Chances Of Fertilization Research Articles

Optimizing Equine Sperm Quality: An Alternative to Single Layer Centrifugation for Sperm Isolation.

In vitro semen purification techniques have been developed that seek to mimic the in vivo selection process, in order to generate the highest possible chance of oocyte fertilization following artificial insemination. Numerous methods have been developed to isolate functional spermatozoa for artificial insemination, yet only one method, single layer centrifugation using commercial preparations like EquiPure, has been widely employed. In this study, we have introduced a novel approach for isolating spermatozoa and compared their quality to those isolated using EquiPure. The AI port system (Memphasys, Ltd in Sydney, Australia) features a disposable cartridge with an inoculation chamber for depositing extended semen and a harvest chamber for extracting isolated spermatozoa. These chambers are separated by a 5 µm PETE membrane, allowing highly motile spermatozoa to migrate from the inoculation chamber to the harvest chamber over a 20-minute period. This migration effectively leaves behind seminal plasma and other cell types, such as leukocytes. Comparative analyses between spermatozoa isolated with the AI port and EquiPure demonstrated that, across all measured sperm parameters including yield, vitality, motility, morphology, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial superoxide generation, the AI port-isolated cells exhibited comparable or superior performance, particularly in terms of DNA fragmentation. In summary, the AI-Port system demonstrates the potential to efficiently isolate high-quality spermatozoa, possibly offering a cost-effective and user-friendly alternative that may enhance the success rates of artificial insemination in breeding programs.

Understanding of middle east women’s decisions and barriers to use family planning methods

Background when family planning methods not use, there is a higher chance of high fertility, which raises health risks for both mother and infant and lowers quality of life by limiting access to jobs employment, education, and nutrition. Unsatisfactory needs and poor family planning use can be explained by fear of negative impacts, rejection from couples, limits in knowledge, and social condemnation. Objectives To understanding the Middle East women’s barriers about make decisions and use of family planning methods Methodology A descriptive and analytic (cross sectional) study, conducted at six Arabic countries includes a non-probability (purposive sample) consist of (198) women. Which were selected according to inclusion criteria that are women in reproductive age, primiparous and multiparous mothers, and mothers who attended primary healthcare centers. Results Women are with average age of 32.23±7.9 years in which the highest percentage is seen with age group of 30-39 (40.4%). women have high affective barrier to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.60); have high behavioral barriers to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.56); and have high cognitive barriers to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.56). So, the mean scores indicate high among most of affective, behavioral, and cognitive barriers. Conclusions There are many potential barriers which can negatively impact the Middle East women’s decision about their reproductive life (affective, behavioral and cognitive) barriers. Despite the fact that family planning faces several challenges in the Middle East, governments and civil society organizations are working to find solutions to improve access to family planning services, promote education, hold candid conversations about reproductive health with local communities. Empowering the role of nurse in family planning to educate the couples about contraceptive methods and how to help them to choice the appropriate method.

The Fertility in Child Marriage Families: In-Depth Investigation in Indonesia

Fertility is a primary determinant of population growth rate. Theoretically, child marriage families have a higher chance of fertility. Accordingly, this study aims to comprehend the interpretation of fertility among the family from child marriage. The interpretation of fertility was observed in depth using phenomenology (causal motives) through data collection and analysis. The research participants were married women who had children or were 16 years old or younger and did not yet have a child. The analysis results indicate that child marriage families interpret fertility as a burden, marriage reinforcement, and investment. The families from child marriage are motivated to have fewer children and space them out in terms of age. It is important to note that no child-free doctrine was discovered, as it goes against Islamic principles. Additionally, having children is believed to improve marital relations within the child marriage community on Bawean Island. Children are often viewed as an economic investment and a guarantee for future parental care. Child marriage on Bawean Island did not have a discernible impact on the population growth rate.

P-385 Personalized immunotherapy in RIF patients with different endometrial immune profiles

Abstract Study question Does immunotherapy effective in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) according to the type of endometrial immune profile? Summary answer Immunotherapy based on the profile of the endometrial immune system has significant results in increasing the pregnancy rate and live birth rate. What is known already Personalized medicine in the area of infertility is in its early stages, and considering the promising results of personalization of treatment in other disorders, including cancer, it is expected to have acceptable results in infertility as well. Given that one of the key factors that affects the infertility of RIF patients is the imbalance of the endometrial immune system, efforts have been made to correct this disorder to increase the chances of fertility. Studies have classified RIF patients into different groups based on endometrial immune system profiles: Balanced, High, Low, and Mixed endometrial immune system activity. Study design, size, duration The study selected 267 RIF patients who were referred to Valiasr Hospital in Tabriz from Aug 2020-Sep 2023, and divided them into five groups: unclassified RIF patients (n = 89), patients with normal and balanced endometrial immune system profile (n = 63), and patients with high (n = 53), low (n = 38) and mixed (n = 24) profiles of endometrial immune system. Based on type of disorder identified, the appropriate immunotherapy was suggested for each group, including vaginal probiotics, lymphocyte therapy and Tacrolimus. Participants/materials, setting, methods The study classified RIF patients based on the endometrial immune system profiles, by the gene expression level of IL-18, IL-15, TWEAK, Fn-14, and CD56. The study included a group of unclassified RIF patients, who underwent routine IVF/ET cycles without immunotherapy. The Balanced group received no immunotherapy. For the Low endometrial immune group, probiotics and lymphocyte therapy were used. High group received probiotics and Tacrolimus, and for Mixed group, probiotics, Tacrolimus, and lymphocyte therapy were used. Main results and the role of chance The primary and secondary endpoints of this study were clinical pregnancy and delivery of a live born infant, respectively. The results showed that RIF patients without classification based on the profile of the endometrial immune system who went through the routine process of IVF/ET cycles had a 25.8% and 23.5% pregnancy and live birth rates, respectively. The pregnancy and live birth rates of the Balanced group was 28.5% and 25.3% (P=NS) while it was significantly higher in the High (56.6%, 54.7%), Low (47.3%, 44.7%) and Mixed groups (37.5%, 29.1%), respectively. According to the obtained results, it was found that the appropriate immunotherapy treatment based on the endometrial immune activity profiles in RIF patients has significantly increased the effective implantation rate in the IVF/ET cycles (P < 0.05). Limitations, reasons for caution It is necessary to examine a larger number of patients. Further work is needed to explore other parameters that are affected by endometrial immune system disorder and that can help classify RIF patients and recommend the most effective treatment. Wider implications of the findings For RIF patients, accurate identification of the cause of the disorder can be very effective for choosing the best treatment method. Personalized immunotherapy for RIF patients with immunologically abnormalities can lead to very promising and acceptable results while having few complications. Trial registration number Not Applicable

The epidemiology of cryptorchidism and potential risk factors, including endocrine disrupting chemicals.

Congenital cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the condition where one or both testes are not in place in the scrotum at birth and is one of the most common birth defects in boys. Temporal trends and geographic variation in the prevalence of cryptorchidism from 1% to 9% have been reported in prospective cohort studies. The testes develop in the abdominal cavity and descend to the scrotum in two phases, which should be completed by gestational week 35. Thus, the risk of cryptorchidism is higher in preterm boys. In many cases a spontaneous descent occurs during the first months of life during the surge of gonadotropins and testosterone. If not, the testis is usually brought down to the scrotum, typically by surgery, to increase future fertility chances and facilitate cancer surveillance. The increasing frequency of impaired semen quality and testicular cancer, with which cryptorchidism is associated, represents a concern for male reproductive health in general and a need to understand its risk factors. The risk of cryptorchidism is closely related to gestational factors (preterm birth, low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction), and especially maternal smoking seems to be a risk factor. Evidence is accumulating that the increasing prevalence of cryptorchidism is also related to prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals, including endocrine disrupting compounds. This association has been corroborated in rodents and supported by ecological studies. Conducting human studies to assess the effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals and their interactions is, however, challenged by the widespread concomitant exposure of all humans to a wide range of chemicals, the combined effect of which and their interactions are highly complex.

Insulin improves spermatogenesis in a mouse model of aging

Aging can have adverse effects on the chance of fertility in men. In fact, men over 40 years old usually suffer from low sperm quality, sperm motility, and low level of serum testosterone that leads to infertility. In addition, the structure of DNA is more vulnerable in aged testes due to the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide. However, it has been showed that insulin is able to decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, some studies showed that insulin can enhance both spermatogenesis and fertility. In this regard, we investigate the impacts of insulin on spermatogenesis, the number of sperm, and the level of gonadal hormones in aged testes of mice. Thirty-six adult male NMRI mice were used. They were kept under standard conditions. The animals were divided into two groups control and insulin. The insulin group received 100 µL insulin with a 72-hour interval by intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 33 weeks and the control group received water. At the 8, 12, and 33 weeks of treatment, the testes of mice were removed for histological, cellular (ROS and glutathione [GSH]) and molecular (Bcal2, caspase-3, and Bax) analysis. For measurement of the level of hormones (testosterone, LH, and FSH), the blood samples were collected from the heart. According to our findings, insulin could significantly increase the volume of the testes and the total number of spermatogonial stem cells, primary spermatocytes, round spermatids as well as leydig cells. In addition, activity of GPX was considerably high in the insulin group. Furthermore, in the insulin group, the level of ROS was reduced. In conclusion, insulin may be effective in enhancing the function of the testes in aged male mice.

How to Diagnose Endometriosis to Improve Fertility Treatment

There is a 25-50% higher incidence of endometriosis in infertility populations and there is a 30-50% higher incidence of infertility for people with endometriosis with a significantly lower monthly chance of fertility than healthy women (2-10% vs 15-20%). However, because of the need for surgery, endometriosis is often diagnosed after starting ART treatment, with an estimate that 43-63% of those with an unexplained infertility have undiagnosed endometriosis. Diagnosing endometriosis during rather than before infertility treatments reduces the likelihood of reporting a birth and increases the chance of having a high order number of IVF cycles. Our Guest, Dr Matthew Leonardi will describe how specialised endometriosis scans can be used to diagnose endometriosis, including caveats around interpreting scans and the use of MRI. Professor M. Louise Hull will present cases demonstrating how endometriosis imaging diagnostics can improve clinical decision making in fertility practice.

Ayurvedic management of male infertility due to severe oligospermia associated with hypotrophy of testes and hyperviscosity: A case report

Abstract: Infertility is defined as the failure of a couple to achieve conception within one or more years of regular unprotected coitus. Male infertility is any health issue in a man that lowers the chances of his fertile female partner getting pregnant. Males are found to be solely responsible for 20%–30% of infertility cases and contribute to 50% of overall cases. Testicular hypotrophy is a potential cause of reduced semen quality which results in decreased chances of successful fertilization of an ovum. In this case report, a 32-year-old male patient presented with complaints of primary infertility due to severe oligospermia associated with hypotrophy of testes and hyperviscosity since three years and six months of married life, with a 26-year-old female having regular menstruation. They underwent internal medication and Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) two times and were suggested an Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) procedure. As per Ayurveda parameters, the case was diagnosed and medicines were administered in three phases: an initial phase of Deepana (~enhancing metabolic fire) and Anulomana (~proper elimination of flatus, feces, urine, etc.) Chikitsa (~treatment), followed by Granthibhoota shukradushti (~hyperviscous semen) Chikitsa in the second phase and Dhatu vriddhikara (~nourishment of the tissues) and Vajikarana chikitsa (~aphrodisiac treatment) in the last phase. After treatment, total sperm count increased from 1 million/cc to 20 million/cc, active motility improved from 3% to 10%, viscosity became normal, liquefaction time decreased from 1 h to 30 min and ultimately resulted in pregnancy followed by delivery of a healthy male baby weighing 2.75 kg.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection does not improve the outcome of IVF treatments in patients with advanced maternal age or low oocyte number: A randomized controlled trial.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was introduced to achieve fertilization in cases of severe male factor infertility. However, ICSI is often used in cases of non-male factor infertility, such as advanced maternal age or low oocyte number, but the clinical benefit of the method in these indications has not been proven. A prospective randomized study was conducted in a university clinic between 2018 and 2020. Patients with ≥40 years of age and/or ≤4 oocytes with non-sever male factor infertility were randomized into conventional IVF or ICSI groups. Fertilization rate, embryo quality, implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were compared. A total of 336 IVF cycles (169 conventional IVF and 167 ICSI) were involved in the study. The fertilization rate was higher in the conventional IVF group compared to the ICSI group (IVF: 61.7%, ICSI: 53.4%, P=0.001). Embryo development and morphology did not show considerable difference between groups. Implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth rate were 13.1%, 24.3% and 11.4% in the conventional IVF and 10.4%, 19.0%, 12.0% in the ICSI group. The differences were not significant. Subgroup analysis showed a significantly better clinical outcome following conventional IVF when advanced maternal age was accompanied by low oocyte number (Implantation: 11.7% vs 2.6%, P=0.027; Clinical pregnancy: 18.5% vs 4%, P=0.020). A significantly higher fertilization rate, a tendency for higher clinical pregnancy rate was found in conventional IVF treatments compared to ICSI. When advanced maternal age was associated with low oocyte number, ICSI resulted in a substantially lower chance of fertilization and clinical pregnancy. These data suggest that ICSI offers no advantage over conventional IVF in terms of fertilization, embryo quality, implantation and pregnancy rates for couples with advanced maternal age or with low oocyte number.

Spatial Transcriptomics of Aging Rat Ovaries Reveals Unexplored Cell Subpopulations with Reduced Antioxidative Defense

Introduction: Ovarian aging is characterized by a gradual decline in quantity and quality of oocytes and lower chance of fertility. Better understanding the genetic modulation during ovarian aging can further address available treatment options for aging-related ovarian diseases and fertility preservation. Methods: A novel technique spatial transcriptomics (ST) was used to investigate the spatial transcriptome features of rat ovaries. Transcriptomes from ST spots in the young and aged ovaries were clustered using differentially expressed genes. These data were analyzed to determine the spatial organization of age-induced heterogeneity and potential mechanisms underlying ovarian aging. Results: In this study, ST technology was applied to profile the comprehensive spatial imaging in young and aged rat ovary. Fifteen ovarian cell clusters with distinct gene-expression signatures were identified. The gene expression dynamics of granulosa cell clusters revealed three sub-types with sequential developmental stages. Aged ovary showed a significant decrease in the number of granulosa cells from the antral follicle. Besides, a remarkable rearrangement of interstitial gland cells was detected in aging ovary. Further analysis of aging-associated transcriptional changes revealed that the disturbance of oxidative pathway was a crucial factor in ovarian aging. Conclusions: This study firstly described an aging-related spatial transcriptome changes in ovary and identified the potential targets for prevention of ovarian aging. These data may provide the basis for further investigations of the diagnosis and treatment of aging-related ovarian disorders.

The spermiogram and correlation of seminal fluid parameters in patient attending fertility centre in Lagos, South West Nigeria

The determinant of the spermiogram of semen varies in different populations based on several factors ranging, from age to the pathological state of an individual to environmental factors. The aim of the study is to determine the spermiogram of patients that attend fertility clinics in southwest Nigeria and the relationship between the parameters. This is a cross-sectional study that recruited two hundred and ninety seven (297) patients from two fertility centers in Lagos, Nigeria for the period of January 2021 to November 2022. The sperm samples were collected following WHO standards. The spermiogram was analyzed using an automated sperm analyzer and the descriptive and inference statistics of the study were carried out using R packages (R version 4.2.0). The result showed the mean age of 43.12±6.95years with median age of 42years. The mean of sperm count and concentration were 114×106 sperm cells and 42×106 per mL with the mean volume of the semen produced by the patients was 2.69mL and average motility (progressive and non-progressive) of the sperm is 47%±19%, 42%±17% has normal morphology. The distributions of the observed variables (seminal fluid parameters) were different from normal distributions in the studied population, such that almost all of them are skewed to the right. The degree of relationship between the sperm parameter were very weak. Nevertheless, specifically, there is a negative correlation between age and sperm count, age and motility, age and volume, and a positive correlation between age and abnormal morphology. The results showed that sperm morphology has a significant effect on motility while sperm morphology significantly depend on sperm count. An increase in sperm volume and concentration improves the sperm morphology and boost the sperm motility, this may increasing the chance of fertility.

P-095 Increased sperm high DNA stainability is associated with a diminished chance of fertilization with IVF cycles: a retrospective study using a propensity score-matching analysis

Abstract Study question To investigate the association of high DNA stainability (HDS) with fertilization, embryonic development and clinical outcome after IVF treatment. Summary answer Increased HDS levels might be associated with decreased fertilization of IVF cycle. What is known already The HDS parameter of sperm suggests loosening and weakening of chromatin condensation structure resulting from the lack of full histone-to-protamine exchange. Elevated HDS may negatively correlate with sperm quality, including sperm morphology and concentration. Study design, size, duration Couples that underwent IVF cycles from January 2016 to December 2020 were retrospectively studied, including a total of 2604 target cycles after IVF treatment consisting of 676 cycles in the HDS > 15% group and 1928 cycles in the HDS ≤ 15% group. In addition, 548 cycles undergoing fresh IVF-embryo transplantation treatment consisting of 151 cycles in the HDS > 15% group and 397 in the HDS ≤ 15% group were included. Participants/materials, setting, methods HDS was assessed by sperm chromatin structure assay method. Couples were classified into HDS > 15% group and HDS ≤ 15% group based on the HDS thresholds recommended by the manufacturer’s instructions. After controlling the bias between groups by the propensity score-matching method, the Mann-Whitney U test or Chi-squared test was used to evaluate the differences between groups. Regression analysis was used to assess the effect of HDS levels on fertilization, embryo quality, and clinical outcome of IVF cycles Main results and the role of chance No significant differences were observed between the HDS > 15% group and HDS ≤ 15% group regarding the number of fertilized oocytes (10.00 [6.00, 15.00] vs. 10.00 [6.00, 15.00], P = 0.230), the number of 2 pronuclei zygotes (8.00 [4.00, 12.00] vs. 8.00 [5.00, 12.00], P = 0.311), the number of cleaved zygotes (10.00 [5.00, 15.00] vs. 10.00 [6.00, 15.00], P = 0.301), and the number of high-quality embryos on day 3 (5.00 [2.00, 9.00] vs. 5.00 [3.00, 9.00], P = 0.729). However, linear regression analysis showed that HDS levels negatively impacted fertilization (adjusted B value = −0.015, 95% CI: −0.028 ∼ −0.002, P = 0.022) and 2 pronuclei formation (adjusted B value = −0.015, 95% CI: −0.029 ∼ 0.000, P = 0.046). The implantation rate (47.1% vs. 50.2%, P = 0.418), clinical pregnancy rate (60.9% vs. 64.5%, P = 0.440), ongoing pregnancy rate (83.7% vs. 86.7%, P = 0.475), early miscarriage rate (16.3% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.475), late miscarriage rate (1.1% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.232), and live birth rate (82.6% vs. 83.2%, P = 0.896) were not significantly different between groups. Linear regression analysis showed that HDS did not affect the implantation rate. Binary logistic regression analysis also showed that HDS did not affect clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, early miscarriage, late miscarriage, and live birth. Limitations, reasons for caution The main weakness of this study was the nature of the retrospective design, and additionally, patients were not randomized. Wider implications of the findings Although our results are not entirely new, it can be considered as reliable because 2604 IVF cycles and 548 fresh IVF-ET cycles were included and subsequently controlled the bias between groups This study suggested that HDS might be an indicator in predicting the fertilization ability of sperm in IVF treatment. Trial registration number not applicable

P-351 The impact of ovarian endometriosis on oocyte competence in IVF/ICSI cycles: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Study question Is oocyte competence affected in patients with ovarian endometriosis in IVF/ICSI cycles? Summary answer In IVF cycles ovarian endometrioma negatively impacts oocyte quality in terms of oocytes and mature (MII) oocytes retrieved but not the fertilization and blastulation rates. What is known already Is still controversial whether the presence of a non-surgically treated ovarian endometrioma alone may adversely affect the oocyte quality in IVF/ICSI treatments. As oocyte quality is well reflected by the ability to complete maturation and undergo successful fertilization, the best clinical markers of oocyte competence are represented by number of MII oocytes retrieved and fertilization rates. Even though women with endometriomas had fewer oocytes and MII oocytes retrieved than women without, no further differences in reproductive outcomes have been found. The most recent meta-analysis, however, has serious limitations, such as clinical heterogeneity of the studies and a small sample size. Study design, size, duration A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating clinical markers of oocyte competence in women with ovarian endometriosis were conducted. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Cochrane database, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to December 2022. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were eligible for inclusion. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Participants/materials, setting, methods Studies reporting ART outcomes among women with endometrioma were included. The main outcomes were clinical markers of oocyte competence including the number of oocytes retrieved, MII oocytes retrieved, ovarian sensitivity index (OSI), fertilization and blastulation rates. Mean differences (MD) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the random and fixed effects model. Main results and the role of chance Of 876 unique records identified, 30 studies met inclusion criteria, and 21 studies, totaling 5962 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that significantly fewer oocytes retrieved (mean difference (MD) = -1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), -2.46, -0.88; p = <0.0001; I2=92%; low quality) and MII oocytes (MD = -2.45; 95% CI, -3.23, -1.67; p = <0.0001; I2=86%; moderate quality) were observed in women with endometriomas compared with the control. However, the OSI (MD = -1.47; 95% CI, -3.74, 0.81; p = 0.21; I2=97%; very low quality), fertilization rate (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.78, 1.39; p = 0.79; I2=93%; low quality) and blastulation rate (OR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.66, 1.22; p = 0.51; I2=95%; low quality) were not significantly different between the groups. Limitations, reasons for caution Despite removing patients with previous surgeries and diverse stages of endometriosis, main outcomes showed significant heterogeneity. The unilaterality/bilaterality, size, and the general extent of endometriomas could cause this heterogeneity. The quality of evidence generated from our findings is low, mainly due to the factors mentioned above. Wider implications of the findings Our findings suggest that endometriomas do not hinder fertility chances, as fertilization and blastulation rates were not compromised. Due to the risk of ovarian damage, these results argue against endometrioma excision. Further clinical trials with adequately-powered sample sizes should focus on blastulation and euploidy rates to validate our findings. Trial registration number Not applicable

The evolution of masturbation is associated with postcopulatory selection and pathogen avoidance in primates.

Masturbation occurs throughout the animal kingdom. At first glance, however, the fitness benefits of this self-directed behaviour are unclear. Regardless, several drivers have been proposed. Non-functional hypotheses posit that masturbation is either a pathology, or a byproduct of high underlying sexual arousal, whereas functional hypotheses argue an adaptive benefit. The Postcopulatory Selection Hypothesis states that masturbation aids the chances of fertilization, while the Pathogen Avoidance Hypothesis states that masturbation helps reduce host infection by flushing pathogens from the genital tract. Here, we present comprehensive new data documenting masturbation across the primate order and use these, in conjunction with phylogenetic comparative methods, to reconstruct the evolutionary pathways and correlates of masturbation. We find that masturbation is an ancient trait within the primate order, becoming a more common aspect of the haplorrhine behavioural repertoire after the split from tarsiers. Our analyses provide support for both the Postcopulatory Selection and Pathogen Avoidance Hypotheses in male primates, suggesting that masturbation may be an adaptive trait, functioning at a macroevolutionary scale.

A novel method for isolation of functional stallion spermatozoa for artificial insemination

In vitro semen purification techniques have been developed that seek to mimic the in vivo selection process, in order to generate the highest possible chance of oocyte fertilization following artificial insemination (Morrell and Rodriguez-Martinez. Vet Med Int. 2011:894767). Since this practice began, there have been many methods developed in an attempt to isolate functional spermatozoa for AI, yet only one method is routinely used – density gradient centrifugation using commercial preparations such as EquiPure. Here, we have developed a novel method of isolating functional spermatozoa and compared sperm quality to spermatozoa isolated with EquiPure. The AI-Port system (Memphasys, Sydney, Australia), comprises a disposable cartridge consisting of a sample chamber – where extended semen is deposited, and a harvest chamber – where isolated spermatozoa is extracted. These chambers are separated by a 5 µm nylon woven membrane, through which highly motile spermatozoa are able to swim from the sample chamber into the harvest chamber over 20 min, leaving behind seminal plasma and other cell types such as leukocytes. Spermatozoa were collected from miniature pony stallions, and immediately extended with EquiPlus semen extender. The ejaculate was split, and spermatozoa were isolated into BWW media with EquiPure (as per manufacturer's instructions; Nidacon, International), or the AI-Port system. Comparisons were conducted between spermatozoa isolated with the AI-Port and EquiPure, which revealed that the yield of AI-Port samples was significantly lower (25.5±5.9%) incomparison to EquiPure samples (44.9±10.2%; Kruskal-Wallis), potentially solvable with prototype improvement. Viability (Eosin-nigrosin) of AI-Port samples was significantly higher than EquiPure samples (94.4±1.1 vs 81.5±2.1%; P≤0.01; ANOVA; respectively). In regard to motility, total motility for AI-Port samples was significantly higher than EquiPure samples (93±1.3 vs 89.5±2.9%; P≤0.05; ANOVA; respectively). Whilst there was no significant difference for progressive motility between AI-Port and EquiPure samples (45.7±3.2 vs 45.6±3.4%; ANOVA; respectively). Both samples were higher than the progressive motility of the initial non-purified ejaculate (30±4.1%; P≤0.05). Mitochondrial superoxide was measured with flow cytometry and MitoSOX red. Likewise, there was no significant difference in superoxide levels between AI-Port and EquiPure samples (10.2±3.1 vs 5.6±0.8%; ANOVA; respectively). However, both samples had a reduced level of superoxide generation compared to the initial non-purified ejaculate (32.5±20.2%; P≤0.05). The DNA integrity was measured with the Halo test, which confirmed AI-Port samples had less DNA damage than EquiPure™ samples (2.0±0.5 vs 10.2±2.1%; ANOVA; P≤0.01; respectively). In summary, the AI-Port effectively isolates high-quality spermatozoa at a comparable or superior level to EquiPure. Its cost-effectiveness and user-friendliness make it a viable option for improving artificial insemination success rates in breeding programs.

A long-acting recombinant FSH supports high-quality mouse follicle development and oocyte maturation in vitro by coordinating somatic and germ cell transcriptomes.

Strategies to maximize individual fertility chances are constant requirements of ART. In vitro folliculogenesis may represent a valid option to create a large source of immature ovarian follicles in ART. Efforts are being made to set up mammalian follicle culture protocols with suitable FSH stimuli. In this study, a new type of recombinant FSH (KN015) with a prolonged half-life is proposed as an alternative to canonical FSH. KN015 supports the in vitro development of mouse follicles from primary to preovulatory stage with higher efficiency than canonical FSH and enhanced post-fertilization development rates of the ovulated oocytes. The use of KN015 also allows us to compare the dynamic transcriptome changes in oocytes and granulosa cells at different stages, in vivo and in vitro. In particular, KN015 facilitates mRNA accumulation in growing mouse oocytes and prevents spontaneous luteinization of granulosa cells in vitro. Novel analyses of transcriptome changes in this study reveal that the in vivo oocytes were more efficient than in vitro oocytes in terms of maternal mRNA clearing during meiotic maturation. KN015 promotes the degradation of maternal mRNA during in vitro oocyte maturation, improves cytoplasmic maturation and, therefore, enhances embryonic developmental potential. These findings establish new transcriptome data for oocyte and granulosa cells at the key stages of follicle development, and should help to widen the use of KN015 as a valid and commercially available hormonal support enabling optimized in vitro development of follicles and oocytes.

The Influence of Cola Nitida on Testosterone and Progesterone Concentrations in the Normal Weight Humans under Resting Condition in Ambrose Alli University

In quest of a stimulant to cope with rather challenging activities, some individuals take to the consumption of Cola nitida. The most active ingredient, caffeine, could be responsible for the physiological or clinical effects of Cola nitida in humans. Such a practice could culminate in the abuse of the said substance. Caffeine might alter hormonal profiles and thereby affect menstrual function, which might have a direct bearing on fertility. Amongst other factors, testosterone and progesterone are important to the chances of fertility in the humans. Besides, it has been well documented that the probability of pregnancy is reduced by 5% per unit of body mass index exceeding 29 kg/m2 . From some published evidences of the high prevalence of infertility nowadays, the need for this study was thereby necessitated. Here we report the influence of Cola nitida on testosterone and progesterone concentrations in the normal weight humans under resting condition in Ambrose Alli University. Twenty (20) normal weight volunteers (10 males and 10 females) and non-habitual Cola nitida chewers, aged 18-28 years were used for the study. 0.5g/kg body weight of Cola nitida was administered to each subject to be chewed as a bolus. After ingestion, 50ml of water was given to each volunteer to flush the masticated Cola nitida down the gut. The subject was allowed to rest for 90 minutes. Blood sample was collected from the medial cubital vein using vacutainer syringe. The radio-immunoassay principle was used for the estimation of testosterone and progesterone levels. The results showed that Cola nitida consumption by the normal weight male and female subjects significantly (P<0.05) reduced serum level of progesterone in the females (from 16.47±039 ng/ml to 4.690±0.592 ng/ml) and serum testosterone level in the males (from 7.392±0.479 to 4.727±0.466 ng/ml). We show that Cola nitida, at the specific dosage, could reduce the chances of fertility in both the male and female normal weight subjects.

Effect of and the association between vitamin D and outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques among infertile men and women: protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis

IntroductionVitamin D is associated with many functions of the human reproductive system. Accordingly, it seems that on infertile couples undergoing assisted reproduction technology (ART), treatment outcomes may be affected by...

Reproductive outcomes after expectant and surgical management for tubal pregnancy: a retrospective study

Background: The management of ectopic pregnancy is widely debated. Salpingectomy, salpingostomy, and expectant management are widely performed, but the best approach in terms of keeping good future spontaneous fertility chances is yet to be determined. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis (Clinical Trial ID: NCT05479786) of the medical records of patients with an ultrasonographic or surgical diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy that were admitted to the University of Debrecen Clinical Centre between 2012 and 2020. Results: A total of 312 patients were included in the analysis. Patients managed expectantly and patients treated with salpingostomy had significantly higher rates of clinical pregnancy than patients treated with salpingectomy. Pregnancy outcomes and recurrence rates were comparable between the study groups. Salpingectomy was found to decrease the likelihood of conceiving spontaneously by 65%. A stratified analysis based on serum β-HCG levels demonstrated that all treatment modalities carry the same reproductive opportunities for patients presenting with β-HCG levels ≤ 1745 IU/L. Conclusion: Salpingectomy was found to decrease the patient’s chance of achieving a natural conception. Conservative approaches should be considered with caution only when the patient’s clinical condition permits, and the patient is appropriately counseled.

A review of Stree sharira from classical Ayurvedic literature

Finding the proper etio-pathogenesis and treating gynaecological problems requires knowledge of stree-sharira (anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system). The classics of Ayurveda have focussed on the practical application of knowledge and hence they discussed sharira rather than micro structural details. The name Yoni denotes the entire genital canal. Similar descriptions of the vagina are explained by modern science as a fibro-musculo-membranous sheath connecting the uterine chamber to the outside at the vulva. It contains the uterine secretory and menstrual blood excretory canal. Garbhashaya is located in the third avarta of the yoni, behind the bladder, between pittashaya and pakvashaya. Sushruta used the term plalamntargata, which is comparable to the ovaries or beeja granthi. Three doshas are in charge of the rutuchakra (menstrual cycle). The Rajasrava kala (menstrual cycle duration) can last anywhere between three and seven days. The mechanism of artava pravrutti has been clearly defined by Ayurveda. There is menstrual blood loss throughout the three to five or seven-day Rajahkala (menstrual phase), and vata dosha predominates. During this phase, the drava and sara gunas of the pitta dosha and the chala guna and kshepana karma of the vata dosha both function. Ritu-kala, or the proliferative phase, lasts for 12 or 16 days or the entire cycle. Even without menstruation, navina rajah (new cycles) are established at this time, and fertility chances are at their highest. These functions share similarities with the kapha dosha, indicating that kapha is the dominant dosha in this period.