Chances Of Animals Research Articles

HALAL CRITICAL POINT OF MICROBIAL BIOPROCESS BASED-DAIRY PRODUCTS

The dairy products that use certain enzymes and microbial cells to produce other product variants such as yoghurt and cheese are products that which must be observed for its halalness. Uses microbial and additional ingredients and auxiliary materials that are not necessarily halal.The bacteria commonly used in the processing of dairy products such as yoghurt and cheese are several species of the lactic acid bacteria group which are developed as a starter in the fermentation process. Generally, lactic acid bacteria are grown first on growth media before being used as a starter. The halal critical point is the growth media, which contain proteins to own chances of animals (such as beef extract) which can be derived from pigs. Non-halal sources of carbon and nitrogen in growth media, such as blood, can also cause bacterial cells and microbial products to have a haram status. The same thing in the process of finalizing processed dairy products with the addition of flavours, amino acids, preservatives, or gelatine. The addition of food additives has become a critical point in any case because it can be a microbial product that needs to be ascertained halal. This review reveals that the critical point in making yoghurt is in milk as its raw material, the step of adding starter and adding additives. While the critical point in cheese making is in milk as its raw material and at the coagulation stage.

Responsible companion animal guardianship is associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis: an analytical cross-sectional survey in an urban area of southeastern Brazil

BackgroundResponsible companion animal guardianship (RCAG) comprises a set of concepts involving activities, behavior and care that guardians must provide to ensure the welfare of their animals. When such principles are disregarded, the risk of animals developing zoonotic diseases, such as canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), increases. This disease is a public health problem in many urban settings in Brazil because dogs are the main reservoirs of Leishmania and are involved in the transmission of the parasites to humans. Our analytical cross-sectional epidemiological survey aimed to investigate the prevalence of CVL in a city in southeastern Brazil and to establish the association between the disease and a number of predictor variables including dog traits, socioeconomic status of guardians, ecological features of the domicile and RCAG.ResultsOur study showed that the global prevalence of CVL in the sample canine population was 6.7% (47/704). All variables related to better dog care were associated with lower chances of infection. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the chances of animals being seropositive for CVL were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when guardians had no formal education or possessed a university degree (vs. those with complete primary or secondary schooling) and when dogs were sheltered outside the house and had free access to the streets. An additional novel finding was that dogs that were acquired as puppies presented half of the chance of developing the disease in comparison with those acquired at the adult stage. Geographically weighted logistic regression coefficients showed that the strengths of the predictor/CVL associations varied depending on the studied geographical space. Both models demonstrated that the associations were always in the same directions.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that regardless of age and mode of acquisition, adult dogs should be submitted to clinical evaluation and tests for CVL. RCAG can exert positive effects on the control of CVL.

Induced dispersal in wildlife management: experimental evaluation of the risk of hybrid breakdown and the benefit of hybrid vigor in the F1 generation

Management practices often aim to increase the level of gene flow by either: introducing animals from captive breeding programs, translocating animals from abundant areas, or increasing the chance of animals dispersing between populations by creating habitat corridors. These practices provide opportunity for the hybrid offspring of introduced and resident animals to experience either increased fitness (hybrid vigor) or decreased fitness (hybrid breakdown). There is very little quantitative data available to adequately assess whether hybridization is likely to be beneficial or detrimental to populations managed in these ways. Using Drosophila melanogaster populations, we conducted two experiments that simulate the common management practices of translocation and wildlife habitat corridors. We monitored the frequency and magnitude of hybrid vigor and hybrid breakdown in F1 hybrids to assess the relative risks and benefits to populations and also monitored net productivity (number of adults produced from controlled crosses) to assess whether the populations were stable or in decline. In the translocation experiment, we observed instances of both significant hybrid vigor and hybrid breakdown, both occurring at a frequency of 9%. In the habitat corridor experiments, populations with moderate to high dispersal (1–4% per generation) did not develop significant hybrid vigor or hybrid breakdown. However, of the populations experiencing low dispersal (0.25% per generation) for 34 generations, 6% displayed significant hybrid vigor and 6% displayed significant hybrid breakdown. These results suggest that in first generation hybrids there may be limited opportunity to utilize hybrid vigor as a tool to increase the short-term viability of populations because there is an equal likelihood of encountering hybrid breakdown that may drive the population into further decline. However, our results apply only to populations of moderate size (N = 50; Ne = 14.3) in the absence of deliberate consanguineous mating. Lastly, we observed that net productivity was positively correlated with dispersal rate, suggesting that initial F1 declines in fitness may be temporary and that it is preferable to maintain high levels of selectable variation via induced dispersal to assist the long-term survival of vulnerable populations.

An assessment of the stress associated with slaughter in sheep

The Slaughter of Animals (Humane conditions) Act 1990 prohibits killing animals within sight of another. There is a need to produce scientific evidence to show whether the sight of sticking (exsanguination) is stressful to animals that happen to observe this procedure. This has important consequences on the design of stunning and sticking areas in the abattoir. Sticking in a separate are can lead to a delay between stunning and sticking and increase the chance of animals regaining consciousness.In this study experiments were carried out to determine whether sheep did responded in a way which could suggest they found the experience of witnessing sticking distressing.

The End of the Open Range in Eastern Montana

Fromn the earliest days of the cattle business, some men were obsessed with the idea that the ra.n ge wvas overcrowded. Obviously, the fewer animals dependent upon a given amount of forage, the fatter they would get and the better would be their chances of going through a drought or a hard winter. JuLst when a range became overcrowded was, of course, impossible to determine. The importation or birth of one more animal detracted just so much from the chances of animals alrea.dy using the, range, and they vere that much more likely to graze the forage too closelv and kill it back. It wa.s to the interest of the cattlemen first on the ground, therefore, to prevent the bringing in of more animals and to increase the amount of range available. Eventua.lly, however, the great invasion of small ranchers and sheepmen turned the tide hopelessly against the range system. The old catt.lemen were then forced to turn to the protection of their interests, by providing feed in winter and by purchasing or leasing, when possible, large tracts of forage land. Thus they became accomplices in bringing about the end of the open range. Many were driven out of the game altogether, and most of those who remained were forced to reduce the size of their enterprises. It seems probable that some of the publicity given to the supposed overcrowding of the range, especially in the earlier period, was the result of the more or less conscious effort of the cattlemen already in possession to keep new herds off the range.' Often the cattlemen took more direct measures to exclude the newcomers. The power which, especially in the early years, the local cattlemen's associations exercised over the round-ups and the protection of brands, put these organizations in a, position to exercise effective control over the admission or exclusion of