Chain Outlets Research Articles

The Brand Trust As The Impact Of The Service Recovery Of The International Fast Food Restaurant

This study aims to determine the influence of service recovery on brand trust among international fast-food restaurant customers in Bandung City. The service recovery variable encompasses distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice. In contrast, the brand trust variable comprises two dimensions: fiability and intentionality. This study employs primary data gathered through an online survey of 215 respondents who are consumers of international fast-food restaurants and have experienced inappropriate service with an international fast-food chain outlet. The proposed hypothesis was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Based on the results of R-squared tests, path coefficient analysis, and SMARTPLS 3.0 software measurements, service recovery significantly and positively impacts brand trust for customers of international fast-food restaurants in Bandung City.

What makes consumers buy from the informal rather than formal retail market? A consumption value perspective

Purpose This paper aims to understand consumption values buying from informal retail markets (i.e., street vendor retailing). It also explores why consumers prefer daily necessary goods from the informal compared to the formal retail market (such as supermarkets, retail chain outlets and e-commerce). Design/methodology/approach Employing the qualitative research approach, this study collected data from nine respondents in two areas in Malaysia. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using the thematic analysis technique. Only representative verbatim codes were presented under five themes of consumption value theory. Findings Consumers are triggered by the convenience, ease, and exclusive products (conditional value), friendly and known relationship with informal sellers, as well as the availability of some particular food items (emotional value) and lower price and freshness of groceries (functional value) while buying from informal compared to formal retail vendor. Research limitations/implications This study provides knowledge implications to the consumption value theory. Functional, emotional, and conditional values are the dominant components of purchase behaviour in informal compared to formal retail channels. Social values are common, whereas epistemic value is more substantial in formal retailing. Practical implications Findings are helpful for informal retail businesses to understand consumers' buying behaviour. Informal retail owners should ensure that commodities are fresh, highly affordable and available in the local communities. Building a friendly relationship with consumers would be a key to the success of this retail sector. Social implications Authorities should support informal sellers to set up mobile retail stores in residential areas. This effort would offer greater convenience to both parties in informal businesses and ensure informal sellers' financial and social well-being. Originality/value Despite the widespread acceptance of buying goods from informal retail vendors, research on consumption value in informal retailing is largely overlooked. Previous research primarily deals with formal market phenomena due to their size and economic contribution. Consequently, current literature lacks an understanding of why consumers prefer to buy from informal retail vendors for their daily groceries when the formal retail channel could fulfil similar needs. Using a qualitative research design, this research uncovers consumers' buying motives from informal compared to formal vendors.

Surviving Competition: Neighbourhood Shops versus Convenience Chains

Abstract Hundreds of millions of microenterprises in emerging economies face increased competition from the entry and expansion of large firms that offer similar products. This paper examines the impacts of the opening of chain-run convenience stores on one of the world’s most ubiquitous microenterprises: owner-operated shops. To address endogeneity in time and location of chains’ opening, I pair two-way fixed effects with a novel instrument that shifts the profitability of chains but not of shops at the neighbourhood level. Expanding the number of chain outlets from zero to the neighbourhood average of 6.7 stores reduces the number of shops by 15%, a decline driven not by increased shop exits but by decreased shop entries. Shops retain their sales of fresh products and keep 96% of their customers, but customers visit shops less frequently and spend less on packaged goods. Surviving shops leverage competitive advantages stemming from being owner operated, such as lower agency costs, cultivating relationships with neighbours, and offering customers informal credit. The welfare gains of convenience chains replacing shops increase with household income; the poorest households experience a welfare loss.

АНАЛІЗ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ НАССР, НА ПРИКЛАДІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА «CHICKEN HUT», ЯК ОДНОГО З ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The article is devoted to the study of the implementation of the HACCP system at domestic food service enterprises, which has become relevant, especially in the context of Ukraine's integration into the European Union and its promotion to foreign production and service markets. After all, the problem of ensuring proper quality and safety of restaurant products, which is an important component of the secondary sector of the economy, which had acquired signs of promising growth in our country before the start of military aggression, has become acute. In order to integrate the HACCP system, an appropriate legislative framework has been developed which is aimed at establishing the requirements for the implementation of a food safety management system based on the HACCP principles, as well as the specifics of control and inspections which apply, in particular, to public relations related to the exercise of state control over the activities of market operators. The article analyzes the economic activities of the "Chicken HUT" restaurant chain in terms of implementation of the HACCP system. The authors emphasize that "Chicken HUT" is a chain of fast food restaurants which has been commercially successful in many cities of Ukraine. "Chicken HUT" confidently holds a leading position in its market segment, has a target audience and a proven concept. The authors of the article believe that "Chiken HUT" has built a fairly logical and effective scheme for providing its network with high-quality and safe components of a standardized menu, having removed the lion's share of the costs of creating an expensive production cycle from scratch and providing control and reporting systems. This is undoubtedly a big advantage for providing outlets with a proven and standardized set of ingredients. This allows to maintain a virtually uniform level of prices for products in the chain's outlets across Ukraine. In the context of the study, the authors of the article concluded that the company's success is due to the uniform standards for all restaurants of the "Chicken HUT" chain, and the food control and safety system (HACCP) implemented at "Chicken HUT" enterprises allows us to talk about product and consumer safety.

Impact of Store Design and Atmosphere on Shoppers’ Purchase Decisions: An Empirical Study with Special Reference to Delhi-NCR

The main objective of this research is to identify the impact of store design and ambience on consumer purchase decisions in retail chain outlets in Delhi-NCR, India. The foremost purpose of this research was to examine if the design and ambience of retail stores have any effect on the decisions of customers’ purchases. The study was descriptive in nature. For this research, a sample of 100 consumers was drawn who generally visit retail stores for shopping. A systematic questionnaire was prepared to collect the data and to analyze it; SEM, reliability, Convergent, Discriminate Validity and model fitness were achieved through SmartPLS3. The current study’s findings indicate that variables, such as window and mannequin display, visual merchandising, and store design and atmosphere have an effective impact on shoppers’ purchase decisions, whereas lighting and color, music, and signage have negligible effects. The findings of this study will provide managerial involvement to the industry in order to emphasize purchase ambition in order to improve profitability and sustainability. More examination of the factors that contribute to purchase aspiration and in other geological areas is advised for future scrutiny. This study presents a validated instrument for measuring the association between design atmosphere and consumer purchasing behavior and serves as a tool for evaluating the influence of various design atmospheric indicators. It is important to keep a steady staff of well-trained, polite salespeople on hand at all times. Customers are more likely to come back and eventually recommend the store to others if their needs are met by customer-focused salespeople who provide excellent service. This helps the merchant to compete in the market.

More than a mere cup of coffee: When perceived luxuriousness triggers Chinese customers’ perceptions of quality and self-congruity

While prior research shows that atmospheric cues such as visual design trigger customers' cognition and emotions, thus leading to approach-avoidance responses, this article proposes self-congruity as a mediator, paralleling cognitive evaluation (i.e., perceived quality). More specifically, this article, situated in the context of the coffee shop industry in China, investigates how perceived luxuriousness, reflected from the service provider's visual design, affects customers' willingness to pay a price premium (WTPP). The findings show that perceived luxuriousness leads to customers' inferences of high quality of the coffee and high self-congruity, thus increasing WTPP. Further, cosmopolitanism moderates the effect of perceived luxuriousness only via self-congruity, but not via perceived quality. This article contributes to the existing literature on atmospherics, self-congruity, brand equity, and cosmopolitanism. More importantly, this article provides managerial implications for global coffee/food brands that aim to set up their chain outlets and expand rapidly in China, one of the largest emerging markets.

Association between food-outlet availability near secondary schools and junk-food purchasing among Australian adolescents

ObjectivesWe sought to investigate the association between food-outlet availability near Australian secondary schools and frequency of Australian students’ discretionary food purchases. MethodsSecondary-school students in Perth (Western Australia) reported the frequency of their discretionary food purchases from food outlets near their school (17 schools, n = 2389 students grades 7–12, ages 12–17 y). Food-outlet availability was sourced from local governments, then geocoded. A mixed-effects model was used in analyses. ResultsAlmost half of students (45%) purchased discretionary foods from food outlets near their secondary school at least weekly. Only the density of top-ranking fast-food chain outlets near secondary schools was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of discretionary food purchases. ConclusionsAvailability of major fast-food chains near Australian secondary schools appears to be a key driver of Australian students’ discretionary food purchasing. Restricting these outlets near schools may help reduce adolescents’ discretionary food intake.

Associations between supermarket availability and body size in Australia: a cross-sectional observational study comparing state and territory capital cities

BackgroundResidential environment features such as availability of supermarkets may shape dietary behaviour and thus overweight and obesity. This relationship may not be consistent between cities. This Australian national-level study examined: 1) the relationship between supermarket availability and body size; and 2) whether this relationship varied by capital city.MethodsThis study used 2017–18 Australian National Health Survey data including individual-level socio-demographic information (age, sex, country of birth, education, occupation, household income), and measured body size (height and weight to derive body mass index [BMI], and waist circumference [WC]). Objectively-expressed measures of residential environments included: counts of supermarkets (major chain outlets), counts of amenities (representing walkable destinations including essential services, recreation, and entertainment), and area of public open space - each expressed within road-network buffers at 1000 m and 1500 m; population density (1km2 grid cells); and neighbourhood disadvantage (Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage) expressed within Statistical Area Level 1 units. Data for adult respondents ≥18 years residing in each of Australia’s state and territory capital cities (n = 9649) were used in multilevel models to estimate associations between supermarket availability and body size sequentially accounting for individual and other environment measures. An interaction term estimated city-specific differences in associations between supermarket availability and body size. Models were consequently repeated stratified by city.ResultsBody size (BMI and WC) and supermarket availability varied between cities. Initial inverse associations between supermarket availability and body size (BMI and WC) were attenuated to null with inclusion of all covariates, except for BMI in the 1000 m buffer model (beta = − 0.148, 95%CI -0.27, − 0.01, p = 0.025). In stratified analyses, the strengths of associations varied between cities, remaining statistically significant only for some cities (BMI: Melbourne, Brisbane Hobart; WC: Brisbane, Hobart) in fully adjusted models. Different patterns of attenuation of associations with inclusion of covariates were evident for different cities.ConclusionsFor Australian capital cities, greater availability of supermarkets is associated with healthful body size. Marked between-city variations in body size, supermarket availability, and relationships between supermarket availability and body size do not, however, support universal, “one-size-fits-all” solutions to change built environments to support healthful body size.

Place management in off-premise alcohol outlets: Results of a multi-methods study in a six-city California area

BackgroundAssociations between neighborhood crime and alcohol outlets are often theorized as resulting from poor place management. Barriers and supports to place management have been examined for on-premise (bars, restaurants) but not for off-premise alcohol outlets. Few studies have assessed place management issues across a range of off-premise outlet and neighborhood types, and none have included the perspectives of off-premise outlet managers themselves. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods within an ethnographic approach, we investigated barriers and supports to place management across off-premise outlets in a large urban area. MethodsWe unobtrusively assessed outlet operating characteristics including crime prevention strategies at all 403 off-premise outlets in six contiguous California cities; interviewed managers in 40 outlets; and conducted extensive naturalistic observations in 15 of these 40 outlets. We analyzed data for frequencies and thematic content. ResultsSmall and independently operated off-premise outlets were the most common type of outlet in our study, but demonstrated fewer resources and more challenges to place management compared to large and chain establishments. Security guards were more observed in large and chain outlets. Small and independent outlets were more likely to post signs prohibiting loitering and to enable surveillance of interior spaces. Problems most commonly cited by managers were theft and loitering. Challenges to place management included physical and verbal threats from customers and intoxicated persons, and insufficient law enforcement. Managers evidenced some ability to assert authority over interior, private space, but less so over exterior, public space. ConclusionsAlthough tasked with maintaining public health and safety, small and independent store managers reported challenges that are seldom acknowledged in policy or research literature. Managers may provide valuable insights on preventing and reducing neighborhood-level problems associated with off-premise alcohol outlets. Local communities should consider enhancing place management resources for managers of small and independent outlets.

Should I Stay or Should I Go? Geographic Entrepreneurial Choices in Brazilian Franchising

In the broad empirical literature on franchising, performance outcomes of location decisions appear to be a largely forgotten issue. Yet franchising represents a rich context to study the impact of geographic entrepreneurial choices. Addressing this “blank spot” in the literature, we deal with the following question: Is it better for a chain to stay in the same geographic area, or to expand via distant franchised units? Our econometric estimations on new and unique Brazilian panel data show that spatial agglomeration of chain outlets leads to higher performance, suggesting that agglomeration gains outweigh cannibalization and spatial monopoly effects.

Research on the Influence of Service Quality of Shunfeng Cold Chain Logistics on Customer Loyalty

In order to explore the relationship between the service quality and customer loyalty of Shunfeng cold chain logistics, this paper builds a research model which takes customer satisfaction as intervening variable, and adopts reliability, responsiveness, and tangibles dimensions of SERVQUAL model, and adds Security, Economy and Flexible Service dimensions based on the characteristics of cold chain logistics. Through data analysis, hypotheses between Shunfeng cold chain logistics service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are tested and the weaknesses of service are further explored. Some suggestions are put forward for Shunfeng cold chain logistics to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty, such as optimizing goods source traceability Services, adding cold chain outlets, enhancing the flexibility of distribution, and upgrading cold chain packaging equipment.

Gentrifiers, distinction, and social preservation: A case study in consumption on Mount Pleasant Street in Washington, DC

Mount Pleasant, a neighbourhood of Washington, DC that has experienced several decades of residential gentrification (Gale, 1980; Modan, 2007; Williams, 1988), nonetheless possesses a commercial corridor where local stores far outnumber boutique retail and corporate chain outlets. Its situation challenges a critical strain within the commercial gentrification literature that emphasises the likelihood of retail displacement during the gentrification process and characterises gentrifier consumers as primarily interested in retail outlets that are familiar or carefully designed to suit their taste. This study investigates gentrifiers’ consumption practices in Mount Pleasant to ascertain how they differ from those of peers in neighbourhoods where gentrification has followed a more typical trajectory. Using theories of distinction (Bourdieu, 1984) and social preservation (Brown-Saracino, 2009), I argue that many local gentrifiers, contradictorily, seek to accrue cultural capital by consuming ‘authentic’ local culture and products while paying attention to the costs of turnover and displacement.

A Nice Place to Visit: Tourism and Urban Revitalization in the Postwar Rustbelt by Aaron Cowan

Reviewed by: A Nice Place to Visit: Tourism and Urban Revitalization in the Postwar Rustbelt by Aaron Cowan Jon C. Teaford Aaron Cowan, A Nice Place to Visit: Tourism and Urban Revitalization in the Postwar Rustbelt. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2016. 236 pp. $29.95. The late twentieth century was an era of desperation for many older rustbelt cities as they struggled to find an antidote to the debilitating conditions sapping their economic strength and reducing their populations. Searching for solutions, city leaders turned increasingly to tourism as the source of a much-needed business boost. Convention centers, new hotels, sports facilities, and festival marketplaces supposedly would rebrand the aging hubs as places to gather, spend money, and have fun. In A Nice Place to Visit, Aaron Cowan examines this tourist initiative in four rustbelt cities—Cincinnati, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore. His cogent, well-researched account sheds valuable light on the origins and evolution of the urban investment in tourism. Cowan begins by briefly tracing the history of urban decline and the search for remedies in the four cities. He then focuses on a single aspect of the tourism initiative as it pertains to one of his rustbelt centers. Concentrating on Cincinnati, he describes the rise of convention-oriented chain hotels. The locally owned hotels of the pre-World War II era had served not only as places of lodging but as social centers and sources of community pride. Their opulent ballrooms hosted local galas, and their luxurious lobbies and restaurants were places to meet and negotiate political and business deals. Cowan portrays the chain outlets with their standardized accommodations as having far less of a role in the community. They were in the city but not of the city. [End Page 208] Cowan next examines the development of St. Louis’s convention center. By the early 1970s, St. Louis leaders were desperate to boost the fortunes of their flagging downtown. Tourism seemed the elixir that would restore vitality. Cowan emphasizes the significance of race in the battle to win voter approval for a bond issue to finance construction of the convention venue. The city’s African Americans supposedly would benefit little from a mammoth facility hosting out-of-towners and enhancing the business interests of white downtown leaders. Yet Cowan possibly overstates the race factor. In the 1972 bond issue election the convention center proposal won the support of 75 percent of those casting ballots, securing approval from 82 percent of the voters in the wards with African American majorities. In other words, an overwhelming majority of blacks endorsed construction of a downtown convention center and were more positive toward the project than the white electorate. The divide between the white downtown business elite and the African American neighborhoods was perhaps not as significant as Cowan implies. The election returns seem to suggest a biracial consensus for increased convention business. Having examined Cincinnati hotels and the St. Louis convention center, Cowan proceeds to discuss the construction of Pittsburgh’s Three Rivers Stadium and its role in rehabilitating the image of the deindustrializing Steel City. Many scholars have questioned whether public sector investment in sports facilities have produced the economic rewards claimed by promoters of such projects. Cowan recognizes the limited economic benefits of stadiums and arenas, yet in an evenhanded discussion he explains how the new stadium and its winning baseball and football teams gilded the image of the city in the 1970s. Both in the eyes of outsiders and local residents, Pittsburgh no longer seemed such a loser city. It succeeded on the playing fields, and this winning reputation translated into a more positive image that certainly did no harm to the rustbelt hub. Baltimore’s Harborplace festival marketplace was equally successful in burnishing the image of an aging metropolis. The Harborplace retail complex raised city spirits, won much-needed positive publicity for Baltimore, and proved a financial success. Though Cowan concludes that it evolved into a tourist trap, it like the Three Rivers Stadium sent an upbeat message to the American media that had previously viewed Baltimore as dead. Throughout his investigation of tourist development in the urban rustbelt, Cowan offers valuable insights into the revitalization...

Operation of Small Businesses in Open-Air Markets in Poland Based on the Example of Kraków

Open-air markets are traditionally associated with the landscape of Polish towns and cities. In the beginning, they were in the very centre of the city – most often in the market around which the lives of the locals and the newcomers concentrated. With the development of urban areas, open-air markets were moved out of the city centre. They were transformed, though for a long time, also after the Second World War, they were the place of trade primarily in agricultural and craft products. During the People’s Republic of Poland, citizens were given the opportunity to buy goods not available in stores. Open-air market places gained a new meaning at the beginning of the socio-political transformation after 1989. They became the places of flourishing small businesses and were less and less associated with the sale of agricultural products and more and more with diverse assortments such as any groceries, clothing, chemicals and cosmetics. At present, in the period of the global economy, which in urban areas is typically expressed through the diminishing of the local economy related to small businesses in favour of the global economy introducing supermarkets, hypermarkets and chain outlets, the functioning of open-air markets takes place in the conditions of increased competition. It consists in particular in price competition and competition in the form of a large assortment of goods in stores mentioned above. As shown in the article, also entrepreneurs conducting business activity at the open-air markets in Kraków feel this competition. It manifests itself in the lack of a sense of stabilisation of small businesses. A large group of the surveyed entrepreneurs are also unable to sustain themselves only from this activity.

Customer aggression and organizational turnover among service employees

PurposeThe episodes of customer rage with employees during service encounters are common and adversely affect the long-term commitment of employees with an organization. The service organizations, in an effort to control employee turnover, are striving hard but have failed. There are a wide variety of studies that address employee turnover but the research which encapsulates a combined effect of perceived justice and organizational pride to study exhaustion-turnover path are almost scant. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of customer aggression on the frontline food service managers’ emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions. The mitigating effects of perceived distributive justice and emotional organizational pride are also investigated.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from 250 frontline employees of global fast food chain outlets located in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling by AMOS.FindingsThe customer aggression is found to influence emotional exhaustion which in turn reduces job satisfaction and increases turnover intentions among frontline food service managers. The mitigating effects of distributive justice on the customer aggression to emotional exhaustion path and of emotional organizational pride on the job satisfaction to turnover intentions path are confirmed.Practical implicationsThe results reveal importance of maintaining a supportive and justice-oriented organizational culture. Rewarding frontliners, celebrating the organizational successes that build pride, and acknowledging the emotional burden misbehaving customers place on employees are identified as shields to guard against employee dissatisfaction and turnover.Originality/valueThe turnover intentions resulting from the emotional exhaustion caused by customer aggression in the global fast food industry is studied for the first time. Furthermore, the inclusion of distributive justice and emotional organizational pride as cognitive and affective factors that reduce the effects of customer aggression on frontliners is unique to this study.

Indigenous marketing practices and theories in emerging economies: Consumer behavior and retail transformations in India

Large emerging economies like India present major challenges to international marketers as well as to academic theorists. The retail sector in India is particularly challenging because, numerically, it is the world's largest and most heterogeneous, with millions of tiny small traditional outlets competing with thousands of rapidly growing and expanding modern retail chain outlets. Based on extensive fieldwork in India entailing observation, interviews and secondary research, this paper presents a multifaceted view of how consumer patronage of small traditional stores provide competitive advantages to these small competitors. The empirical results suggest historical patterns do not apply in this context. Managerial and theoretical implications follow. The working conclusion is that retail developments in India and other major emerging economies would require not just innovations in practice but strong, ongoing efforts for theoretical renewal so that better explanatory frameworks are available for understanding marketing strategies and consumer behaviors in emerging settings.

Fish in super-shops: A new dimension of fish marketing system in Dhaka (Bangladesh)

In this study, fish marketing system of four affluent super-shops and 8 outlets selling wet fishes (2 outlets for each shop) in Dhaka (Bangladesh) were investigated. It was observed that a significant portion of the fishes were supplied from different wholesale fish markets of Dhaka metropolitan city and fish production zones of adjacent districts. Various stakeholders were involved in fish value chain concerning super shop outlets. The availability of fish was more or less similar in all super shops. Three types of supply chains were identified as selling fish through super shops. It was observed that marketing cost varied from Tk. 5.0/kg to Tk. 15.0/kg fish transported, while farmers/fishers incurred the lowest and super shops spent the highest. The sharing of fish prices among the stakeholders at different steps of value chain revealed that live Indian major carps (rui, catla, mrigal and kalibaush) of 1.0 to 1.7 kg size with a fisherman price of about Tk.170 were sold at super shop out-lets @ Tk.400/ kg. For these fishes, the fishermen share on consumer payment (FSoCP) was 42.4%, while the intermediaries’ share on consumer payment (ISoCP) was 57.5%. It was understood that the super shop chain outlets in Dhaka city, sell better quality wet fish, at a rate of 20-25% higher price, compared to those sold through general fish markets. Both marketing margin and marketing profit were higher in super shops compared to other stakes in the distribution path, owing to their high management costs for retail sell.

Workers Resisting Standardization but Not Exploitation?: Work in Indian Fast Food Chain Outlet(s)

This ethnographic study explores the nature of work at an Indian fast-food chain outlet using a qualitative case-study approach. To understand the unique aspects of this work context and to differe...

Relating off-premises alcohol outlet density to intentional and unintentional injuries.

This study investigated the hypotheses that (i) intentional and unintentional injuries occur more frequently in areas with greater density of off-premises alcohol outlets; and (ii) larger and chain outlets selling cheaper alcohol contribute more substantially to injury risk than smaller and independent outlets. Ecological cross-sectional. From the 256 Statistical Area level 2 (SA2) census units in Melbourne, Australia, we selected a random sample of 62 units. There were 2119 Statistical Area level 1 (SA1) units nested within the selected SA2 units. The selected units contained 295 off-premises outlets. Two independent observers conducted premises assessments in all off-premises outlets, assessing the volume of alcohol available for sale (paces of shelf space), price (least wine price) and other operating characteristics (chain versus independent, drive-through). Outlet counts, assessed outlet characteristics and other area characteristics (population density, median age, median income, retail zoning) were aggregated within SA1 units. Dependent variables were counts of ambulance attended intentional injuries (assaults, stabbings, shootings) and unintentional injuries (falls, crush injuries and object strikes). In univariable analyses, chain outlets were larger (r = 0.383; P < 0.001) and sold cheaper alcohol (r = -0.484; P < 0.001) compared with independent outlets. In Bayesian spatial Poisson models, off-premises outlet density was positively related to both intentional [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.38; 95% credible interval (CI) = 1.19, 1.60] and unintentional injuries (IRR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.30). After disaggregation by outlet characteristics, chain outlet density was also related to both intentional (IRR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.11, 1.64) and unintentional injuries (IRR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.38). Greater off-premises outlet density is related to greater incidence of traumatic injury, and chain outlets appear to contribute most substantially to traumatic injury risk.

Effect of Store Atmosphere on Consumer Purchase Intention

This paper aimed at identifying the effects of atmosphere on the consumer purchase intention in international retail chain outlets of Karachi, Pakistan. This was the first study, which investigated the collective impact of atmospheric variables at one point in time on purchase intention. This research was causal in nature. A sample of 300 consumers was taken who usually visited these outlets. Data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire and analyzed through regression analysis. Research findings indicate that atmospheric variables such as cleanliness, scent, lighting, and display/layout have a positive influence on consumers’ purchase intention; whereas music and color have insignificant impact on consumers’ purchase intention. The temperature has almost no impact on the purchase intention of the consumers. This study has important implication for Practitioners and Academicians.