Waste Disposal Challenges Research Articles

Fruit and vegetable waste as a raw material for obtaining functional antioxidants and their applications: A review of a sustainable strategy

AbstractThe growing concern about environmental sustainability and increasing fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) generation have stimulated research into their potential valorization. This paper explores using this type of waste to obtain beneficial antioxidants in various fields of study. It is imperative to delve into the problems associated with FVW, shedding light on the staggering amounts generated and the environmental and economic challenges of waste disposal. The biochemical composition of FVW reveals the diverse array of components present, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and of course antioxidants, which can be obtained through different extraction methods, depending on the conditions, the efficiency and the purpose that is required during the process of separation of these compounds from the organic matter. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize free radicals, which contributes to combating various conditions and diseases to promote and preserve human health. Several groups of antioxidants have been described, such as polyphenolic compounds in significant amounts in plant biomass as FVW. These antioxidants demonstrate benefits, efficacy and potential applications in industries like medicine, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and functional foods. The valorization of FVW as a source of antioxidants presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management and the production of natural antioxidants. This approach contributes to environmental preservation and promotes circular economy principles by transforming waste into valuable resources. This paper provides valuable insights into the vast potential of FVW valorization for antioxidant production and its application across diverse industries.

Feasibility of Utilizing Pulverized Ceramic Wastes as Potential Admixture for an Equimolar Clay-Brick Derivative

The heat-transmuted solid wastes of opalescent structures can be pulverised and recycled entirely for highly developed products. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing pulverised ceramic wastes (CWs) as a potential admixture for fired clay-brick derivative at 950oC with partial substitution at an equal ratio of clay (CL) and kaolin (KL) for water absorption rate and compressive strength test during loading. Several appropriate standard technics were employed. Results revealed that the sole compaction of ceramic wastes (Cs0) has the lowest strength density of 1.21MPa, compared with the progressive linear density of specimens with the addition of clay compositions as stabilizers. Sp10 has a higher resistance of 2.39MPa during compressive loading and a decrease in the quantities of ceramic wastes from Sp11-15 caused a low linear strength but an increase in the water absorption rate. Conclusively, ceramic wastes have a positive effect on clay bricks’ strength and water absorption when equally substituted with clay compositions. The study provides an avenue for solving ceramic waste disposal challenges and unveils the approach to boost the products of waste recycling industries, enhancing technological and economic growth.

System simulation and multi-objective optimization methodology for sustainable municipal solid waste classification management: A case study in China

Cities worldwide are actively implementing waste classification policies to develop efficient waste management systems that address the growing challenges of waste disposal and promote sustainable development. However, selecting tailored waste classification solutions is challenging due to the intricate interrelationships within the system and the complex trade-offs between different management objectives. This study presents a comprehensive methodology that simulates the entire waste classification management system by integrating the stages of waste generation, source classification, and final disposal, all linked by waste quantities and properties. A multi-objective optimization model is employed to identify optimal technical pathways that balance economic, environmental, and energy objectives. This methodology was applied in Zhangjiagang, a medium-sized city in China, revealing that economically optimal solutions focusing on landfill and composting as disposal pathways could exacerbate environmental impacts, with indicators deteriorating by 23.1 %–419.1 % except for freshwater eutrophication potential. In contrast, a multi-objective optimization solution prioritizing incineration and anaerobic digestion achieves environmental and energy benefits valued at 18.7 USD/t, with a modest increase in economic costs of 5.7 USD/t compared to the base year. The unconstrained optimal scenarios achieve net negative environmental costs and recover 2.0 × 106 MJ of energy. The study recommends moderate and dynamically adjusted kitchen waste separation rates depending on the stage of implementation. Additionally, the findings reveal that the “lock-in” effects of mismatched disposal facilities can significantly escalate costs. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of systematic design and multi-objective optimization, offering a comprehensive methodology for cities aiming to enhance their waste classification strategies.

Prospective life cycle assessment of an integrated biorefinery for production of lactic acid from dairy side streams

In Ireland, the world's first-of-a-kind integrated dairy biorefinery has been developed to address waste disposal challenges in the dairy industry by converting dairy side streams into high-value biochemicals, specifically lactic acid (LA). This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of this innovative technology at a commercial scale through a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) study. Experimental data from a pilot-plant facility was scaled up to a production capacity of 20,000 tons of LA per year using SuperPro Designer®. This data was combined with information from upstream processes such as milk production, cheese production, and transport, using OpenLCA. The cradle-to-gate LCA revealed that milk production had the greatest overall impact across all categories. Enteric fermentation has the most significant impact on climate change, while fertilizer and concentrate feed production primarily contributed to non-renewable energy demand, ozone formation, human toxicity, water consumption and fossil depletion. Fertilizer application substantially influenced eutrophication, acidification and ecotoxicity indicators. However, scenario analysis showed that implementing strategies like substituting biorefinery byproducts with fossil-based products, increasing renewable energy penetration, and integrating dairy beef production could result in significant environmental savings across all impact categories. Moreover, the findings highlighted that the handling of co-products would determine the magnitude of the system's impact. This study concludes that combining process design analysis with accessible data at a higher Technology readiness level (TRL) 7 offers an opportunity to identify hotspots and recommend alternative strategies to improve the environmental sustainability of the whole system at the design stage. Additionally, this study provides valuable guidance for minimizing environmental impacts during the design phase, enabling informed investment decisions before construction. Ultimately, it plays a crucial role in establishing a circular bioeconomy within the dairy industry by effectively utilizing the side streams to produce sustainable biobased chemicals, specifically LA.

Derivation of Glaze from Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) for Ceramic Wares

Introduction of digital display makes cathode ray tube to be largely obsolete. The tube with its screen becomes waste at the end of the products lifecycle. This study, which combined laboratory experimentation and studio practices, aimed at production of glass glaze with cathode ray tube screen. Cathode ray tubes of four different colours were used for the study. The tubes were washed, pulverized and sieved according to their colour, elementally analysed using Particle Induce X-ray Emission, and milled into two batches per colour with first batch mixed with ball clay and second batch mixed with ball clay and additive chemical material of borax. The glaze batches were applied on eight bisque-fired tiles and fired at 1100 0C. The glazes yielded greenish grey, greyish purple, transparent grey and dark grey. This is significance towards the diversification of Nigeria’s economy for solving solid waste disposal challenges for a better and safe environment. The study has proven that cathode ray tubes with addition of borax and ball clay are suitable for glaze production and provided elemental information to guide the glaze formulation.

Challenges of Waste Disposal and Management in Peri-Urban Location around Ilorin Metropolis North Central Nigeria

Challenges of Waste Disposal and Management in Peri-Urban Location around Ilorin Metropolis North Central Nigeria

Performance evaluation of calcined eggshell waste (Sorbent) for biogas upgrading: Adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and fixed bed studies

The use of non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels accelerates climate change and environmental degradation necessitating a shift to renewable energy sources. Biogas is a renewable energy resource with great potential. However, its application is limited by the presence of contaminants such as carbon dioxide, which reduces its energy value, and density. Upgrading biogas using locally available materials solves waste management and energy sustainability challenges. In the present study, calcined eggshell waste was employed as an adsorbent for carbon dioxide. The effect of calcination temperature, adsorbent mass and adsorbent particle size was evaluated. The experimental data was fitted to adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetic models, and breakthrough curves. Eggshells with a particle size of 280 μm, calcined at 850 °C, and mass of 75 g showed the best performance in removing carbon dioxide from biogas. It was noted that data from the experiment fitted Langmuir isotherm with RL 0.00216 while its R2 was 0.97 and Freundlich n = 0.6 while R2 = 0.97. Regarding adsorption kinetics, the intra-particle diffusion model shows good conformity with kid of 34, C of 98, and R2 of 0.977. Breakthrough analysis proved that Yoon Nelson's Model fitted well with the experimental data with an R2 of 0.989. Thus, calcined eggshell waste is a good sorbent for biogas upgrading that can solve the twin challenges of waste disposal and management and energy sustainability.

Sustainable pectin-based film for carrying phenolic compounds and essential oil from Citrus sinensis peel waste

Currently, food science faces the challenge of finding methods to deliver functional and nutritional compounds in ready-to-eat products. Biopolymeric films enriched with essential oils are an emerging strategy for incorporating valuable components into edible carrier matrices. This study investigated the wastewater from orange peel hydrodistillation as a source of phenolic compounds and an innovative ingredient to develop bioactive limonene-loaded pectin-based films, addressing waste disposal challenges by developing a multi-functional packaging material. The objective was to evaluate the effects of formulation synergies, particularly pectin-phenolic interactions, on the physicochemical, rheological properties, and essential oil retention capacity of film-forming emulsions, and then assess the effects on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the films. Films were analyzed for morphology, water vapor permeability, light transmittance, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, and encapsulation efficiency. Three formulations were evaluated: pectin control (PC), pectin with Tween-80 surfactant (PT), and pectin with phenolic-rich wastewater (PPW). PPW emulsions displayed higher viscosity, consistency, kinetic stability, and essential oil retention compared to PC. The resulting environmentally-friendly films exhibited increased thickness, improved oil droplet distribution, a more crystalline structure, lower clarity, better flexibility, and increased water vapor permeability. Altered FTIR spectrum bands suggested potential pectin-phenolic interactions, influencing film physicochemical properties through mechanisms such as enhanced crosslinking. The PT film-forming emulsion demonstrated lower kinetic stability and less homogeneity than PC and PPW, showing that the use of the commercial surfactant (0.1g/100 g of film-forming emulsion) led to less favorable performance in terms of emulsion stability and film properties compared to PPW and PC. Conclusively, utilizing orange residue for bioactive pectin-based films offers valuable insights for promoting shelf life, reducing the need for formulation surfactants, and adding nutritional value in food applications, while simultaneously repurposing underutilized waste. This research also contributes to insights into the development of more stable emulsions for creating uniform films.

INFLUENCE OF CRUSHED BRICK COLUMNS ON GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPANSIVE SOIL

Utilization of crushed brick which is a common industrial material that is potentially wasted during the construction process in ground improvement can relieve its detrimental effects on the environment thereby reducing the waste disposal challenges. Hence, this study proposes its utilization as reinforcement to the soft clay soil. The tests mainly focused on the particle size distribution (PSD), specific gravity, Atterberg limit, proctor analysis as well as the shear strength parameters from Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). Coherently, the vibro-replacement method was deployed within a small-scale laboratory approach as a prediction model for the construction of a group of crushed brick columns. The column design was mainly classified into partially penetrated columns which have 60 mm and 80 mm height, and fully penetrated columns with 100 mm height. The mass of crushed brick used was approximately 1.07% - 4.56% of its total mass of specimen which produces the shear strength improvement rate from 11.00% - 18.55%. From the obtained results, the use of fully penetrated 100 mm diameter columns enhanced the undrained shear strength of kaolin clay to the maximum value, 26.20kPa or 18.55% as compared to the control sample with no reinforcement, which reduced the soil settlement and promoted the use of sustainable material in ground improvement.

An investigation into the ability of three fungi and one yeast to grow and capture nutrients in cheese whey

This study addresses the environmental and waste disposal challenges dairy processing poses, namely its most nutrient-rich byproduct – whey. Here, the potential of four fungi/yeast species (Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium restrictum, Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated for nutrient reclamation of whey and production of value-added biomass. Conducted in closed and open batch systems, the study evaluates oxygen uptake rates (OUR), biomass yields, and nutrient removal efficiencies at varying mixing speeds. Results show that pellet formation, pH changes, and biomass nutrient content were species-specific. Among the species, P. corylophilum shows promise with high biomass yields (13.21 g DW L−1, 2.0 g/g COD removed) and nutrient removal efficiencies of 26 % COD, 35 % N-tot, and 41 % P-tot. While further optimisation is needed, P. corylophilum shows potential for bioremediation and improved circularity in the dairy industry. Efficacy could be enhanced through bioreactor optimisation, such as employing a continuously fed bubble reactor.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by waste of Murcott Mandarin peel as a sustainable approach for efficient heavy metal removal from metal industrial wastewater

This study introduces a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using waste from Murcott Mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. sinensis (L.) Obs.). By repurposing agricultural waste as a precursor for nanoparticle synthesis, the research not only reduces waste but also aligns with green chemistry principles. The synthesis process involved extracting bioactive compounds from Murcott Mandarin peel, which acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation. Characterization techniques, including UV–Vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirmed the successful formation of silver nanoparticles. These nanoparticles demonstrated exceptional efficiency in removing heavy metals from metal industrial wastewater, particularly lead ions. Batch experiments revealed significant adsorption capabilities, with lead ions being uptake by silver nanoparticles at a rate of 42.7 mg/g under optimal conditions of pH 5.5 and 60 min of stirring. Additionally, Murcott Mandarin Solid Residue (MM-SR) obtained from the filtration process during Ag-NP synthesis exhibited promising lead ion uptake, reaching 6.6 mg/g under the same optimal conditions. The eco-friendly synthesis route and the efficient heavy metal removal capabilities of silver nanoparticles underscore the potential of utilizing agricultural waste in nanomaterial synthesis for wastewater treatment. This approach not only tackles waste disposal challenges but also generates value-added materials with practical applications in environmental management. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of exploring innovative and sustainable pathways for nanoparticle synthesis, highlighting the promising role of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Murcott Mandarin peel waste in cost-effective and environmentally benign strategies for heavy metal removal in metal industrial wastewater treatment.

The Environmental Impact of Leprosy Market (Kasuwan Kuturu) on Health in Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

This article explores the environmental impact of the Leprosy Market, known as Kasuwan Kuturu, on health in Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study utilizes a combination of primary and secondary data sources, employing structural questionnaires, field observations, oral interviews, and participant interactions. Two major types of environmental pollutants were considered to be the most predominant factors (air and noise pollution). Analytical methods involve descriptive statistical techniques. The findings revealed a complex interplay of positive and negative environmental effects stemming from the market's operations, including heightened air pollution, waste disposal challenges, land pollution, and a surge in diseases like diarrhea and cholera, as well as traffic congestion. In response to these issues, the article proposes recommendations for mitigating these impacts. Keywords: Environmental Impact, Leprosy market, health, Mubi Metropolis

An Investigation Comparing the Properties and Nutrients of Vermi Compost and Domestic Organic Waste Compost

Composting is a commonly used technique for repurposing organic waste. This approach has been suggested as a method to help reintegrate materials back into the production cycle. Vermicomposting is an eco- friendly technology that reduces pollution and creates high-quality compost efficiently and cost-effectively. Earthworms, known as 'ecosystem engineers,' can alter and enhance soil quality, leading to increased plant growth. Earthworms have garnered significant interest for their potential in remediating soils contaminated with Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs), either on their own or in conjunction with other soil organisms and additives. Food waste from households is disposed of in landfills, leading to a significant loss of resources and energy, contributing to the greenhouse effect, and endangering water sources. Composting is a widely used method for managing solid organic waste and may be utilised in every household to create high-quality compost. Households contribute significantly to overall food waste and play a crucial role in tackling food waste disposal challenges. This paper focuses on producing vermicompost from cow dung and home compost from kitchen waste, analyzing their nutrient content (moisture, NPK), and conducting laboratory tests. Collection of Soil and cow dung and kitchen waste was done from local area of Kargi Road Kota, District Bilaspur (CG) (LAT 22.290674, LONG 82.021537) and vermi samples and Domestic compost samples are also prepared in Kargi road Kota, District Bilaspur (CG).The Properties of samples of vermicompost and samples of domestic compost were analyzed and examined after 7, 15, and 30 days.

Physicochemical assessment of vegetable oil used to fry some Nigerian food items

The escalating global energy demand, projected to rise from 442 EJ in 2023 to between 623 and 710 EJ by 2035, has intensified the search for sustainable energy alternatives to fossil fuels. Biodiesel, particularly from waste cooking oil (WCO), presents a promising solution due to its affordability and environmental benefits. This study investigates the physicochemical properties of neat and waste sunflower oil used to fry bean cakes (Akara), fish, and puff-puff in Nigeria, aiming to identify the impact of frying duration and fried substances on oil quality. The study’s findings reveal significant changes in the oil’s properties post-frying, with notable variations in pH, moisture content, boiling point, density, viscosity, flash point, saponification value, protein content, fat content, acid value, free fatty acids (FFA), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The results indicated that the moisture content increased from 34.6% in neat oil to 47.9% in oil used for frying bean cakes, while the boiling point decreased from 243 °C to 226 °C in oil used for frying fish. The kinematic viscosity and density also varied, with the lowest viscosity (26.48 mm2/s) observed in oil used for frying fish and the highest density (911 kg/m3) in oil used for frying bean cakes. The flash point of WCO samples ranged from 248 to 258 °C compared to 260 °C in neat oil, and the saponification values varied significantly, indicating different levels of oxidation and deterioration. The study concludes that frying fish has the most detrimental effect on oil quality, as evidenced by the highest acid value (7.2 mgKOH/g) and significant changes in FFA and FAME concentrations. These insights into the physicochemical alterations of WCO highlight the potential for its optimized use in biodiesel production, offering a sustainable energy source while addressing waste disposal challenges.

Upcycling of the industrial waste as a sustainable source of axenic fungal strain (Aspergillus oryzae) for scale up enzymatic production with kinetic analysis and Box–Behnken design application

Abstract The utilization of industrial waste for valuable product synthesis is essential for mitigating the environmental impact of climate change and managing waste disposal challenges. Industrial waste is always a big challenge for global warming. In this study, a novel fungus strain was isolated, and identified as Aspergillus oryzae (AKMS), from the oily surface of industrial effluent from an oil industry. Submerged fermentation was exploited to achieve maximum lipases production. A sequence of batch experiments was performed, altering five primary components: sucrose (for carbon), molasses (constituting nutrient mix), yeast extract (as nitrogen supply), sunflower oil (used as an activating agent), and Tween-80 (functioning as an emulsifying agent). These elements are recognized for their substantial impact on the proliferation of microorganisms and, consequently, the synthesis of lipases. The maximum lipase activity for each ingredient was determined, with sucrose showing 2.4 ± 0.539 U/mL at 0.15 g/L, molasses at 1.499 ± 0.291 U/mL at 0.25 g/L, Tween 80 % at 3.33 ± 0.484 U/mL at 0.25 g/L, sunflower oil at 7.49 ± 0.282 U/mL at 1 % v/v, and yeast extract at 4.165 ± 0.841 U/mL at 0.075 % v/v. The optimization of the lipase production and activity was done by using RSM (Box–Behnken design) with the 41st run yielding the maximum activity of 9 U/mL, while the 25th run showed the minimum activity of 4 U/mL, enzyme estimation (U/mL and U/g), glucose (g/L), and dry cell mass estimation (g/L) were monitored up to 120 h of fermentation in a custom-made fermenter with a working volume of 7 L. The highest production of extracellular and intracellular lipases (27.4 ± 0.378 U/mL and 25.4 ± 0.208 U/g, respectively) was observed at the 40 h interval, with the highest value of dry cell mass at 20 g/L. Glucose concentration initially peaked and subsequently decreased over time. A. oryzae exhibited the capability to produce triacyl glycerol acyl hydrolases, demonstrating its potential significance in biotechnological applications. These novel findings shed light on the efficient utilization of oil industry waste soil for isolation of microorganism for sustainable lipase production and highlight the biotechnological promise of the novel isolated fungal strain, which was reported first time in this study.

Waste-to-energy and waste-to-hydrogen with CCS: Methodological assessment of pathways to carbon-negative waste treatment from an LCA perspective

A growing global population and rising living standards are producing ever greater quantities of waste, while at the same time driving ever-larger demand for energy, especially electricity, or new emerging markets, such as hydrogen in more industrialised countries. A key solution to these challenges of waste disposal, rising energy and hydrogen demand is BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage); the generation of bioenergy – in the form of electricity (WtE) or hydrogen (WtH2), as well as heat – from the thermochemical processing of waste. The addition of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to WtE or WtH2 has the potential to make waste a zero or even negative emissions energy source, thus contributing to the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. This work undertakes a pre-screening of different BECCS configurations based on state of the art technologies and then performed an assessment of representative cases in UK for WtE and WtH2, necessary to understand if novel waste thermal treatment processes may become potential alternatives or improvements to current WtE plants when retrofitted with CCS. A systematic and comprehensive examination of different key Life Cycle Assessment methodological aspects reveals the importance of the functional unit and allocation approach in determining the preferred pathway in a specific context.

Utilization of Biowaste for Sustainable Production of Coal Briquettes

In energy scarcity, particularly in Agri-based developing economies, bio-coal briquetting is the most suitable means of meeting sustainable energy needs utilizing agricultural waste. In this study, briquettes were made from an indigenously designed briquetting machine for investigating coal–biomass proportion blend using coal from Dara Adam Khel, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan, and pomegranate/olive waste to analyze their resulting calorific value, strength, and geochemical properties. A central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to design the experiments and analyze the data. Regression models were developed for each biomass type, demonstrating their adequacy and reliability for further analysis and prediction. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis provided insights into the elemental composition of the coal briquettes. Mechanical analysis was performed to assess the strength of the briquettes, with varying compositions showing different levels of strength. Optimization using a composite desirability function yielded an optimal calorific value of 6728 kJ/kg. In summary, this study underscores the viability of bio-coal briquetting as a transformative solution to alleviate energy scarcity. Repurposing agricultural waste curtails resource depletion while mitigating waste disposal challenges. The optimized calorific value aligns with eco-friendly energy initiatives, advancing a greener path toward energy security.

Research on baking soda media blasting technology for achieving the cleaner production for stripping PTFE coatings in food utensils remanufacturing process: FEM analysis and economic appraisal

The efficient and environment-friendly stripping of damaged Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coatings is a committed procedure in the remanufacturing process of food utensils. A green and economically valuable baking soda media blasting technology that could meet remanufacturing roughness standards was proposed in this paper, aiming for avoiding the fluorine-containing solid waste disposal challenges and roughness mismatch of existing stripping methods. The compatibility between baking soda media blasting technology (2.0–3.4 μm) and remanufacturing process roughness standards (2.5–4 μm) was confirmed by comparing the stripping ability with other media (alumina, glass bead and walnut shell) at different blasting angles and pressures, and its efficient stripping process parameters (30° and 0.7 MPa), stripping rate (6.81 mm2/s) and cleanliness (The weight percentage of element F was 0.68%) were determined. Based on finite element model (FEM) analysis, the LSTC-dynamics (LS-DYNA) explicit dynamic solver was used to track the process of single particle eroding the coating to explore the extruding-plowing composite stripping mechanism of the stripping coating using the baking soda media blasting technology at the micro level. The discrete phase model (DPM) was used to track the process of particle beam impacting the coating to verify the variation law between the stripping area and blasting process parameters at the macro level. The PXRD and FT-IR test results of the recovered baking soda media and PTFE coatings showed no impurity peaks, confirming the feasibility of the baking soda media recovery project. Based on the economic appraisal by management accounting evaluation method, the introduction of the baking soda media recovery project could significantly reduce the process chain cost by 136852.62 ¥ per year. As a PTFE coating stripping technology that can completely solve the fluorine-containing solid waste disposal problem, the baking soda media blasting technology owns the advantages of non-pollution and low technical cost, which is expected to realize cleaner production of food utensils remanufacturing process in the future.

Impacts of fibre and wastage material on the sustainable concrete: A comprehensive review

As a result of the strict environmental laws created by the worldwide community, the building industry's research is increasingly concentrated on employing secondary raw materials when developing and constructing new projects. The body of Existing research indicated the enormous possibility of employing trash and fibre as admixtures or cement substitutes. This essay's objective is to assess prior research on various waste material utilization techniques. By repurposing this trash in concrete, you may encourage more environmentally responsible and sustainable growth while lowering solid waste disposal challenges and carbon footprints. The most contemporary research techniques are used in this work to review the literature regarding the use of waste and fibre. The qualities of elastic modulus, durability, split tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability, and sustainability effects of waste materials and fibre on concrete are summarized. Based on the facts acquired, it is predicted that waste materials and fibre increase mechanical strengths while also boosting resistance to sulphate and acid attack. This research makes ground-breaking recommendations and opens the way for more investigation into the use of waste materials and fibre-based building materials.

A Preliminary Assessment of Utilizing Solid Waste Fractions as an Agricultural Growth Medium in Arid Soils

The fast-paced and globalized industrial/population growth has generated a vast consumerism-based culture, resulting in the rapid increase in municipal solid waste generation. Considering the case of Kuwait, the collection and disposal of waste has become a major economic and health issue for both the general public and the Kuwaiti government. Addressing and improving current waste disposal challenges, through utilizing (or recovering) basic materials from waste, will benefit society in terms of reductions in costs, pollution and associated negative health impact. The objective of this study was to assess the re-utilization prospects of waste materials (paper, cardboard and cotton) as a substrate for plant growth, consequently serving as a growing medium material, apart from naturally occurring soil. This investigation was conducted across two land plots in the Wafra region, located in Southern Kuwait. The plots were planted with Rhanterium epapposum and Festuca rubra seeds. Temperature, humidity and growth rates were measured during this study. Study results indicated that chemical composition of the growth medium is suitable for local conditions. Furthermore, the soil plot with added growth medium was found to retain moisture for prolonged periods in comparison to the plot lacking in growth medium. Field studies on grass germination and growth rates highlighted that waste-derived substrate is favorable to their development and adaptation within challenging environmental conditions. This investigation can play an important part for introducing and developing the concept of a circular economy within Kuwait, with potential to improve waste management within the country.