Changdeok Palace Research Articles

이용자 인식조사를 통한 고궁활용 프로그램의 개선방안 연구: 경복궁, 덕수궁, 창덕궁 이용자를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ways of revitalizing cultural programs for the palaces by conducting an awareness survey of visitors to each of the palaces. As a result of the analysis based on visitor satisfaction of the three major palaces, it was found that improvement of the traditional cultural experience programs was necessary regardless if the program was on a weekday or weekend. Gyeongbok Palace will be able to establish itself as the center of tourism in South Korea by opening a cultural experience program and tourism program, linking the palace to the region. It is possible for Changdeok Palace to preserve its cultural assets as much as possible considering the fact that it is a world cultural heritage. By opening a cultural experience and sightseeing program, Changdeok Palace will become a true landmark by emphasizing Korean image. Finally, if Deoksu Palace can create and introduce a program that can acquire historical knowledge along with cultural experiences and sightseeing programs, it will become a place for leisure and recreation for general citizens in addition to becoming a place for historical education. The rich cultural contents of each palace are things that cannot be provided by other cultural heritage sites. The cultural programs for the palaces should allow visitors to experience the elegance of each palace, creating a deep understanding for their value and historical significance.

창덕궁 후원 부용정(芙蓉亭)의 조영사적 특성

창덕궁 후원 부용정(芙蓉亭)의 조영사적 특성

Study on the Characteristics of Landscape Images of Changdeok Palace Rear Garden Described in the Poem “Sangrimshipkyeong”

Study on the Characteristics of Landscape Images of Changdeok Palace Rear Garden Described in the Poem “Sangrimshipkyeong”

유진경 가옥(현 북촌문화센터)의 원형과 궁궐요소 차용

It is identified that an initial person who built of 'Seoul Gyedong Modernized Hanok(former Min Hyeong-gi house)' used as 'Bukchon Culture Center' in present, was not Min Hyeong-gi, but his wife, Yu Jin-gyeong, and she built it when 8 years went on after his death(1879~1973), and the construction year was at the gate of Chuseok in 1921. Yu Jin-gyeong was Head Family's Eldest Daughter-in-law in family of Yeo Heung-min who was an influential person at the late Joseon Dynasty and was widow who had only son for 3 generations. And she built this house and moved to gain daughter and live futher grandchilds together in law in new nest. It is arranged that an annex surrounds with main building as the central figure. And this house emulates Yeonkeong-dang in backyard of the Changdeok Palace for 'preservation of main building' and Chim-bang-ga-toe applied on a bedroom in a palace is applied around nobleman family's the main room. It is rare case and expresses that a palace factor is borrowed. Yu Jin-gyeong's house is that a tradition Hanok is adjusted closely in city and central and basing mode as 'protective bedding' and building concept as 'a noble and protective architecture' is realized. So it has a character that development of Hangrang architecture is appeared and Head Family's Eldest Daughter-in-law widow of modern upper class had a special benefit. As well as, a meaning that it is experimental house based on tradition and is build of Hanok with housekeeping as the central figure for appear a form which has minimal Hangrang for housekeeping in yangban family of modern city, can be found.

표암(豹菴)의 「호가유금원기(扈駕遊禁苑記)」에 나타난 궁원 유람행사의 내용과 의미

본 연구의 목적은 표암의 "호가유금원기"에 담긴 궁원 유람행사의 내용과 의미를 밝히는 것이다. 본 연구의 방법은 사료에 담긴 내용과 의미를 고찰하고 해석하는 기술(description)적 연구방법이 사용되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 왕이 친히 신하들에게 궁원을 안내하고 설명한 일을 기록한 "호가유금원기"는 한국의 조경문화사에 있어 매우 귀한 사료이다. 이러한 일은 중국은 물론 조선시대에도 전무후무한 일이다. 2. 특히 이 일을 기록한 사람이 당대에는 시 서 화 삼절로 이름이 높았고 후대에는 '예원(藝苑)의 총수(總帥)'로 평가받는 표암 강세황이라는 점은 이 사료의 가치를 더한다. 3. 이 유람 행사의 성격은 정조의 집권 초반기에 친정체제를 구축하기 위한 규장각의 완비, 왕의 위엄을 나타내는 어진 도사 등에 기여한 근신들의 노고를 치하하는 자리였다. 정조는 자신의 정치 이념을 실현하는데 공이 큰 근신들의 노고에 대한 은전을 베풀기 위해 궁중 내에 금단의 공간인 금원을 활용하였다. 4. 창덕궁 후원에 대한 유람 동선의 하나를 확인할 수 있었다. 후원을 유람하는 동선이 고정적이지는 않았으나 이것은 이날의 가을 정취를 즐기기 위해 정조가 의도적으로 선택한 최선의 유람 동선이었을 것이다. 5. 이 행사의 특징은 격식이 없고 다소 즉흥적인 '유람'이었다. 즉 정조 치세 중반 이후에 신하들에게 베푼 '상화어조연(賞花漁釣宴)'은 꽃구경과 낚시, 시 짓기 등 행사의 개최시기와 형식, 참가자격 등의 틀을 갖춘 궁중 '연회'였음에 비해 이날의 행사는 비교적 사적이고 자유로운 '놀이(遊)'였다고 판단된다. 본 연구는 관련 사료들의 고찰을 통해 "호가유금원기"를 쓴 전후 맥락을 비롯해 이에 담긴 내용과 의미를 고찰하였다는 의미가 있다. "호가유금원기"는 귀중한 문화콘텐츠로서 추후 궁원 관람에 있어 스토리텔링 자원으로서 활용 가능할 것이며 이에 대한 후속 연구가 필요할 것이다. This study aimed at investigating the content and meaning of royal garden(宮苑) sightseeing event in Pyoam Gang, sehwang's "Hogayugeumwongi" As the research method, descriptive research method was used, which is to consider and interpret the content and meaning in the historical records. Research results are summarized as follows. 1. "Hogayugeumwongi", which recorded the event that the King personally guided and explained the palace to the vassals, is a very precious historical records in Korean landscape gardening cultural history. Such thing is unprecedented in Joseon Dynasty as well as China. 2. The person who recorded this event was famous for shi seo hwa samjeol in the time, and the point that he was Pyoam, who was appreciated as 'the head(總帥) of artistic and literary circles(藝苑)', adds more value to the future generations. 3. The characteristic of this sightseeing event was to praise the vassals' labor, who contributed to the completion of Kyujanggak, to establish King Jongjo's direct rule in the early period of seizure of power, and eojin(御眞) dosa(圖寫), etc., which expressed the King's dignity. Jongjo utilized Geumwon, a forbidden place in the palace, to give a special privilege to the vassals' effort, who took a great part in realizing his political ideal. 4. One of sightseeing lines toward the backyard of Changdeok Palace could be identified. Though the sightseeing lines toward the backyard were not fixed, however this might be the best sightseeing line which Jongjo intentionally chose to enjoy that day's flavor of autumn. 5. The characteristic of this event was informal and somewhat extemporary 'sightseeing'. Therefore, it is considered, that day's event was relatively private and free 'play(遊)', while 'sanghwaeojoyeon(賞花漁釣宴)', which Jongjo gave to the vassals middle after his reign, was a royal 'banquet', which prepared frames, such as event holding time and form, qualification for participation, e.g. flower viewing, fishing, writing poems, etc. This research has a significance that it considered the content and meaning in historical records including the front and the rear context that "Hogayugeumwongi" was written through the consideration of related historical materials. "Hogayugeumwongi" can be utilized as a material for storytelling with regard to royal garden sightseeing in future as a valuable cultural content, also, follow-up study on this is necessary.

The Historical Evolution and the Traditional Location Environment of the Changdeok Palace

The Historical Evolution and the Traditional Location Environment of the Changdeok Palace

창덕궁 후원 존덕정(尊德亭)의 조영사적 특성

본 연구는 창덕궁 후원이 세계문화유산임에도 불구하고 물리적인 구조물로만 인지되고 있는 경향이 많아 진행하게 되었으며, 존덕정 일원을 대상으로 역사적 사실에 근거하여 존덕정의 올바른 조영배경을 밝히고 고찰을 통해 내재된 조성원리를 구명하고자 시도되었다. 요약된 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 존덕정 권역에 그동안 후원에 조영되지 않은 형태인 죽정과 육각정, 팔각정 등이 소현세자와 봉림대군의 두, 세 차례 귀근과 귀국에 맞물려 조영된 점과 효종이 왕위를 계승한 이후에도 계속해서 천향각, 망춘정, 척뇌당을 조영하는 등 존덕정 일원의 개발을 늦추지 않은 점, 심양에서 태어난 현종이 훗날 존덕정의 현판을 직접 편액한 점 등에서 존덕정의 조영배경에 소현세자와 봉림대군이 결부되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 심양고궁 대정전(1625년)은 존덕정(1644년)과 같이 두 겹의 지붕을 갖는 단층건축물로 국가의 큰 행사를 거행하는 정전의 역할을 수행했다. 또한 소현세자와 봉림대군이 궁에서 열린 조참이나 황제가 베푸는 연회에 참석하였을 당시 당면했던 건물이기 때문에 존덕정의 조영배경에 대정전이 결부된 것으로 판단되었다. 3. 존덕정과 대정전에서 공통적으로 보이고 있는 특징을 고찰함으로써 두 건축물의 연관성을 증명하고 존덕정의 특징을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 왕권을 상징하는 대표적인 신수인 용이 형상화되어 있다. 그러므로 존덕정은 자연의 이치를 체득하여 수신하는 목적이외에도 치국안민의 뜻이 가미된 정원건축물로 판단하였다. 둘째, 일영대를 둔 점은 정확한 시간을 알기 위한 것 외에도 군왕의 당위성을 표현하기 위한 것으로 판단하였다. 셋째, 주변에 태청문이 존재하는 점은 도교의 삼청과 연결되며 꽃담과 더불어 왕의 불로장생을 염원하는 현세적 행복성취에서 기인한 것으로 판단하였다. 넷째, 건축양식에 있어서 겹 지붕의 단층 정자이고 원기둥만을 사용하여 조영한 점은 왕이 봉천지정의 뜻을 구현하기 위한 것으로 판단하였다. 4. 존덕정과 대정전의 차이점을 살펴봄으로써 존덕정만의 특징을 고찰하였다. 첫째, 지당의 존재 유무에 따라 존덕정의 건축적 특징이 다르게 나타났는데, 이는 외래문화를 수용함에 있어서 정원 속에 조영되는 정자의 특성, 입지, 기능에 알맞도록 변용한 것이며 우리문화에 습합되어 구현된 것으로 판단되었다. 둘째, 존덕정에 표현된 지당의 모습을 상현달 형태의 반월지가 동쪽에 흐르는 계류에 의해서 만월이 되는 형국으로 보았다. 이는 지당의 형상과 물의 흐름을 통해 항시 변화하는 달의 운행을 도상학적으로 표현한 것으로써 당대의 상상적 조경 수법으로 판단하였다. The purposes for this research were to find the correct building background of Jondeokjeong(尊德亭) in the rear garden of Changdeok Palace(昌德宮) based on the historical facts for the area of Jondeokjeong and investigate the internal theory of construction through the metaphysical consideration. The results were as follows. 1. Building background of Jondeokjeong was related to Sohyunseja(昭顯世子) and Bongrimdaegun(鳳林大君) as forms of rear garden where was not built in the area of Jondeokjeong, bamboo pavilion, hexagonal pavilion, octagonal pavilion, etc. They were built two or three times after returning of Sohyunseja and Bongrimdaegun from China, and the area of Jondeokjeong was continuously developed by building Chunhyanggak(天香閣), Mangchunjeong(望春亭) and Cheoknoidang(滌惱堂) after Hyojong(孝宗) succeeded the royal authority of Hyunjong(顯宗) who was born in Shenyang(瀋陽) and hung a signboard of Jondeokjeong after then, etc. 2. Dazhengjeon(大政殿) of Shenyang Palace(瀋陽故宮, 1625) played the roles of major hall, Jeongjeon(正殿) which held national big events as a one-storied building with two piles of roof similar with Jondeokjeong (1644). Also, it was the building encountered when Sohyunseja and Bongrimdaegun participated in breakfasts held in the palace or banquets supervised by a king, so building background of Jondeokjeong was judged to be related with Dazhengjeon. 3. In consideration of characteristics which are shown commonly in Jondeokjeong and Dazhengjeon, relations of two buildings were verified and characteristics of Jondeokjeong were examined. First, dragon which is representatively symbolizing royal authority was formed. Therefore, Jondeokjeong was judged as a garden building which purposes were to obtain and train natural reasons, govern the nation and let people comfortable. Second, the purposes of sun dial, Ilyoungdae(日影臺) were judged to examine the accurate time and express appropriateness of the king. Third, Taechungmun(太淸門) around there is related to Samcheong(三淸) of Taoism and judged to be caused by floral wall and secular happiness accomplishment for king's longevity without disease. Fourth, for building style, one-stories pavilion of duplicated roof and building with only cylinder were to king's embodiment of supporting the sky and governing the nation.4) 4. By examining the differences between Jondeokjeong and Dazhengjeon, Jondeokjeong's own characteristics were considered. First, constructive characteristics of Jondeokjeong were changed by existing of pond and it was changed for characteristics, location and function of pavilion built in the garden while accepting oversea culture and embodied by absorbing to Joseon culture. Second, the appearance of the pond in Jondeokjeong was shown as the situation that half moon typed pond with the form of young moon is full by stream to the East. It was to express movement of moon which was always changed through the form of pond and stream of water iconographycally and it was considered as an imaginary environment method of the period.

빅토리아 앨버트 박물관 소장 활옷의 조형성 연구

This research examines embroidery panels of Hwarot belonging to the Victoria and Albert Museum (the V&A). There are a total of seven objects and are all disassembled into clothe pieces. They were classified into two groups according to their acquisition year. One group, four objects, was acquired by the Museum in 1920. Considering their materials, embroidery threads, techniques and formative characteristics of patterns, it can be assumed that the objects formed an original dress, Hwarot. Although they look very similar to the embroidery patterns of Hwarot belonging to National Folklore Museum of Korea, they are more finely embroidered with very thin embroidery thread that uses the Jarisu technique. There are some differences in used embroidery threads and embroidery skills between Hwarot artifacts of the National Museum of Korea and the V&A. The embroidery of the National Museum of Korea used thicker threads and longer (approximately 0.7cm) Jarisu stitch techniques. With these details, they would have been made in different time periods. Comparison of the V&A and Changdeok Palace’ Hwarot objects show that their patterns’ motifs are almost similar but the pattern units, expressions and embroidery techniques are different. Regarding the colors of their patterns, it is noticeable that the peonies are generally expressed in reddish and the lotus patterns are expressed in either bluish or purplish color. It seems that they are contrasted with red-colored flowers and show harmony between yin and yang symbolically. Three artifacts of another group were acquired in 1925. Two of them show patterns almost the same as those of the sleeves of Hwarot (no.33156, no.33158) in Chicago Field Museum collection. The pattern of the remaining object is very similar to Hansam of Hwarot (no.33158).

고종 연간에 조성된 궁궐 후원 다용도 공지(空地)의 활용양상

This study was carried out to investigate the construction background of multi-functional vacant grounds in the rear gardens of Kyeongbok Palace and Kyeongun Palace, by understanding the building history of multi-functional vacant ground during the Joseon Dynasty with a special reference to the places formed in the period of King Kojong. The multi-functional vacant grounds in the Palace were the important element from the political aspect of Joseon Dynasty, and became an infrastructure of a state - run organization. The vacant space between Kwangyeonlu(廣延樓) and Haeonjeong, the whole region of Yeolmujeong(閱武亭), Seochongdae(瑞蔥臺), and Chundangdae(春塘臺) were investigated as the multi-functional places, where the events were held for the royal family in the Changdeok Palace after the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty. Various events such as the archery competition, official examination and military training were held at the places. After the inauguration of King Kojong, Kyeongmudae(京武臺) was made in the process of the reconstruction of the Kyeongbok Palace. The Kyeonghee Palace was used as the off-palace rear garden after the year that King Kojong returned to the Kyeongun Palace. The characteristics of two spaces were to apply the space organization of the Changdeok Palace into the rear garden outside of Sinmumun(神武門), Kyeongmudae at Kyeongbok Palace and the pedestrian overpass was established to connect the spaces efficiently in Kyeonghee Palace. Especially, the multi-functional vacant ground in the rear garden during the period of King Kojong functioned as the place to show off the internal and external independence of a nation and to show the authority and dignity of King at the point of time that accelerated the plundering Joseon Dynasty by Japanese imperialism powers, beyond the meaning of national event space that had existed before, such as official examination or archery test. In addition, the fact that the multi-functional vacant ground used as training place for military exercise where many people were mobilized was considered to reflect the contemporary situation.

고대 먹의 특성 분석

In this work, scientific and systematic analysis was conducted for finding out the methods and techniques of ancient ink stick making. Analysis the ancient ink stick on ancient documents and wooden writing as letter or painting, we concluded as followings. From the analysis of ancient wood by dendrochronology, wood was cut at 1899, which provided the information on the year of ink stick`s made on writing on ancient wood. Single particle size for soot of ancient ink stick was 107 nm for ink on the roof-filling timber in Sinsunwonjeon of Changdeok Palace, compared to 38 to 86 nm on the letter on ancient 12 paper document. Aggregate particle size was 370 nm for ink on the roof-filling timber in Sinsunwonjeon of Changdeok Palace, but 206 to 318 nm for aggregate particle size on 12 paper documents. There was similar pattern between single particle size and aggregate particle size of soot, which might provide the information of raw material for ancient ink. From infra-red and Raman spectroscopic analysis of sheet of writing on paper or wood, there was severe interference from background material (paper or wood). From Raman spectroscopic analysis of ancient ink carefully separated from ancient wood, spectrum pattern was closer to ink stick made by the soot from pine burning.

Shared national memory as intangible heritage: Re-imagining Two Koreas as One Nation

This paper suggests that shared national memory, as intangible heritage of tangible heritage, is of crucial significance in encouraging South Korean nationals to reaffirm their ethnic and cultural affinities with North Korea during heritage tourism experiences in Changdeok Palace. Importantly, heritage can be a safe and neutral ground for mediating political contentions and conflicts. Despite the political tensions between the two Koreas, the essence of ‘Koreanness’, deeply grounded in shared national memory revived during the Changdeok experience, facilitates the process of re-imagining two Koreas as one nation. The intangible heritage of Changdeok Palace stands as one definitive symbolic representation that augments national sentiment at a time of redefining notions of national belonging and re-emphasising entrenched primordial associations with North Korea.

A Study of the Changdeok Palace Chugudae and its Inscriptions - Focused on 『Cheoljae Jinjeok (澈齋眞蹟)』 -

The Chugudae is a pedestal for the Chugugi. While many Chugudae were made during the Joseon Dynasty period, seven remained in existence until the early 20th century. Only five of them remain to this day-Gwansanggam (Royal Office of Astronomy and Meteorology), the Seonhwadang in Daegu, the Changdeok Palace, Tongyeong, and Yeongyeongdang. The Changdeok Palace Chugudae is the only existing model made not only as a meteorological instrument but also as a memorial statue. It has been a challenge to decipher 41 of the 368 characters in 'Chugugi-myeong (The title of the inscriptions on the Changdeok Palace Chugudae)' as these had been eroded. However, the interpretation of the full text of 'Chugugi-myeong' became possible thanks to the Cheoljae Jinjeok (澈齋眞蹟) which was discovered through this study. The key sentences of the 'Chugugi-myeong' include the reason for creation, the size and functions of the Chugugi and a eulogy to the reigns of King Sejong, Youngjo and Jeongjo. Moreover, its splendid design is worthy of further study. To conclude its true meaning and value, the Changdeok Palace Chugudae requires a more extensive investigation from the viewpoint of an art history.

Characteristics of Bird Inhabitation and Management in World Heritage Changdeok Palace Rear Garden

The Changdeok Palace (Changdeokgung) has been registered as a world heritage site in December of 1997 for its combination of well-preserved architecture and surrounding nature. The palace functions as a representative tourist location of Seoul as well as a forest within a city which shows an ecosystem within a cityscape. The Changdeok Palace's rear garden was opened to the public in 2004 and thus required suitable management and stable management of the forest in the garden. Study of the wild avian fauna of the forest showed 161 individuals (Peak count) of 41 species, and dominant species included the magpies (Pica pica), brown-eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis), dusky thrush (Turdus migratorius), tree sparrow (Passer montanus), vinous-throated parrotbill (Paradoxornis webbianus fulvicauda) and the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), in descending order. Since the study area is located near the city, magpies was the most dominant species, but the location was also providing habitat for various endangered and government protected bird species such as birds of prey and the mandarin duck. The effect of the visitors to the rear garden of the Changdeok Palace on its avian fauna was minimal, and the study has proposed future plans for management of wild avian habitat, of visitors and users, of trails and natural enemies.

HERITAGE TOURISM: Emotional Journeys into Nationhood

This paper is primarily concerned with discussing ways in which heritage tourism experience acts as a symbolic mechanism through which national belonging can be reconstructed and communicated. The discussions appropriately explore the view of heritage as cultural production and its fundamental role in maintaining national solidarity. Substantial focus is placed on contextualising ways in which shared memories of the nation’s past are subjectively perceived and re-appropriated during visits to Changdeok Palace, South Korea. This study utilises ranging ethnographic approaches including in-depth interviews and friendly conversations with domestic tourists and palace staff. The importance of individual interpretations and unofficial narratives in articulating and affirming nationalist sentiment is emphasised, especially in relation to the emotional and subjective nature of heritage encounters and experiences.

「東闕図」にみられる朝鮮時代の宮殿造園における構成要素の特徴

Donggweoldo is a painting which was drawn on royal palaces (Changdeok palace, Changgyung palace and Whowon) of Joseon dynasty. The situation of landscape design on 19 century could be grasped from Donggweoldo, because the painting was produced in the 1820s. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of landscape architectural elements in Korean royal places by analyzing Donggweoldo. To analyze landscape architectural elements and clarify characteristics of those, the elements were classified to spatial elements, house elements, plant elements, water elements, stone elements. The appearance frequency of those elements was different as a role of the place. It is understood that Confucianism was reflected by elements in the place such as Uezo where retainers work or Chizo where is held ceremonies. There are various ornamental elements in Yeonzo where a king and his family live and Whowon which is a large garden where people relax and enjoy nature. Especially in back yard of kings bed house, there are ornamental elements such as flower terrace, various plant, oddly shaped stone. These data is expected to be a fundamental data when royal places restored to original state.

Assessing the economic value of a world heritage site and willingness-to-pay determinants: A case of Changdeok Palace

The main objective of this study is to estimate use value of a World Cultural Heritage in Korea using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The type of question used in this study was closed-ended (or dichotomous choice). Based on the results of the pre-test, 10 price offers were given. The logit models in both linear and logarithmic forms were employed to identify determinants from the dichotomous question. The mean WTP values were 5706 Won ($5.70) in a log-linear model and 6005 Won ($6.00) in a log-logit model. Taking into account only domestic visitors, aggregate use value from the log-linear model was estimated to be approximately 1.93 million dollars, while aggregate use value from the log-logit model was estimated as 2.01 million dollars. The results from this study revealed the economic value of the World Heritage site to users or tourists in levels exceeding its monetary benefits.

The Hanyang’ s Establishment and Urban Structure in early Chosun Dynasty

There were four phases in the process of Hanyang’ s establishment as the capital of Chosun.<BR> The debate on transfer of the capital to Namkyung, in late Koryo period, has its grounds on Feng-Shui theory, which asserted that the force of Kaekyung has diminished.<BR> The transfer of capital to Hanyang, which was decided immediately after King Taejo has succeeded the throne, was influenced by such view of Feng-Shui on capital of nations.<BR> However, in 1934 (King Taejo yr3), when the transfer was made, the influence of Feng-Shui has fallen, and the justifications were altered to economic rationality such as convenience of tax transportation, etc.<BR> In King Taejo period, palaces, shrines, and altars of earth and grain were constructed in Hanyang under the capital establishment theory of 『Joorye 周禮』.<BR> The width of roads were sufficient to allow 9 wagons to pass at once, suitable as the capital of the emperor. Also, the ritual altar of the king, Wongu-Dan, was built. The model of Hanyang construction was Kaekyung, the imperial metropolis of Koryo.<BR> King Jeongjong has moved the capital from Hanyang to Kaekyung, and after the second Disturbance of the Princes, King Tae-Jong has ruled the nation under a duplex capital system, designating two capitals of Kaekyung and Hanyang. The king and the bureaucracy resided in Kaekyung, but the symbolic facilities of the nation, such as the shrine and altars were located in Hanyang,<BR> In 1405 (King Taejong yr5) Taejong has decided return to Hanyang. The most influential factor in decision was not Feng-Shui, but the economic rationality based on Confucian ideology. King Taejong, upon transfer of the capital, has additionally constructed the city facilities King Taejo could not complete, such as Changdeok Palace, Servant Quarters.<BR> The facilities constructed in this period have followed the standard of feudal lord, not that of an emperor. Still, King Taejong has not modified Hanyang, which was established in King Taejo period. Taejong’ s Hanyang was in a transitional period, where an empirical capital taking its looks after Kaekyung was being transferred to the city of a feudal lord.<BR> In King Sejong period, the Confucian theory was solidified as the national ideology, and accordingly the phase of Hanyang was readjusted following the Confucian reputation. The road widths were adjusted to comply with lords’ standard, and the rituals to heaven were abolished.<BR> The Improvement of Hanyang in King Sejong period was a transition process. from a national capital to a city of the feudal lord in the Chinese system.<BR> The residents of Hanyang were exempted from land tax, drafted labor, and military service. Only housing tax and labor tax were imposed. The fact of Hanyang residents holding these advantages over rural residents shows that the theory of connection, between difference in social status and difference in spatial difference, was being realized by the governing method of Hanyang.

37th annual meeting of the Pacific Association of Pediatric Surgeons

SEOUL, KOREA was the location for this year’s PAPS meeting. The city served as a wonderful venue for pediatric surgeons from more than 20 countries. The meeting was held from May 16-May 20, 2004. The Korean pediatric surgeons were our hosts, and Dr Eui Ho Hwang was the Chair of the Organizing Committee. Dr Seung Hoon Choi served as the Secretary General, and Dr Poon Man Jung chaired the Program Committee. The entire Organizing Committee did an outstanding job in coordinating the meeting. The opening reception at the Lotte Hotel provided a good opportunity for many to re-establish old connections.A PAPS tradition is the social program, and our Korean hosts provided attendees with a glimpse into various aspects of Korean life over the years at the Korean Folk Village as well as the Changdeok Palace. Korea night was held which provided us with an array of traditional dance and music.Highlights of the program included 82 oral presentations and 47 posters presented in several sessions. These covered the entire range of pediatric surgery from biliary diseases to fetal intervention.Dr Mclee Mathew was the M. James Worden Guest Assistance Lecturer from Papua, New Guinea. Dr Mathew is the first fully trained pediatric surgeon in Papua, New Guinea. His speach on the training of future surgeons and delivery of surgical care to the children in Papua New Guinea gave all of us a new appreciation for those surgeons practicing in developing countries.The Gans Memorial Lecture was given by Professor Junghee Han, an expert in Asian art history who discussed Korean art and how it differs from Chinese and Japanese art.The Publications Committee consisted of Dr Walter Chwals, Jeff Dubois, Toshio Fujiwara, John Hutson, Naomi Iwai, Yasuhide Morikawa, Rebecka Myers, John Pitkin, Don Shaul, Hideo Takamatsu, Paul Tam, Eric Webber, and Atsuyuki Yamataka. The Committee reviewed 60 submitted manuscripts for this issue.The meeting ended with the usual informal banquet to include performances from every country. John Pitkin continued the tradition of cutting ties from those bold enough to wear them to the banquet. We look forward to next year’s meeting in Vancouver. SEOUL, KOREA was the location for this year’s PAPS meeting. The city served as a wonderful venue for pediatric surgeons from more than 20 countries. The meeting was held from May 16-May 20, 2004. The Korean pediatric surgeons were our hosts, and Dr Eui Ho Hwang was the Chair of the Organizing Committee. Dr Seung Hoon Choi served as the Secretary General, and Dr Poon Man Jung chaired the Program Committee. The entire Organizing Committee did an outstanding job in coordinating the meeting. The opening reception at the Lotte Hotel provided a good opportunity for many to re-establish old connections. A PAPS tradition is the social program, and our Korean hosts provided attendees with a glimpse into various aspects of Korean life over the years at the Korean Folk Village as well as the Changdeok Palace. Korea night was held which provided us with an array of traditional dance and music. Highlights of the program included 82 oral presentations and 47 posters presented in several sessions. These covered the entire range of pediatric surgery from biliary diseases to fetal intervention. Dr Mclee Mathew was the M. James Worden Guest Assistance Lecturer from Papua, New Guinea. Dr Mathew is the first fully trained pediatric surgeon in Papua, New Guinea. His speach on the training of future surgeons and delivery of surgical care to the children in Papua New Guinea gave all of us a new appreciation for those surgeons practicing in developing countries. The Gans Memorial Lecture was given by Professor Junghee Han, an expert in Asian art history who discussed Korean art and how it differs from Chinese and Japanese art. The Publications Committee consisted of Dr Walter Chwals, Jeff Dubois, Toshio Fujiwara, John Hutson, Naomi Iwai, Yasuhide Morikawa, Rebecka Myers, John Pitkin, Don Shaul, Hideo Takamatsu, Paul Tam, Eric Webber, and Atsuyuki Yamataka. The Committee reviewed 60 submitted manuscripts for this issue. The meeting ended with the usual informal banquet to include performances from every country. John Pitkin continued the tradition of cutting ties from those bold enough to wear them to the banquet. We look forward to next year’s meeting in Vancouver.