Chance Scales Research Articles

The Relationship between Locus of Control and Academic Adaptability Among College Students: Mediating Effect of Academic Self-Efficacy

Learning adaptability is a necessary condition for students to complete their learning tasks and achieve good performance. From the connotation of locus of control, academic self-efficacy and learning adaptability, we can see that there is a strong logical connection among the three. The aim of this paper was to explore the characteristics of locus of control, academic self-efficacy and learning adaptability in college students, and analyze the relationship among the above 3 variables. Stratified random sampling was used to select five hundred and nineteen college students from 7 universities in Guangdong Province. They were investigated with Academic Self- Efficacy Scale (ASES), Learning Adaptability Scale for College Students (LAS), and Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale (IPC). The survey results indicated the following three points. First, the total scores of ASES, LAS, IPC were (68.90±10.95), (95.61± 15.46), (27.70±5.65), (18.06±7.73) and (19.65±6.83), respectively; Second, there was a pairwise correlation among the scores of internality, academic ability self-efficacy and LAS (r=0.69, 0.37, 0.61, all P<0.01), a pairwise correlation among the scores of internality, academic behavior self-efficacy and LAS (r=0.67, 0.37, 0.23, all P<0.01), as well as a pairwise correlation among the scores of internality, academic self-efficacy and LAS (r=0.71, 0.37, 0.55, all P<0.01); Third, the scores of academic ability self-efficacy, academic behavior self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy played a partly mediating effect in the relationship between the score of internality and LAS, with the mediation effect counting for 57.8 %, 27.2 % and 72.9% of the total effect, respectively. It is therefore suggested that internality not only has a direct role on the learning adaptability of college students, but also indirectly affects it through academic self-efficacy.

Relationship of Earthquake Exposure, Locus of Control, Coping Strategy, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Adolescent Survivors.

A cross-sectional study was performed to examine the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescent survivors 2 years after the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake, and to identify risk factors and their interaction effects. A total of 4,131 adolescents were recruited. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, and locus of control (LOC) and coping strategy were assessed using the Internality, Powerful Others and Chance Scale and Coping Styles Scale, respectively. The prevalence of PTSD was 5% and the relationship between external LOC and PTSD and negative coping and PTSD seemed moderated by environmental factors. These factors should be considered along with external LOC, especially among adolescents with high levels of earthquake exposure. Positive coping strategies may help adolescents manage stress after a severe earthquake. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60(11), 41-47.].

Oncologists' Locus of Control, Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and the Mediating Role of Helplessness.

The oncology setting may give rise to significant feelings of helplessness among oncologists via patients’ inevitable deaths or suffering. The current study examines whether and how oncologists’ sense of control (locus of control; LOC) influences their compassion fatigue and satisfaction. Methods: Seventy-three oncologists completed the following questionnaires: the Professional Quality of Life scale; Levenson’s Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance scale; the Guilt Inventory, State Guilt subscale; and the Learned Helplessness scale. Results: Oncologists reported high levels of secondary traumatic stress and burnout and moderate levels of compassion satisfaction. A positive association between oncologists’ external LOC and compassion fatigue, and a negative association between oncologists’ internal LOC and compassion fatigue, were found. Helplessness, but not guilt, had a mediating role in these associations. Internal LOC was also positively associated with compassion satisfaction. Conclusions: The current study highlights oncologists as a population at risk of experiencing compassion fatigue and emphasizes oncologists’ locus of control as a predisposition that plays a role in the development of this phenomenon. Additionally, the cognitive as well as the emotional aspects of control were found to be important factors associated with compassion fatigue.

Locus of Control and Spirituality in Opioid Dependence

The aim of this study was to find out if Locus of Control and Spirituality play a role in opioid dependence (opioid user group). The participants (N=120; 60 opioid user group and 60 non-user gender matched group) completed a questionnaire comprising of demographic information, Multidimensional Locus of Control Scales (Levenson, H., 2009) and Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List (SAIL; De Jager Meezenbroek, E et al., 2012). The results indicated that the opioid user group scored higher in the external locus of control scales (Powerful others scale and Chance scale) as compared to the non-user group in the Multidimensional Locus of Control Scales. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List (SAIL) where the non-user group scored higher in all the subscales. Correlational analysis indicated that in the opioid user group, Internal Scale was significantly positively related to SAIL (Caring for Others), while Powerful others was significantly negatively related to SAIL (Trust). In the non-user group, there was a significant positive relationship between Chance Scale with both Internal Scale and the Powerful Others Scale while Internal Scale was significantly positively related to all the SAIL subscales such as Trust, Caring for Others and Transcendent experiences. The results were found to be consistent with similar researches done in the past and has hence reiterated the importance of religious and spiritual based intervention in substance treatment programs as well as the necessity to readjusting one’s locus of control to deal effectively with substance use.

The phenotype of recovery IV: Delay discounting predicts perceived stress and a chance locus of control in individuals in recovery from substance use disorders

ObjectiveUnderstanding individuals who are successful in recovery from substance use disorders will help to inform treatments and preventative measures. Stress has been shown to be associated with both substance use and relapse. Delay discounting is associated with risk of substance use; it is predictive of treatment outcomes and maintained abstinence. Associations between perceived stress, beliefs about locus of control, and delay discounting have yet to be assessed in individuals in recovery from substance use disorder. MethodsData from 93 individuals in recovery from substance use recruited from the International Quit and Recovery Registry (IQRR) were analyzed. Individuals completed the adjusting amount delay discounting procedure to obtain delay discounting rates. Level of perceived stress was assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). An individual’s belief about locus of control was assessed using the Internality, Powerful Others and Chance Scale (IPCS). ResultsDelay discounting was a significant predictor of perceived stress and scores associated with beliefs about a Chance locus of control (i.e., belief that events that occur in an individual’s life are because of chance or luck), even after controlling for demographic characteristics. Time in recovery was also predictive of levels of perceived stress; this relationship was mediated by delay discounting. ConclusionThe present study indicates that delay discounting can predict perception of stress and beliefs about a chance locus of control in individuals in recovery. This information may help understand, identify, and assist individuals whomay need different, new, or more intensive interventions for their substance use disorder.

Loneliness of adult and juvenile prisoner influences on psychological affect: Mediation role of control source

AbstractPrisoners' affective education is a hot topic in criminal psychology. The lack of the social support for prisoners means that they are more prone to loneliness. The mental health status of the prisoners directly concerns their social adaptation when released. We therefore explored the relationship between loneliness, psychological affect, and control source in 201 prisoners. Prisoners completed the state and trait loneliness scale, the affectal scale, the internal control, powerful others, and chance scale. Mediation effect analysis was conducted to explore the mediation role of the control source from influence of loneliness on psychological affect. State loneliness indirectly affected positive affect through internal control factors. Trait loneliness directly affected negative affect, and trait loneliness indirectly affected negative affect through opportunity factors. Overall, this study uncovers some of the psychological mechanisms underlying emotional state in prisoners, highlights the need for effective psychological correction programmes in the prison system and provides reference for effectual ascension of prisoners out of jail.

Religiosity and Chance Beliefs in Persons with DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Enrolled in a Longitudinal Follow-Up Study.

This study investigates the association of public, private and intrinsic religiosity and chance beliefs (superstition, illusion of control) with gambling behavior in a longitudinal follow-up study of younger and older adult subjects with DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG) and an older adult comparison group without PG. One-hundred sixty-three subjects were enrolled including 60 younger adults with PG (≥ 18/< 40years), 53 older adults with PG (≥ 60years), and 50 older adults without PG (≥ 60). Subjects were assessed at baseline and every 6months thereafter. The Duke University Religion Index for Religious Assessment and the Drake Beliefs About Chance scales were administered at baseline. Follow-up was a mean (SD) of 2.6 (1.4) years. Older adults with PG scored lower on measures of public and intrinsic aspects of religiosity than older adults without PG, and scored higher on superstition and illusion of control. Older adults with PG also scored higher than younger adults with PG on private and intrinsic religiosity, but not public religiosity. Superstition predicted intrinsic, but not other aspects of religiosity. Importantly, during follow-up, higher levels of public and intrinsic religiosity were protective against problematic (levels 2, 3) gambling; were protective against chronic PG; and were predictive of PG remission status. Lower illusion of control ratings were protective against problematic gambling and chronic PG; lower superstition ratings were predictive of remission. We conclude that higher levels of public and intrinsic religiosity and lower levels of chance beliefs are associated with a more benign PG course.

Mediating effect of anxiety on relationship between mobile phone addiction and locus of control in college students

Objective To explore the relationship among mobile phone addiction, locus of control and anxiety in college students. Methods Using Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI), Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale (IPC), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), 826 college students were surveyed and the data were analyzed by SPSS17.0 and Amos24.0. Results 73.6% college students had mobile phone dependence. College students being addicted to mobile phone got higher scores on chance(20.17±6.65), powerful others(18.74±7.45) and anxiety(45.95±10.41)than non-cellphone dependent students (chance(17.09±6.67), powerful others(15.03±7.65)and anxiety(40.44±8.29)). There were significant differences(all P<0.01). The scores on mobile phone addiction were positively related to chance, powerful others and anxiety (r=0.289, r=0.261, r=0.267, P<0.01). Anxiety played a partial mediating role between chance and mobile phone addiction and the mediating effect was 26.6%. Conclusion Chance can directly predict mobile phone addiction or indirectly predict cell phone addiction through anxiety. Key words: College students; Locus of control; Mobile phone addiction; Anxiety; Mediating effect

A Study on the Relationship between College Students’ Boredom Tendency and Attribution Style as well as Achievement Motivation

Aim: This thesis discusses the relationship between college students’ boredom tendency and attribution style as well as achievement motivation. Method: The author uses scale assessment on college students of boredom tendency scale, the inner-control scale, internality-powerful others scale and chance scale draw up by Leveson, as well as achievement motivation scale. Results: 1) There is no significant differences in sex on the boredom tendency of college students; in grade level, a comparatively significant difference exists between the total scores of tension, binding force and boredom tendency. 2) The total score of boredom tendency has significant negative correlation with that of achievement motivation (r=-0.509, p<0.01), has significant negative correlation with the success-wish dimension (r=-0.284, p<0.05), has significant positive correlation with the failure-fear dimension (r=0.505, p<0.01), has negative correlation with the inner-control dimension (r=-0.133, p<0.05), has positive correlation with the chance dimension (r=0.406, p<0.01), and has significant positive correlation with internality-powerful others dimension (r=0.373, p<0.01). 3) The boredom tendency has mediating effect on achievement motivation and attribution style. Conclusion: The boredom tendency is closely related to the attribution style and achievement motivation, and plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between attribution style and achievement motivation.

Liens entre la dépression et la dépendance interpersonnelle : l’importance du locus de contrôle

ContextEmpirical researches have proved that there are powerful correlations between dependent personality and depression. Different hypotheses were described to conceptualize links between these two entities. The dysfunction of attributive style seems to be linked to dependency and to depression. Interpersonal dependency can be considered to be a mode of adaptation to the external direction of the locus of control. The self-esteem so subjected to the climate of social interactions can lead, by the discontinuity of its protective relations, to the depression. In a coordinated model, this study explores psychopathological aspects between depressive cognition, self-esteem and interpersonal dependency. ObjectiveThis study tries to support the hypothesis that depression and dependency are consequences of an external locus of control, secondary in deterioration of the self-esteem and the main objective is to highlight correlations between external locus of control, interpersonal dependency, hopelessness and depressive affect. MethodThe regrouping of 42 patients in a protocol of psychotherapeutic practices allowed the realization of this retrospective study, multicentric within different hospitals or ambulant psychiatric structures of the agglomeration of Lille, during a period of 6 months. The administration of questionnaires (Beck Depression Inventory/Dependent Personality Questionnaire by Tyrer, translated by Loas/Hopelessness Scale by Beck/Powerful others and Chance Scale [IPC] of Levenson, translated by Loas) was included into clinical practice. ResultsThe main results indicate that external locus of control “powerful others” is significantly correlated with pathological dependency (P<0.0001), depression (P<0.0001) and hopelessness (P=0.02). In addition, the pathological dependency seems to be correlated with external locus “chance” (P<0.05) and external locus “powerful others” (P<0.0001). ConclusionWe explored in this study the powerful links joining pathological dependency with depression. These correlations confirm and specify data found in literature. This work is in favor of a conception of external locus of control as a psychopathologic component between depression and dependent personality. This cognitive aspect manifests vulnerability in the depression of the patients suffering from pathological dependency. Also, the place of external locus of control (“powerful others” and “chance”) seems to be a cognitive dimension more pathogenic than the internal locus of control. It will be necessary to investigate other psychopathological dimensions such as self-esteem in a longitudinal report. Without neglecting neurobiological vulnerability in depression, it is pertinent to identify this cognitive fragility to optimize the psychotherapies.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and It’s Predictors Among Tibetan Adolescents 3 Years After the High-Altitude Earthquake in China

This study examined post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) and it's predictors among 4072 Tibetan adolescents 3years after the highaltitude earthquake. The instruments included The PTSD Checklist-Civilian version, The Internality, Powerful others, and Chance Scale and The Coping Style Scale. The results indicated the prevalence rate of probable PTSD was 17.8%.The predicting factors for PTSD were found to being aged 14 or older, being senior student, being monitor, being buried/injured, have family member died/amputated, have severer property loss, have witnessed death, have negative coping skills, and have power others locus of control. Effective mental health services should be developed to facilitate post-disaster recovery.

心理控制源对军事应激的影响：应对方式的中介作用

目的：探讨心理控制源、应对方式及军事应激之间的关系。方法：采用内控性、有势力的他人及机遇量表(IPC)、军人心理应激自评问卷(PSET)和简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)对347名军人进行调查。结果：军事应激与机遇和有势力他人、消极应对呈显著正相关，与积极应对方式呈显著负相关；内控性与积极应对呈显著正相关，外在控制源(机遇和有势力他人)与消极应对呈显著正相关，而与积极应对呈显著负相在；积极应对在内控性和军事应激之间起完全中介作用。结论：心理控制源是军事应激的有效预测因素，且积极应对在二者之间起完全中介作用。 Objective: This study investigated the relationship among locus of control, coping style and military stress. Methods: Three hundred and forty-seven servicemen were surveyed with Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale, Psychological Stress Self-evaluation Test and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. Results: Military stress was positive correlated with powerful others, chance, and negative coping style significantly. Positive coping style was positive correlated with internality significantly. Negative coping style was positive correlated with powerful others and chance significantly. Positive coping style mediated the effect of internality on military stress totally. Con-clusion: Locus of control can effectively predict military stress, and positive coping style mediates the relationship between locus of control and military stress.

Dispositional Effects on Job Stressors and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Core Evaluations

Core self-evaluations (CSE) is a broad, integrative trait indicated by self-esteem, locus of control, generalized self-efficacy, and (low) neuroticism (high emotional stability). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of core self evaluations and its traits in the job stressors and job satisfaction. Two hundred and twenty eight (45 males, 183 females) of Islamic Azad University employees completed Measures of Job Stressors which consisted of the Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, the Organizational Constraints Scale, and Quantitative Workload Inventory, Overall Job Satisfaction, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Eysenck Personality Inventory Neuroticism Scale, Internality, Powerful Others and Chance Scale (IPC), as well as Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSEs). Findings revealed the negative correlation of self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy and core self-evaluations with interpersonal conflict at work, organizational constraints, and job satisfaction. Neuroticism had also a positive correlation with them. Furthermore, regression analysis of the data demonstrated that self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, neuroticism, and core self-evaluations significantly predicted interpersonal conflict, organizational constraints, and job satisfaction. Therefore, based on the results it could be concluded that core self evaluation and four traits influence the job satisfaction and job stressors with the exception of quantitative workload.

Correlation between self-esteem and stress response in Chinese college students: The mediating role of the need for social approval

Interpersonal theories of self-esteem assume that the importance that others place on oneself contributes to individual levels of self-esteem. Recent studies further suggest a possible link between self-esteem and the endocrine stress response, mediated through individual levels of locus of control, without taking levels of social approval into account. The present set of studies aimed to explore the correlation between self-esteem and stress response in Chinese students, and simultaneously take into account the possible mediating role of internal locus of control and need for social approval. In study one, twenty-eight college students’ heart rates and saliva samples were collected while they underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Their self-esteem scores were assessed using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Results showed a positive correlation between self-esteem and their endocrine stress responses to the TSST. In study two, forty-one college students’ heart rates were collected while they underwent the TSST. Their locus of control scores were assessed by the Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale, and their social approval scores were assessed by the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between self-esteem and heart rate changes during the TSST, with a mediating role of the need for social approval in the association between self-esteem and heart rate stress responses. We speculate that cultural differences may moderate the association between self-esteem and stress response.

Factors associated with self-concept in adolescent survivors of an 8.0-magnitude earthquake in China.

Experiencing a major natural disaster is a stressful event that challenges survival and sense of self. Adolescents are undergoing rapid developmental change in self-concept, and their sense of self is particularly susceptible to such stressful events. Although many studies have investigated adolescent self-concept, few have examined self-concept in relation to experiencing a natural disaster. Following the Great Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Province, China, in 2008, this study aimed to (a) describe disaster experiences; (b) describe social support, coping, and self-support; and (c) identify disaster experiences, social support, and coping factors associated with self-concept of adolescent survivors 3 months after the earthquake. This was a large-scale cross-sectional study. A total of 1,976 adolescents living where the earthquake caused the most severe damage took part. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale; Coping Styles Scale; and Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales were used to assess self-concept, coping strategy, and locus of control, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics, earthquake experiences, and social support were also obtained by self-report. Three months after the disaster, adolescent self-concept was generally positive. Locus of control centered on powerful others was the strongest predictor of total self-concept. The negative coping strategy, "abreacting," was a positive predictor of negative self-concept (self-criticism). Close attention to adolescents who use negative coping strategies and who tend to lack a sense of control is needed after major disaster events. Studies that examine long-term relationships between earthquake and other major disaster experiences and self-concept of adolescent survivors are needed.

Stress, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction

Basic-level police work in China is regarded as highly stressful. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between stress, job satisfaction, job burnout, and locus of control as related to the police work. The article consists of an empirical study with a sample of 521 basic-level policemen and policewomen in an autonomous region of China. Participants completed a series of questionnaires that included Police Stress Questionnaire, the Overall Job Satisfaction Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale. The results indicated that police stress was negatively related to job satisfaction, whereas it was positively related to job burnout. The relationship between police stress and job satisfaction was mediated by job burnout. Locus of control acted as a moderator in the stress–burnout relationship as well as in the burnout–satisfaction relationship. The findings had certain practical implications for mental health, police management, and personnel recruitment of police in China.

A Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Its Relationship with Coping Skill and Locus of Control in Adolescents after an Earthquake in China

Background/ObjectivesPost-traumatic stress disorder is a common psychological maladaptation among adolescents after undergoing an earthquake. Knowledge about the prevalence and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the changes of its predictors over time can help medical providers assist adolescent survivors with mitigating long-term impacts. This study examined the changes in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and its relationship with coping skill and locus of control among adolescent earthquake survivors in China.Methodology/FindingsThe study used an observational longitudinal design. A total of 1420 adolescents were evaluated twice after the earthquake by using the Post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist-Civilian Version, The Internality, Powerful others and Chance scale and the Coping Styles Scale. The results indicated that the mean scores of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were decreased significantly and the positive rates of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms also declined remarkably at 17 months compared to the 3 months post-earthquake. Internality locus of control and problem solving coping skill were effective resilient factors for the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, while chance locus of control was a powerful risk factor of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms as well as being female, being injured and property loss.Conclusions/SignificanceContinuous screening is recommended to identify adolescent earthquake survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. More attention should be paid to adolescent survivors who are prone to adopt passive coping strategies responding to trauma events and who own external causal attribution.

Foetal Health Locus of Control and iron supplementation adherence among pregnant women in Bali

Objective: This study aims to explore whether adherence to taking iron supplementation is associated with health beliefs as measured by the Foetal Health Locus of Control (FHLC). Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is major health problem in Indonesia. Non-adherence to iron supplement intake has been one factor that hindered the effectiveness of an iron supplementation in reducing anaemia during pregnancy. Insufficient attention has been given to why such a phenomenon occurs. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in South Kuta, Bali, Indonesia. Pregnant women were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire comprising questions on the frequency of taking iron supplement in addition to the FHLC scale. Results: This study was among the first using the FHLC scale in a non-English-speaking background country. Of the 360 pregnant women invited to participate, 299 returned completed questionnaires. Conclusion: Using the FHLC scale we learned that Internal and Chance scales were associated with supplementation adherence. It is recommended that health counselling be introduced to improve iron supplementation adherence among pregnant women in Bali taking into consideration these predictors of adherence.

The correlation of academic scores and locus of control among nursing freshmen

Objective To explore the characteristics and correlation of locus of control and academic scores among nursing freshmen.Methods A total of 296 nursing freshmen were investigated by questionnaires on demographic data,internality,powerful others and chance scale ( IPCS),and the scores of final examination of five courses in first semester were recorded.Results The scores of humanmorphology,college english,introduction of important theory and physical education in female students were higher than those of male students ( P ＜ 0.05).Female students,non one - child,students from urban had lower scored in internality (P ＜ 0.05 ).Internality had significantly positive correlation with mean academic scores in female students (P ＜ 0.05).Condusions Nursing educators need to seek the factors resulting lower scores in male students.And they should help nursing freshmen to build proper locus of control so as to improve academic scores. Key words: Nursing freshmen; Locus of control; Academic score

The presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents three months after an 8·0 magnitude earthquake in southwest China

The aims of the study were to describe the post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescent survivors three months after Wenchuan 5·12 Earthquake and to explore its contributing or preventing factors. Adolescents are more vulnerable to be affected by natural disasters because of their special growth stage. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms are common responses in adolescents after disasters, and its occurrence is related to some psychosocial factors. The study used a cross-sectional design in a large sample. A total of 1976 subjects aged 12-20 were evaluated at three months after the earthquake by using the Post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist-Civilian Version. The Internality, Powerful others and Chance scale and the Coping Styles Scale were also administered to the subjects at the same time. The mean total score of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Chinese Version was 33·64 (SD 11·15; range of score 17-85). The boys with a higher level of initial exposure to the earthquake had lower symptoms scores than girls with a lower level of initial exposure. Chance locus of control and power other locus of control were the powerful risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, while the protective factors included withdrawing skill, internality locus of control, junior high grade and social supports. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms are prevalent psychiatric reactions in adolescents after earthquakes. Locus of control and coping strategy could play an important role in its occurrence and severity besides demographic factors, exposure characteristics and social support factors. This study reveals that adolescents are the vulnerable group for suffering psychological stress responses to catastrophic events. Healthcare professionals, especially school nurses, should pay more attention to adolescents after trauma. Prompt and effective intervention should be carried out to mitigate the impact of initial exposure and reduce the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.