Chaerophyllum Macropodum Research Articles

Effects of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. leaves essential oil in inflammatory and neuropathic pain: uncovering the possible mechanism of action.

Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. (popularly known as "Jafari farangi kohestani") is a predominantmedicinal planttraditionally utilized in the treatments ofperitoneal inflammation and headachein Persian folk medicine. Here, we have revealed the anti-neuropathic and anti-nociceptive activities of C. macropodum leaves essential oil (CMEO) in addition to uncovering the possible mechanisms of action. Formalin-induced paw licking model was used to assess the anti-nociceptive activity of CMEO and its major constituent, terpinolene (TP). The anti-nociceptive activity of these compounds was determined by investigating the roles of various non-opioid and NO-cGMP-K+ channels. Additionally, the anti-neuropathic potential of CMEO and TP was determined using cervical spinal cord contusion/CCS technique. The CMEO exerted significant anti-nociceptive activity with a remarkable activity seen in the second phase of formalin-induced paw licking model and this activity were remarkably reversed by pre-treatment of naloxone (an opioid antagonist). Pretreatment with several types of NO-cGMP-potassium channel pathway meaningfully reversed the anti-nociceptive potential of CMEO in phase II of formalin model. Moreover, pre-treatment with several antagonists of non-opioid receptors revealed that only the antagonist of TRPV-1, serotonin type 3, 5-HT2, α2 adrenergic, and CB1 receptors (capsaicin, ondansetron, ketanserin, yohimbine, and SR141716A, respectively) reversed CMEO anti-nociception. CMEO and TP also remarkably reversed hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in the CCS technique. The CMEO exerts anti-nociceptive and anti-neuropathic activities via the modulation of NO-cGMP potassium channel pathway, opioid as well as several non-opioid receptor activity. TP might partly contribute to the observed activities of CMEO.

Otlu Peynir Örneklerinin Lipoliz ve Proteoliz Değerleri Üzerine Farklı Depolama Koşullarının ve Otların Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, koyun sütünden Sirmo (Allium vineale L.), Mendi (Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss.) ve Siyabo (Ferula rigidula DC.) otları kullanılarak üretilen Otlu peynirlerin olgunlaşma süresince meydana gelen kimyasal ve biyokimyasal özelliklerindeki değişimler araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Otlu peynir üretiminde hem geleneksel hem de endüstriyel üretim teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Olgunlaşma süresince Otlu peynir örneklerinin bir kısmı vakum ambalajlama yapılarak bir kısmı da salamura içerisinde depolanmıştır. Üretilen peynirlerden depolamanın 2., 30., 60., ve 90. günlerinde örnek alınarak % kurumadde, % toplam azot, % yağ, % tuz, pH, % WSN, % TCA-SN ve % PTA-SN analizleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, çiğ sütten üretilen Otlu peynirlerin ortalama % yağ, pH, % WSN, % TCA değerlerinin pastörize sütten üretilen Otlu peynirlerden yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, depolama süresi boyunca Otlu peynirlerin ortalama % kül, % WSN, % TCA, % PTA değerlerinin zamana bağlı olarak artış gösterdiği ve salamurada depolanan örneklerin ortalama pH ve % tuz oranının vakum ambalajda depolanan Otlu peynirlerden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Farklı otlar ilave edilerek üretilen Otlu peynir örneklerinde depolama süresi, ambalaj çeşidi ve üretim tekniklerine bağlı olarak kimyasal ve biyokimyasal özelliklerin değişkenlik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

In vitro Evaluation of Selective Cytotoxic Activity of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. on Cultured Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells.

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor in children. New treatment approaches are needed because of the harmful side effects and costs of the methods used in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Medicinal and aromatic plants are important for new treatment approaches due to their minimal side effects and economic advantages. Therefore, the present study was carried out to examine the cytotoxic effect of Chaerophyllum macropodum extract on human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and fibroblast (HDFa) cell lines. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) assays were used to determine the cytotoxic effect of C. macropodum. The extracts were analyzed for their phenolic content by HPLC-PDA. Major components were determined as 63.600% o-coumaric acid, 15.606% catechine hydrate, 8.713% rosmarinic acid, 4.376% clorogenic acid, and 3.972% salicylic acid. The obtained results from cytotoxicity testing revealed that C. macropodum exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on human neuroblastoma cells at all tested concentrations (p < 0.05). But it did not lead to any cytotoxic potential on human fibroblasts. As a result, the obtained data clearly revealed C. macropodum exerted a selective cytotoxic action on neuroblastoma cells for the first time.

The Effects of Coriandrum sativum L. and Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. (Apiaceae) on human plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in vitro

Hypertension is a very important problem around the world. The inhibition of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC.3.4.15.1.) is regarded as fundamental of hypertension treatment. But, synthetic ACE inhibitors have several side effects. For this reason, there are lots of studies to improve green ACE inhibitors. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the potential inhibitory effects of two members of Apiaceae, Coriandrum sativum and Chaerophyllum macropodum, on human plasma ACE. Fort this purpose, water extracts of the plants were used. ACE inhibition activity was detected spectrophotometrically. Both plant extracts showed an inhibitory effect on ACE activity. The obtained results showed that Coriandrum sativum and Chaerophyllum macropodum have inhibitory effects on human plasma ACE with an IC50 value of 0.7 mg/mL and 1.14 mg/mL, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk graph was used to determine the inhibition type. The inhibition types were found as reversible noncompetitive. According to the obtained results, Coriandrum sativum and Chaerophyllum macropodum are valuable functional food with ACE inhibition capacity which may be used to balance blood pressure efficiently.

Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Herby cheese

In this research, the changes in total phenolics, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities during the ripening of Herby cheese which was produced from sheep milk and Sirmo (Allium vineale L.), Mendi (Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss.), and Siyabo (Ferula rigidula DC.) herbs, were investigated. The total phenolic concentration (TPC), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and TEAC (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) values of Herby cheese samples ripened in vacuum packaging were found higher than that of the samples ripened in brine. The herby cheese extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and acetone solvents. The highest TPC, DPPH, and TEAC values were obtained in the samples extracted with methanol which was followed by ethanol and acetone. These three herbs added to Herby cheese increased the TPC and antioxidant activity of cheese. The antimicrobial effect of Herby cheese was determined using seven different microorganisms using well diffusion technique and the extracts did not have any antimicrobial effect against used microorganisms. Practical applications Herby cheese is a popular traditional dairy product manufactured from sheep's and cow's milk. Approximately, 12 kinds of herbs are used for the production of herby cheese in the eastern region of Turkey. In this study, herbs increased the TPC and antioxidant activity of cheese and methanol showed a better performance in the extraction of antioxidants from cheeses compared to other solvents. To sum up, our study proves the effectiveness of using different herbs (Sirmo, Mendi, and Siyabo) on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of herby cheese.

Physicochemical and microbiological properties of Chaerophyllum, Oliveria and Zataria essential oils and their effects on the sensory properties of a fermented dairy drink, ‘doogh’

ABSTRACT In this present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from Chaerophyllum macropodum, Oliveria decumbents, and Zataria multiflora Boiss. The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the EOs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (G+), Escherichia coli O157: H7 (G−), and three species of fungi (Rhodotorula glutinis, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Penicillium digitatum). The outcomes were evaluated in vitro and in a food model system for 28 days of storage. Carvacrol comprised 10.83, 22.51 and 73.66% of the EOs being extracted from Chaerophyllum, Oliveria and Zataria, respectively, while thymol comprised 9.57, 36.49 and 17.17%. By evaluating antibacterial properties in vitro, the bacteria were greatly inhibited by all of the three EOs with more sensitivity of S. aureus. Oliveria and Zataria EOs were more effective than Chaerophyllum EO in preventing the growth of the three fungi. Doogh samples were inoculated before receiving the EOs (1%) and stored at 4°C for 28 days. Chaerophyllum EO caused the highest value of pH in doogh. Viscosity was significantly higher (p < .05) in the treated samples than in the control. All three EOs inhibited the bacterial populations more effectively (p < .05) than fungal populations. Regarding sensory attributes, all fortified doogh samples received comparably higher scores than the doogh containing microorganisms. In summary, the present study revealed that Chaerophyllum, Oliveria and Zataria EOs can serve as natural antimicrobial agents in doogh.

Phytodermatitis in East and southeast of Turkey: A prospective study

Objective: Some plants may cause cutaneous side effects called phytodermatitis due to skin contact. Plants that cause phytodermatitis vary according to countries and regions. The aim of this study was to examine the phytodermatitis cases seen in Turkey's east and southeast and compare them with phytodermatitis cases seen previously in the literature in these provinces and to revise the literature.Material and methods: In this study, 34 patients with phytodermatitis were prospectively evaluated. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients such as age, sex, affected areas, dermatitis type, and plant name were recorded.Results: Phytophotodermatitis (PPD) developed in 7 (20,5%) of 34 patients. PPDs occured after contact of Heracleum persicum, Ferula orientalis and Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. Two (5.8%) patients developed allergic contact dermatitis due to Xanthium strumarium. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) developed in 25 patients (73.5%). ICD was most frequently associated with Tragopogon porrifolius (8 patients). In other patients, ICD was developed due to Ranunculus arvensis, Mentha pulegium, Euphorbia helioscopia, Heracleum persicum, Malva sylvestris, Mandragora autumnalis, Plantago major, and Rheum ribes.Conclusion: In our study, we determined the cases of PPD caused by F. orientalis and Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss, which were not previously described in the literature, and ICD which was caused by R. ribes. Clinicians should be aware that cutaneous reactions due to these plants may develop. Our study is the first comprehensive and prospective study on phytodermatitis in Turkey. More studies are needed to determine causes and prevalance of phytodermatitis in Turkey.

GC-MS Analysis of Anti-Candida and Antioxidant Activities of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Chaerophyllum macropodum

Background: Chaerophyllum is a genus from the family Apiaceae. Chaerophyllum macropodum as a wild species is endemic to Iran and Turkey. The leaves of this plant are used in the food industry, as well as medicine. Since resistance has increased in some Candida species, side effects of chemical drugs and the use of medicinal plants are very important. Objectives: We reviewed the antioxidant and anti-Candida effects of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of C. macropodum. Methods: For the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of C. macropodum extracts, DPPH radical scavenging test, reducing power assay, and β-carotene bleaching test were performed. Moreover, the total free phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured. A GC-MS instrument was used for analyzing the extract components. In addition, hydroalcoholic extraction was performed by agar well-diffusion method against 40 Candida species isolated from patients. Results: According to the DPPH test, a moderate antiradical activity was attributed to C. macropodum leaf extract; maximum inhibition (6.38) was reported at 1000 µg/mL. Based on the findings, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 57.43 ± 0.25 and 138 ± 19.80 (mg/g), respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for C. albicans and C. glabrata were 300 and 400 µg/µL at 48 hours, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, a moderate antioxidant activity was attributed to C. macropodum leaf extracts. In addition, the results confirmed that leaf extracts had inhibitory activity against bacteria and Candida species. Therefore, they may be applied as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal agents in food protection. Copyright © 2018, Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SIRMO (Allium vineale L.), MENDI (Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss.) AND SIYABO (Ferula rigidula DC.)

In the current study, antioxidative and antibacterial characteristics of the three various extracts such as methanol, ethanol and acetone of brine and fresh herbs containing Sirmo (Allium vineale L.), Mendi (Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss.) and Siyabo (Ferula rigidula DC.) were investigated. When antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2-difenil-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, the antimicrobial activity was measured by the agar well diffusion method. The DPPH values of all extracts ranged from 17.10±1.30 to 119.53±0.06 mg TEAC/kg lyophilized herb, while ABTS values ranged from 53.55±3.49 to 780.36±39.46 mg TEAC/kg lyophilized herb. It was determined that the exracts of Siyabo exhibited higher antibacterial activity in comparison to other plants. These results suggest that extracts of Sirmo, Mendi and Siyabo can be used as natural antimicrobials and antioxidants in food processing.

Comparison of the Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil and Hexanic Extract from Chaerophyllum macropodum

The essential oil (obtained by hydrodistillation) and hexane extracts (obtained by Soxhlet apparatus) of Chaerophyllum macropodum (Boiss.) from two different area were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil of C. macropodum from Givi (sample A) and Neor (sample B) localities were characterized by a dominant amount of trans-β-ocimene (22.8% and 21.2%), cis-β- ocimene (10.0% and 8.5%) and (+) spathulenol (4.4% and 6.0%), respectively. p-cymene (10.3%), γ-terpinene (9.2%), trans-β-farnesene (8.2 %) and fenchyl acetate (6.5%) among the 27 components of the total oil in Givi sample were detected. Caryophyllene oxide (9.0%), α-pinene (7.1%), β- caryophyllene (6.6%), myristicin (5.1%) and sabinene (5.0%) were predominated in the oil obtained from Neor sample. In the hexane extracts of sample A and B the following compounds were detected, respectively: linoleic acid (23.2% and 29.2%), 6-octadecenoic acid (20.2% and 6.8%), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (8.8% and 9.9%) and E-β-farnesene (4.6% and 8.7%). Carotol (16.9%) and (-)-β- acoradiene (5.1%) were the major compound in the organic extract of sample A and germacrene- D (8.8%) and acorenone-B (12.6%) were the major ones in sample B. The constituents of the both oils were different, although the most abundant components are identical in essential oil from A (Givi sample) (99.3%). The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and hexane extracts from C. macropodum were studied according to the agar diffusion cup method. The essential oils had a good effect but the organic extracts had a moderate effect on the some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Evaluating the Effects of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation on Antifungal and Radical Scavenging Activities of Oliveria decumbens and Chaerophyllum macropodum Essential Oils

In this study, radical scavenging and antifungal activities of Chaerophyllum macropodum and Oliveria decumbens essential oils (EOs) extracted with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) were evaluated in comparison with the same EOs extracted by conventional hydrodistillation (HD). The final EO yields that were obtained using HD (after 150 min) and MAHD (after 45 min) were 1.72 and 1.67% for C. macropodum and 8.10 and 7.91% for O. decumbens, respectively. There were no significant differences between the final EO yields extracted with HD and MAHD, but MAHD could significantly reduce the duration of the extraction operation. Average rates of EO accumulation (grams per minute) with MAHD were at least three times higher than with HD. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of EOs indicated that there were no significant differences between the composition of EOs extracted by HD and MAHD. Both plants showed high radical scavenging activity, with 50% inhibitory concentration values of 0.430 to 0.431 mg/mL for C. macropodum and 0.142 to 0.146 mg/mL for O. decumbens. Antifungal activity was performed against six fungal species, including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichoderma harzianum, Byssochlamys spectabilis, and Paecilomyces variotii. A. niger and A. oryzae were the most resistant fungi, and T. harzianum was the most susceptible. Evaluation of MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration values showed that the O. decumbens EOs were very active against all the tested fungi, which can be attributed to the high amounts of oxygenated terpenes in the EO content. Therefore, MAHD as a fast extraction technique did not have any adverse effects on chemical composition, radical scavenging activity, and antifungal activity of C. macropodum and O. decumbens EOs.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH AMIKACIN AGAINST ACINETOBACTER SP

Acinetobacter sp. as gram negative bacilli is one of the most problematic bacteria in hospital environments. The emergence of multi-drug resistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. encourages the scientists to find the new antimicrobial agent with less side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cymbopogon olivieri, Heracleum persicum, Juniperus comminus, Azillia eryngioides, Dacus carrota, Ferula gummosa, Acorus calamus, Mentha pulegium, Achillea biebersteinii, and Chaerophyllum macropodum essential oils against clinical trials of Acinetobacter sp. by disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. The synergistic effect of these essential oils and amikacin (AMI) were determined. The higher inhibition zone diameters were for 2 µl of C. macropodum (15.3±0.48 mm). The lower MIC and MBC values were for C. olivieri (1.4 and 1.9 µl/ml) and J. comminus (1.9 and 2.6 µl/ml), followed by C. macropodum (2.01 and 3.2 µl/ml), D. carrota (2.1 and 3.8 µl/ml), A. eryngioides (2.3 and 3.1 µl/ml) essential oils and F. gummosa (2.4 and 4 µl/ml). AMI showed synergistic effect with all of the essential oils. D. carrota and A. eryngioides showed the best synergistic effect with AMI, followed by C. macropodum, A. biebersteinii, J. comminus and F. gummosa essential oils.

Chemical composition of some Apiaceae plants commonly used inherby cheese in Eastern Anatolia

Traditional uses of wild edible plants in daily diets are common in Eastern Anatolia. It is well known that more than 40 different plant species have been used as fresh vegetable, dried herbs, and pickled plants in some sole or mixed milk and meat products. The major use of wild edible plants is Van herby cheese in this region. To date, the mineral compositions of wild edible plants used in Van herby cheese production have been studied individually. In the present study, the plants were grouped by their plant families and their mineral compositions were determined. Therefore, variations and relations of minerals among the plants belonging to the same family were evaluated. The most used and well-known Apiaceae members such as Anethum graveolens L., Anthriscus sp., Chaerophyllum macropodum, F. haussknechtii H.Wolff ex Rech.f., Ferula rigidula DC., Heracleum persicum, Hippomarathrum microcarpum, Pimpinella aurea DC, and Prangos ferulacea L. were analyzed for their macro- and microelement concentrations (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, N, Na, P, S, and Zn). Additionally, some food quality aspects (e.g., dry matter, total ash contents, crude protein contents, pH, and crude fiber contents) were also evaluated in the plant samples. In conclusion, plant samples analyzed had impressive diversity for mineral compositions and other properties. It can be concluded that these plentiful variations among plants belonging to the same family could have resulted from individual genetic structure, different growing conditions, and plants parts.

Volatile Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Herbal Plants Used in the Manufacture of Van Herby (OTLU) Cheese

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative, antimicrobial and aroma characteristics of the most popular herbs, with local, namely Sirmo (Allium schoenoprasum [Liliaceae]), Mendi (Chaerophyllum macropodum [Apiaceae]), Siyabo (Silene vulgaris [Caryophyllaceae]), Yarpuz (Mentha spicata [Lamiaceae]) and Heliz (Prangos ferulacea [Apiaceae]). Among the various solvent extracts, methanolic extract of the Heliz, which had the highest phenolic content showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was also assessed. It was observed that growth of gram-positive bacteria was inhibited effectively by the extracts. Aroma compounds of the herbs were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The terpenes were the most representative chemical classes of the volatiles in herbs. Practical Application Traditionally, some herbs are used to enhance aromatic properties of cheeses in eastern region of Turkey. In the present study, some important properties of the most popular herbs used in cheese making were investigated. Methanol proved to be the most efficient solvent for extraction of antioxidants from herbs. The herbs could enhance the total antioxidant potential of cheese. The main outcome would be to exploit these findings at industrial scale to encourage the manufacture of herbal cheese.

Biological activity and chemical compounds of the hexane extracts from Chaerophyllum macropodum in two different habitats

The chemical constituents of the hexane extracts of Chaerophyllum macropodum (Boiss.) from two different localities were obtained in Soxhlet apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The hexane extracts of C. macropodum from Givi and Neor were characterized by a higher amount of linoleic acid (23.2 and 29.2%), 6-octadecenoic acid (20.2 and 6.8%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (8.8 and 9.9%) and E-β-farnesene (4.6 and 8.7%), respectively. Carotol (16.9%) and (-)-β-acoradiene (5.1%) were the major compounds in the hexane extract of sample from Givi, and germacrene- D (8.8%) and acorenone-B (12.6%) were the major ones in Neor sample. The composition of the extracts was different, although the most abundant components were identical in hexane extract from Neor sample (99.3%). The antimicrobial effects of hexane extracts from C. macropodum were studied according to the agar diffusion cup method. The antimicrobial activity of the hexane extracts of those samples were determined against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), as well as three fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The hexane extracts had a moderate effect on some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Key words: Chaerophyllum macropodum, umbelliferae, hexane extract, omega-3.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and chemical analysis of the flavonoid from Chaerophyllum macropodum (Boiss.)

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites produced mainly in almost all terrestrial plants and fruits, where they provide UV protection and color. They have a fused ring system consisting of an aromatic ring and a benzopyran ring with a phenyl substituent. Their biological activities have an impact on human health so that they serve as target molecules to develop new drugs. From methanolic extract of aerial parts of Chaerophyllum macropodum (Boiss.) (Umbelliferae family), a diglycosylated flavonoid derivative namely4I„,5-O-dirhamnosid-3'-butanoat-7-hydroxyflavone and a phthalic acid ester namely dioctylphthalate have been isolated by column chromatography (CC) and preparative TLC. Those structures were elucidated by UV, 1H- and 13C- NMR, HMBC, EI-MS and IR spectra.The antimicrobial activity of the methanol and aqueous extracts of aerial part were determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger). The bioassay showed that both extracts exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity of methanol and aqueous extracts was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results indicate that methanol extract from aerial parts of C. macropodum possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected (IC50= 65 μg/ml). This study reveals that the methanolic extract of this plant is attractive sources of flavonoid, especially the essential ones, as well as of effective natural antioxidants. Key words: Chaerophyllum macropodum, Umbelliferae, methanolic extract, 4I„, 5-O-dirhamnosid-3'-butanoat-7-hydroxyflavone, dioctylphthalate, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity.

Volatile Constituents of Flowering Aerial Parts of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. from Iran

The hydro-distilled volatile oil, obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. (Umbelliferae Family) growing wild in Kohgiluye-Boyer-Ahmad Province (Iran) was analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-nine compounds consisting 98.7 % of the total components were identified from the oil obtained with a yield of 0.2 % (w/w). Monoterpene compounds have been found to occur in largest amount in the oil (nearly 70 %). Among the oil constituents, trans-β-ocimene (34.5 %), trans-β-farnesene (11.8 %), cis-β-ocimene (10.4 %), p-cymene (7.3 %) and spathulenol (6.5 %) were the major components.

Volatile Constituents of the Leaf Oil of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. From Iran

The hydrodistilled oil of the leaf of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eighteen constituents representing (99.3%) of the oil were identified of which (E)-β-ocimene (24.9%), myristicin (15.7%), terpinolene (14.5%), and α-fenchyl acetate (13.9%) were major components.

Essential oils composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaves and flowers of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss

This study reports the essential oils chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of the leaves and flowers of Chaerophyllum macropodum. GC and GC/MS analysis of the plant essential oils led to the identification of 49 components making 98.3–99.4% of its oils. The main constituents of the essential oils were trans- β-farnesene, trans- β-ocimene, β-pinene, limonene, spathulenol and myrcene constituting 49.6–73.1% of the oils. The extracts from the leaves and flowers showed moderate antioxidant activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test (IC 50 values = 196.8 and 167.1 μg/ml respectively) and β-carotene/linoleic acid assay (inhibitions percentages = 69.9% and 62.7% respectively), but the essential oils were almost inactive in these tests. On the other hand, only the essential oils of the plant showed considerable antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microorganisms.

Antioxidant Activity Evaluation and Essential Oil Analysis of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. from Central Iran

The hydrodistilled oil of the Chaerophyllum macropodum aerial parts was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the forty one compounds identified of essential oil trans-ocimene (49.2 %), cis-ocimene (23.6 %), γ-terpinene (7.7 %), β-myrcene (4.4 %), o-cymene (2.8 %), p-cymene (2.7 %), and fenchyl acetate (2.7 %) were the major constituents. Antioxidant activity of the essential oil was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity and β-carotene bleaching test. The essential oil showed the weak antioxidant property in comparison to that of synthetic standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).