in elderly patients with dementia followed up in an outpatient memory care facility. In total, 111 consecutive patients (age 82 ± 5 years, 32% males) with a baseline visit before infection were divided into those who had or did not have COVID-19. Cognitive decline was defined as a five-point loss of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and ADL comprising basic and instrumental ADL indexes (BADL and IADL, respectively). COVID-19 effect on cognitive decline was weighted for confounding variables by the propensity score, whereas the effect on change in the MMSE score and ADL indexes was analyzed using multivariate mixed-effect linear regression. COVID-19 occurred in 31 patients and a cognitive decline in 44. Cognitive decline was about three and a half times more frequent in patients who had COVID-19 (weighted hazard ratio 3.56, 95% confidence interval 1.50-8.59, p = 0.004). The MMSE score lowered on average by 1.7 points/year, independently of COVID-19, but it lowered twice faster in those who had COVID-19 (3.3 vs. 1.7 points/year, respectively, p < 0.050). BADL and IADL indexes lowered on average less than 1 point/year, independently of COVID-19 occurrence. Patients who had COVID-19 had a higher incidence of new institutionalization than those who did not have the disease (45% versus 20%, p = 0.016, respectively). COVID-19 had a significant impact on cognitive decline and accelerated MMSE reduction in elderly patients with dementia.

The Symptom Experience and Functioning of Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Within the First 20 days.

The adverse physical, psychological, and mental health consequences associated with COVID-19 illness are well-documented. However, how specific symptoms change over time and how COVID-19 affects one's day-to-day activities of daily living (ADL), Quality of Life (QoL), sleep quality, and fatigue severity are not well described. This longitudinal and descriptive study examined the changes in COVID-19 symptoms, ADL, QoL, sleep quality, and fatigue severity within the first 20 days. A convenience sample (n = 41) of non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were recruited and followed for 20 days. Participants completed self-report measures: COVID-19 symptoms, ADL, QoL, sleep quality, and fatigue severity at days: 1, 10, and 20 following a diagnosis. Findings revealed that symptoms decreased over 20 days (p < .001). In parallel with the decrease in symptoms, QoL and ADL improved over 20 days (p < .05). However, sleep quality and fatigue severity did not improve within 20 days (p > .05). Our findings contribute to the growing evidence that COVID-19 symptoms can linger, especially fatigue and sleep quality, that affect overall day-to-day functioning for at least 20 days after diagnosis. To mitigate the effect of COVID-19 on QOL and ADL, findings underscore the need for clinicians to work collaboratively with patients to develop a symptom management plan for a variety of symptoms including fatigue and sleep quality. Beginning to repurpose existing self-management strategies for the longer term COVID-19 symptoms could be beneficial and help to optimize patient outcomes. Future work should examine these variables over a longer timeframe and among different samples of non-hospitalized patients.

Factor Analysis Related to the Change in Activities of Daily Living Performance of Stroke Patients.

This study is aimed at investigating the factors influencing the change (improvement) in the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) in stroke patients. This study utilized data collected from 123 stroke patients at admission and discharge from a local rehabilitation hospital in South Korea between 2019 and 2022. We analyzed the correlations between ADL (Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index) and spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale), muscle strength (Manual Muscle Test), gait ability (Functional Ambulation Category), cognitive function (Korean version of Mini Mental Status Examination), upper extremity function (Manual Function Test), and balance function (Berg Balance Scale). In addition, to identify the factors influencing the change in ADL in line with the 3 months of rehabilitation, a multiple regression analysis was performed. The results of the correlation analysis showed that balance function (r = 0.925, p < 0.01) and gait ability (r = 0.921, p < 0.01) had strong positive correlations with ADL. Multiple regression analysis (F = 34.547, p ≤ 0.001, adj.R2 = 0.466) indicated that changes in the upper extremity (β = 0.494, p ≤ 0.001), cognitive (β = 0.197, p = 0.008), and balance (β = 0.163, p = 0.029) functions influenced changes in ADL. Our results found that the recovery of upper extremity function along with the improvement of cognitive and balance functions had a significant effect on the improvement of independence in ADL in stroke patients.

CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL STATUS AMONG US ADULTS IN LATE MID-LIFE FROM THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY 2004–2016

Abstract Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in health and functioning among older adults are salient key goals in the U.S. health policy. This study examined whether and how the functioning have progressed between White and minority populations in late midlife in recent years. We analyzed the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) among adults ages 45-64 years across two time periods (2004-2010 and 2010-2016). Using generalized linear regression, we modeled changes in activities of daily living (ADL) and changes in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) as a function of race/ethnicity and sequentially adjusted for period specific risk factors including sociodemographic factors, health insurance, health behaviors and social networks. Oaxaca-Blinder Regression Decomposition (OBRD) techniques are used to assess the contributions of these factors to the observed trends in ADL/IADL. We find changes in ADL is significantly higher for Blacks (Odds Ratios of 1.23, CI 1.01-1.48) and US-born Hispanics (Odd Ratios of 1.54, CI 1.12-2.12) after adjusting for all the risk factors in the second period. About two-thirds of the disparity in functional status of adults is explained in our OBRD model and more than 70% of these explained differences among minorities is related to socio-demographic factors. This probably occurred due to the differences in income and net wealth which began to widen during the time of 2008 financial crisis. Although recently there is a decline in disability trends for older adults in U.S., our findings point to an increase in racial/ethnic disparities in functional status for adults in late midlife.

Longitudinal post-shunt outcomes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with and without comorbid Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly comorbid with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and may diminish the benefits of shunting; however, findings in this area are mixed. We examined postoperative outcomes, with emphases on cognition and utilization of novel scoring procedures to enhance sensitivity. Using participant data from an iNPH outcome study at Butler Hospital, a mixed effect model examined main and interaction effects of time since surgery (baseline, 3 months, 12 months, and 24-60 months) and AD comorbidity (20 iNPH and 11 iNPH+AD) on activities of daily living (ADLs) and iNPH symptoms. Regression modeling explored whether baseline variables predicted improvements 3 months postoperatively. There were no group differences in gait, incontinence, and global cognition over time, and neither group showed changes in ADLs. Cognitive differences were observed postoperatively; iNPH patients showed stable improvements in working memory (p = 0.012) and response inhibition (p = 0.010), while iNPH + AD patients failed to maintain initial gains. Regarding predicting postoperative outcomes, baseline AD biomarkers did not predict shunt response at 3 months; however, older age at surgery predicted poorer cognitive outcomes (p = 0.04), and presurgical Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) (p = 0.035) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores (p = 0.009) predicted improvements incontinence. iNPH + AD may be linked with greater declines in aspects of executive functioning postoperatively relative to iNPH alone. While baseline AD pathology may not prognosticate shunt response, younger age appears linked with postsurgical cognitive improvement, and utilizing both brief and comprehensive cognitive measures may help predict improved incontinence. These results illustrate the potential benefits of surgery and inform postoperative expectations for those with iNPH + AD.

Muscle Endurance and Self-Perceived Fatigue Predict Decline in Gait Speed and Activities of Daily Living After 1-Year Follow-Up: Results From the BUTTERFLY Study.

Fatigue might influence the losses in activities of daily living (ADL). When fatigue parameters are present before the experience of losses in ADL and gait speed, they can be used as early warning signals. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of muscle endurance and fatigue on changes in ADL and gait speed in community-dwelling older adults aged 80 and older. Three hundred twenty four community-dwelling older adults aged 80 and older of the BUTTERFLY study were assessed after 1 year for muscle endurance, self-perceived fatigue, ADL, and gait speed. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to explore, whether there is an underlying arrangement of the fatigue parameters. Mediating logistic regression analyses were used to investigate whether muscle endurance mediated by self-perceived fatigue predicts the decline in gait speed and ADL after 1-year follow-up. EFA indicated a 2-factor model (muscle endurance factor and self-perceived fatigue factor) and had a moderate fit (X2: 374.81, df: 2, comparative fit index; 0.710, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI): 0.961, root mean square error of approximation [90%]: 0.048 [0.00-0.90]). Muscle endurance mediated by self-perceived fatigue had an indirect effect on the prediction of decline in Basal-ADL (-0.27), Instrumental-ADL (-0.25), and gait speed (-0.28) after 1-year follow-up. This study showed that low muscle endurance combined with high self-perceived fatigue can predict changes in ADL after 1-year follow-up. These parameters might be very suitable for use in evaluating intrinsic capacity and can help to reduce the limitations in clinical usage of the vitality domain in the framework of intrinsic capacity.