Human Security Challenges Research Articles

The Role of ward Police staff in Enhancing Rural Human Security: Evidence from Moshi District Council

Rural districts in Tanzania face significant challenges in maintaining human security, with crime rates often exacerbated by limited law enforcement resources and community disengagement. This study addresses the critical role of Ward Police Staff (WPS) in mitigating these issues, focusing on their impact within the Moshi District Council. The primary aim is to examine the role of Ward Police Staff in Moshi District Council, Tanzania. A pragmatic research philosophy was adopted, allowing for the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics involved. Moshi District was selected for this study due to its unique human security challenges, including a higher crime rate compared to neighboring districts, making it an ideal case for exploring the effectiveness of community-police collaboration. The research involved 188 participants, including Ward Executive Officers (WEOs), victims, and community members, and data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, group discussions, and documentary reviews. A concurrent triangulation nested explanatory research design was employed, with quantitative data analyzed using SPSS software 26 version and qualitative data subjected to thematic analysis. The findings reveal the critical role of WPS in fostering community engagement and promoting security. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and local authorities in developing strategies to enhance human security in similar rural contexts. Recommendations include strengthening community engagement, customizing security initiatives, and providing continuous training for WPS to adapt to community needs effectively.

Standardization of the Modeling System for Choosing the Reengineering Form to Change Business Processes at Critical Energy Infrastructure Enterprises: Challenges for Human Capital Security

The topic of standardizing the modeling system for choosing the reengineering form to change business processes at critical energy infrastructure enterprises presents a complex interplay between technological advancements, process optimization, and the safeguarding of human capital. This discussion spans over several facets of organizational management, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges inherent in such transformative endeavors. The purpose of the article is to model the choice of the reengineering form to change business processes at critical energy infrastructure enterprises. The object of the study is a critical energy infrastructure enterprise. The methodology of the study involves the use of the IDEF0 method. As a result of the modeling, a model for choosing the reengineering form to change business processes at critical energy infrastructure enterprises is presented.

An In-depth Analysis of Human Security Dimensions and Challenges in Pakistan

An In-depth Analysis of Human Security Dimensions and Challenges in Pakistan

THE IMPLICATIONS OF ARMS PROLIFERATION AND INSECURITY ON HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF MALI AND NIGERIA

Mali and Nigeria are both faced with the presence of insurgencies, militia, terrorism and other violent non-state actors (VNSAs), who perpetrate large-scale violence; thus, creating daunting security challenges in these countries. This goes pari passu with the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in these countries. While these countries have inherent human security challenges, this spate of insecurity will not only inhibit the quest for human security, but further deteriorate it. Thus, this paper examines the interrelationship between arms proliferation, violent conflicts and insecurity in these countries and their implication on human security. The study is anchored on the State Collapse theory and the Ex-post Facto research design. The Documentary Observation method of data is utilised; hence, data is generated from secondary sources such as academic publications, organisational publications, databases, etc. For data analysis, the study adopts the Causal Analysis and Process Tracing methods of data analysis. The study found that the proliferation of SALWs and violent conflicts complement each other in Mali and Nigeria, thus, creating high-scale insecurity challenges in both countries. It also found that the implications of this state of affairs on human security are enormous in these countries; particularly in the aspects of physical security, food security, economic security, environmental security and political security. On these bases, the study advocates for relevant stakeholders such as the governments, ECOWAS, religious organisations and traditional institutions to play key roles in addressing the menace

The Challenges of Human Security in the Horn of Africa: The Case of Somaliland.

Purpose: In the Horn of Africa the main challenges to human security in this region have originated from political and state fragility, resource scarcities, and environmental degradation. Human security is arrayed against escalating communal violence, small arms proliferation, and massive movements of people within and beyond the region. Since 1991 the people of Somaliland have successfully established a peaceful and relatively stable state and community. They have managed a process of reconciliation, demobilized the local militias, restored law and order, and held numerous rounds of peaceful elections. Peace, stability, national and state security were enhanced which allowed normal patterns of trade and other economic activities to resume. Therefore the main objective of this study is to analyze the contemporary situation of human security in Somaliland and to figure out the key challenges of human security that faced Somaliland since post 1991and its performance in subject matter. 
 Methodology: The study is exploratory as well as descriptive research designs. Where qualitative data were collected and used. For selection of respondents, non- probabilistic sampling techniques, particularly purposive sampling technique were applied.
 Findings: The study found that Somaliland had made relatively advancement for political, economic, health, personal and community securities post 1991. In addition, the study found that the environmental security challenges in Somaliland are many and complex in nature and Somaliland has chronically food insecure since 1991 due to lack of commitment of the government for realizing food security in the country, frequent natural and man-made disasters that erodes the livelihood base of the community. Also the study found that, Lack of international recognition, Terrorism activities in Somalia are major external challenges of human security in Somaliland. While a high unemployment rate, corruption, weak of governmental institutions and recurrent droughts are the dramatic internal challenges of the realization of human security in the country.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Moreover, the study recommends that the government of Somaliland is required to engage human security notions by employing effective strategies and policy directions, to realize wellbeing of the Somaliland society which would promote both human security and state security since these two concepts are interrelated. Also the study recommends to Somaliland government should Review, evaluate and develop agricultural policies, health policies, environmental policies, economic policies and the legislative and institutional framework on a regular basis for the purpose of promoting and ensuring human security in the country.

The Human Security-Development Nexus and its Local Articulation in Ethiopia since 1991: The Case of Eastern Wallagga

This research investigates the conflicts between human security and development policies in Eastern Wallagga, Ethiopia. The study employed qualitative research methods such as interviews, focus groups, and observations to gather data from primary and secondary sources. The findings indicate that addressing the underlying causes of conflict, promoting social and economic development, and involving communities in decision-making processes are vital to address human security issues in Eastern Wallagga. Despite attempts to provide humanitarian aid and development assistance, progress has been slow, and more work is required to achieve sustainable and fair growth. The study suggests a tailored approach that considers the complex and interrelated nature of human security and development challenges in the area.

Herders-Farmers Conflicts over Farmlands: Implications for Human and Food Security in Nigeria

Farmers and herders conflicts have remained an issue of public discourse in recent years, due to the violent dimensions the confrontations have taken. There are cases of human killings, destruction of farms and violent retaliations between herders and farmers in various parts of Nigeria. These have often contributed to human and food security challenges. While the native farmers accuse the nomadic herders of allowing their cows to destroy cultivated crops, the herders point accusing fingers at the farmers for blocking grazing routes. As a result, the groups are found in perpetual violent conflicts, leading to destruction of lives and properties. The attendant implication of this development has always been shortage of farm produce, leading to food insecurity. The study examined how struggles between nomadic herders and crop farmers have threatened human and food security in Nigeria. The study relied on secondary data and employed environmental/resources scarcity theory as a framework of analysis. The study concluded that there is need for the Nigerian government to review the existing laws as they relate to accessibility to land by members of community and strangers.

Merchants of terror: Proliferation of small arms and light weapons and human security challenges in Nigeria

ABSTRACT In recent years, Nigeria’s security architecture has deteriorated due to conflicts and acts of violent extremism by non-state actors in possession of SALWs. Therefore, the proliferation of small arms and light weapons have resulted in armed conflicts, the displacement of people, organized crimes, and acts of terrorism, thereby undermining the peace, development, and human security of Nigerians, and by extension, Africa. The easy accessibility, destructiveness, simplicity and usability of the SALWs have made them appealing and a preferred choice for organized criminal groups and violent extremists resulting in huge human security challenges for Nigeria. In this context, the study examines the impact of the proliferation of SALWs and the peace, security, and development of Nigeria. The main interests are to first understand the intersectionality between the proliferation of SALWs and human security, and secondly to unpack the causes, channels, and casualties of the proliferation of SALWs in Nigeria. The author will also discuss the pattern and strategy of governmental response(s) to the proliferation of SALWs. The study recommends the adoption of a grand-national strategy comprising of governance-security nexus as a panacea to stem the tide of the illegal proliferation of SALWs in Nigeria.

Unravelling the Correlation of Intractability and Human Security in the Kashmir Conflict: An Analysis using Edward Azar's Social Protracted Conflict Theory

This study explores the relationship between intractability and human security challenges in conflicts. Human security plays a crucial role in intractable conflicts, acting as both a cause and an effect.When individuals are denied human security, conflicts tend to emerge, persist, and escalate. Addressing human security concerns is essential to break the cycle of intractability. The study applies Edward Azar's Social Protracted theory to examine the connection between human security and intractability. Using Azar's framework, the Genesis phase focuses on identifying the underlying issues of identity and autonomy in the Kashmir conflict. The second phase analyzes how events over time have created new dynamics in the Kashmir conflict, potentially escalating it to the point of intractability. The third phase explores the negative effects of the intractability on the affected population, leading to pessimism and additional human security challenges.The study underscores the importance of considering human security in efforts to address intractable conflicts.

Beyond the Global Agenda

This article examines how state and religious non-state actors understand and make efforts to overcome human security challenges in Indonesia. The activities of these actors are largely outside the UNDP global human security agenda because they have been conducted long before the concept of human security was popularised. The authors seek to reinterpret the concept of human security as a paradigm to make it more attuned to the experience of the state and religious non-state actors when dealing with human security challenges in the Indonesian context. Data from primary and secondary sources gathered in Indonesia in 2021 reveals that religious motivations and environmental threats drive the agendas of religious non-state actors operating in Indonesia.
 Keywords: Human Security, Religious non-state actor, norm diffusion, UNDP, and Indonesia.

The Barriers to Resolving Human Security Challenges In Light of The Current Protracted Refugee Crisis In Kenya With Specific Reference To Garissa County

The Barriers to Resolving Human Security Challenges In Light of The Current Protracted Refugee Crisis In Kenya With Specific Reference To Garissa County

Governance enigma: Concerns and human security challenges to Pakistan

This study explains the concept of good governance in Pakistan and discusses the issues and challenges of governance in Pakistan and the expectations of the people from the setup. This work also estimates the past and present status of governance in Pakistan and proposes an idea for a fruitful and successful future. Good governance in Pakistan is probably ideal governance because its goals are difficult to achieve. Pakistan must control its shortcomings such as corruption, poor accountability and nepotism, lack of accountability, and mismanagement through the legislative framework to make sure good governance. This opinion has been reached with the help of the Normative Model of Governance.

Post conflict-induced displacement: Human security challenges of internally displaced persons in Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne, Ethiopia

Post conflict-induced displacement: Human security challenges of internally displaced persons in Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne, Ethiopia

The fallacy of 'scientific elections' in the COVID-era: exploring the challenges of managing the 2020-2021 elections in Uganda

COVID-19 broke out in the period that Uganda was due to have presidential and parliamentary elections, posing a very precarious human security challenge. The ruling party (National Resistance Movement; NRM) faced the challenge of passing power to the Speaker of parliament if elections were not to be held. To mitigate the public health challenges and maintain power, the government acquiesced to an election process without public campaigns. Instead, campaigns were to be held over the radio, TV, and social media in what came to be known as 'scientific elections.' However, in a country hamstrung by massive political and bureaucratic corruption and an entrenched regime that uses violence against opponents, little attention was paid to the fairness of the process, especially in terms of access to media resources by the opposition. Conversely, as elections are about crowds and showmanship, the Ugandan Electoral Commission struggled with the ever-evolving electoral campaign process, especially as large spontaneous crowds sprang up on the campaign trail of the political candidates. The opposition needs a large crowd for legitimacy and a show of popularity. To mitigate this, the ruling party used violence against opposition members as an excuse to enforce standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the prevention of COVID-19, yet its candidates were left to gather crowds. This radicalized some of the opposition that used media outlets to call for violence and ethnic cleansing. This qualitative study delves into the extent to which the 'scientific elections' process was designed to produce a fair outcome of the 2021 elections in Uganda. This study uses the rational choice theory to explore the calculations of different stakeholders. The study relies on secondary data, especially available in media outlets, but also primary data through reports and social media and speeches of key figures in the political landscape in Uganda. The study finds that the Independent Electoral Commission was caught between two highly sophisticated opponents and did not have the capacity and agency to enforce the rules in the political game. In the end, the key facets of the 'scientific elections' process were found wanting and did not produce a fair outcome of the 2021 elections in Uganda.

Republic of Korea’s Role in Contributing to Human Security in Korea and Asia

Purpose: This research aims to contribute to the sustainable development, sound security and economic devel-opment of Asia by analyzing the actual situation of human security challenges in Republic of Korea (ROK) and Asia and establishing a cooperative mechanism between countries in the region. Epidemics, disasters, terrorism, organized crime and drug problems, including Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), are international issues that cannot be solved by the efforts of a specific country alone, and are a threat to domestic human security. Method: In today s world, the interaction between human behavior and nature, especially the environment and climate, continues. The most notable example of artificial disasters that has changed the way humans see the world is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). This study analyzes ongoing human security threats and the international community s efforts to respond to them. Finally, this research suggests an alternative to the international community. Results: The current pandemic crisis is unfortunate and unprecedented. The emergence of the deadly virus has not only baffled every country, but has left a grim mark on the world. The post-COVID-19 pandemic, along with the onslaught of the virus, presents a number of challenges: governance breakdowns, massive unemployment, economic crises, immigration predicaments, global supply chain disruptions and, most importantly, security restructuring. Conclusion: This study proposes a way to establish a regional cooperation mechanism between Republic of Korea and Asia to mitigate human security threats. In particular, it analyzes the current situation of human securi-ty issues in the region and introduces ROK s role in promoting and protecting human security in Asia. In addition, this research analyzes non-traditional security factors such as infectious diseases, drugs, organized crime, terrorism, and cyber-terrorism to suggest ways to establish a regional cooperative mechanism between Republic of Korea and Asia to mitigate human security threats.

Marginalization and Human Security Challenges in the Niger Delta Implications for Militancy

Marginalization and Human Security Challenges in the Niger Delta Implications for Militancy

Security Sector Reform for Effective Security and Intelligence Measures to Mitigate Challenges of Human Security in Nigeria

Security Sector Reform for Effective Security and Intelligence Measures to Mitigate Challenges of Human Security in Nigeria

The Extent of the Impact of Swiss Foreign Policy on Human Security in Nigeria: The Case for the Replication of Salient Aspects of Swiss Model of Federalism in Nigeria to Mitigate the Challenges of Human Security in Nigeria.

The Extent of the Impact of Swiss Foreign Policy on Human Security in Nigeria: The Case for the Replication of Salient Aspects of Swiss Model of Federalism in Nigeria to Mitigate the Challenges of Human Security in Nigeria.

Human Security Concerns of South Asia: (India and Pakistan’s Perspective) & Holistic Approaches of EU towards Advancing Regional Security in South Asia

The South Asian states have been facing grave challenges to human security since long as a result of increasing extremism, religious intolerance, border conflicts and terrorism. These domestic, regional and global factors are a menace and main hindrance in the progress and prosperity of this region and are the most contributing factors behind the fragile establishment and non- stability of peace in the region. Terrorism has posed a serious threat to peace, security and stability of this region and the rest of the international community. Besides it has caused huge amount of loss in terms of human lives and economical terms as it has lowered the progress graph of the region to the lowest in its history at times. This article highlights the human security problems specific to India and Pakistan, though contextualized within broader human security challenges affecting South Asia. Today, both India and Pakistan are facing different types of internal and external threats ranging from cross border terrorism to internal militia groups. The South Asian region has strategically strong and weak features, where Pakistan and India are two major regional players, who always remain in tussle to manifest their hegemony in the region by gaining more and more military and other aggressive and other forms of power. Therefore, the issues regarding peace and security depend on the relationship between these two countries, even security in other small neighboring countries depend on this relationship. India and Pakistan lives in an environment lacking in human security. At present, former is suffering from radical approaches in the political system of the country and whole democratic setup is being continuously replaced by religious oriented ideology while Pakistan is facing crucial problems like political instability, socio-economic underdevelopment, energy crises, terrorism, drone attacks, suicide bombing impacting human security in the country. The authors suggest that India and Pakistan need to make progress in the field of economics and trade and realize that at present it is in the interest of not only the two states but also their huge populations. There is an urgent need for the EU to revise and update its South Asia strategy. The EU is not yet an important player in South Asia, but the region is of increasing importance to the EU – not only for economic reasons, but also for the security of the European continent. Indeed, not only does the EU rely heavily on the Indian Ocean to secure its position as a major actor in world trade, but instability in regions like Afghanistan and Pakistan directly impact European security through their links to home-grown terrorism and similar threats.

Challenges to Afghan Refugee Children’s Education in Pakistan: A Human Security Perspective

Human security is an essential component of the contemporary intra-state conflicts; promulgating renewed understanding of the perpetuating nature of the Afghan problem. Afghanistan, from the Soviet invasion to the US’ long war, faces continued Human Security challenges, especially lack of education in around 80 percent of school-aged children of Afghan refugees. Pakistan, which itself has the second largest number of school-aged children out of school, faces illiteracy in children of Afghan refugees as the surmountable challenge that links down to the seven broader components of human security identified by Mahbub-ul-Haq, Pakistan’s former finance minister and economist, in the 1994 Human Development Report. The growing illiteracy in second and third-generation Afghan refugees is the product of poverty, socio-economic disparities, and socio-cultural restrictions, especially in regards to the relative discouragement of female education. In order to offset the gravity of challenges to the educational aspect of human security, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is continuously cooperating with the Pakistani government in enhancing educational infrastructure in terms of community and home-based schooling, vocational and technical training, and capacity building of Pakistan’s schooling system to accommodate Afghan refugee children. Therefore, the paper takes qualitative checks of the primary sources from the government of Pakistan and UNHCR and secondary sources to find the answers to three following questions in different four parts of the paper. The result of this study is that the main challenge for Afghan refugee child education in Pakistan is the poor quality of education. Therefore, UNHCR should work with the Pakistani government to develop investment programs and put in place solid surveillance and oversight of schools to improve their quality to an acceptable standard.