CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Research Articles

Harnessing SWCNT absorber based efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells

This paper investigates the effect of incorporating a single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) layer into the perovskite solar cell (PSC) structure as an effective technique to boost energy harvesting. The proposed PSC structure utilizes the SWCNTs layer underneath the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer as an absorbing layer forming a novel design of (ITO/SnO2/CH3NH3PbI3/SWCNTs/NiOx/C) half tandem PSC structure. The suggested PSC structure is numerically analyzed using finite element method (FEM). The effects of varying thickness and doping concentration of the added layer and the material of rear electrode are investigated to maximize the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the suggested PSC. Results of the 3D opto-electrical study and the energy bandgap analysis confirm that utilizing a 680 nm SWCNTs layer with doping concentration of 1.1 × 1020 cm-3 beneath a 150 nm perovskite layer enhances the PCE and short circuit current density (JSC) to 25.6%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$25.6\\%$$\\end{document} and 31.201mA/cm2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$31.201 mA/{cm}^{2}$$\\end{document}, respectively due to the improving of the PSC absorption by 27.65%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$27.65\\%$$\\end{document}. Higher performance of the proposed PSC has been achieved by using gold (Au) electrode instead of carbon (C) one, causing total enhancement of PCE and JSC of 6.185%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$6.185\\%$$\\end{document} and 9.18mA/cm2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$9.18\\;mA/cm^{2}$$\\end{document}, respectively over their values for (ITO/SnO2/CH3NH3PbI3/P3HT/NiOx/C) structure reported in previously published literature. The proposed design can be considered as an efficient alternative to the conventional PSC owing to its higher performance and reduced toxicity.

Formation of orthorhombic CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite co-doped with ytterbium and gadolinium

Orthorhombic CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite crystals were formed by co-doping1.0 at% ytterbium and 0.5 at% gadolinium at lead sites. X-ray diffraction results showed that the perovskite crystals fabricated at 190°C in an atmospheric air provided an orthorhombic structure even at room temperature. Although the highest power conversion efficiency was 1.73 % for the as-prepared device, the efficiency was improved to 11.6 % after 113 days, which could be due to decrease in series resistance caused by (100)-oriented crystal growth during room temperature aging.

The influence of precursor solutions containing an amount of silver bismuth sulfide nanoparticles (AgBiS2 NPs) on the characteristics of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites solar cells

The utilization of organo-metal halide perovskites as absorbers in thin-film solar cells has garnered considerable interest from the scientific community in recent times. In this study, we present the introduction of silver bismuth sulfide nanoparticles (AgBiS2 NPs) doped into perovskite thin films composed of CH3NH3PbI3 thin film. Our results demonstrate that the perovskites' morphology and structure were significantly improved. The effects of AgBiS2 NPs concentration on the optical, mechanical, and crystallographic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films were investigated. The findings from the structure investigations revealed that an increase in the concentration of AgBiS2 NPs resulted in a transition from a low-crystalline to a polycrystalline structure of the perovskite thin films. An elevation in the concentration of AgBiS2 NPs from 2 to 8 mg/mL led to the development of perovskite films of superior quality, consisting entirely of PbI3 and CH3NH3. These films exhibited almost impeccable deposition, compactness, and uniformity, and their particle size reached an approximate value of 1.3 μm. Furthermore, an increase in the optical absorption coefficient (∼105 cm−1) in the visible spectrum and subsequent enhancements in photoluminescence (PL) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy serve as further evidence of the film's enhanced quality. When AgBiS2 NPs are doped into perovskites, the films' quality is significantly improved; they acquire a uniform surface morphology, an exceptional crystal structure, and enhanced light absorption, all of which contribute to accelerated PL quenching and charge transfer. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) was enhanced across all photovoltaic parameters through the use of larger granules in bulk-heterojunction solar cells, as opposed to undoped heterojunction solar cells. The PCE of the perovskite device with CH3NH3PbI3 base is 17.04 % at the optimal concentration of 6 mg/mL AgBiS2 NPs. These findings indicate that the doping of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films with AgBiS2 NPs is essential for the achievement of high crystallinity, a large particle size, and a high absorption coefficient. These properties are advantageous for the high-power conversion efficiency of solar cell applications.

High performance self-powered photodetection and X-ray detection realized by CH3NH3PbI3 single crystal with planar asymmetric Schottky structure

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) single crystals (SCs) have been widely investigated in photodetection and X-ray detection. However, external electric-field-driven ion migration seriously affect the stability of MAPbI3 SCs based optoelectronic devices. Self-powered device can operate without any external power supply, which is suitable for mitigating the ion migration of MAPbI3 SCs. To realize self-powered MAPbI3 SC based photodetector and X-ray detector, an asymmetric Au/CH3NH3PbI3 SC/Au planar Schottky structure is employed in this work. At 0 V, the self-powered photodetector can achieve the responsivity of 11.1 mA/W at the wavelength of 795 nm, and the sensitivity of the self-powered X-ray detector can reach 477.1 μC Gy-1cm-2 with the detection limit of as low as 140.3 nGy s-1. Moreover, the self-powered optoelectronic device exhibits good stability in both photodetection and X-ray detection. Most importantly, high-quality near-infrared bioimaging and X-ray imaging are successfully realized by the above self-powered optoelectronic device.

Optimizing Hybrid Perovskites for High-Efficiency Solar Energy

Our research explores hybrid perovskite solar cells, promising low-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic solutions. Despite challenges, optimizations like interface engineering enhance performance for future commercial use. Study of different physical parameters with the help of SILVACO and MATLAB Simulink for cell modeling. Long-term stability and cost reductions are among the most significant challenges to broad commercialization Future research will be around trying different parameter values. There searcher said this project represents an important step forward in the development of hybrid perovskite solar cells, which could be a key partof a new wave of clean energy sources that are needed as global consumption levels continue to rise. The solar cells studied herein are detailed by the six-scan structure: Glass/Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) / Electron Transport Layer - (N layer) - Active Layer (Perovskite) - Hole transport_layer (Payer) - Metal Electrode; Glass/ITO/TiO2/Pero_Aardes Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. It delivers the energy conversion efficiency of 19.12% with a fill factor (FF) of 80.53%, an open-circuit voltage at Voc =1.14 Vandshort circuit current density Jsc=20.88 mA/cm²,respectively The active layer is a 0.25 -thick CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite, and the TiO2 layer thickness was set at 0.02

Enhancement the performance of MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells via germanium sulfide doping

In this study, we successfully doped Germanium sulfide (GeS) particles in methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) films to create highly efficient inverted perovskite solar cells (PSC). Various characterization methodologies were employed to examine the impact of GeS on the morphological, structural, and compositional properties of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. The X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses of the synthesized products demonstrated that the crystallinity was enhanced, and tetragonal perovskite structures were generated without any impurities when GeS was used at a high concentration. The surface morphology results indicated that the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite possessed thin coatings with compact, uniform, and smooth surfaces, with large grain size. The production of a high-quality CH3NH3PbI3 film from the CH3NH3PbI3: GeS phase results in improved carrier lifetime, decreased charge-trap density, and nonradiative recombination of the perovskite films. Band gap was observed to be correlated with grain size and crystallinity, which was accompanied by an increase in GeS concentration. We attained a maximum conversion efficiency of 17.46 % by fabricating solar cells with the following structure: soda-lime glass FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3: GeS/spiro-oMeTAD/Au. Based on our findings, we believe that the doping of GeS is a promising method for improving the properties of perovskite solar cells that are based on CH3NH3PbI3 thin films.

Unveiling the impact of PC61BM concentration on perovskite solar cell performance

A detailed fabrication method is represented for perovskite solar cells, incorporating various materials and processes based on glove box-free sol-gel deposition routes. Key components include NiOx HTL, PC61BM ETL, BCP HBL, and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber. Results reveal a significant influence of PC61BM concentration on device efficiency, with champion cells exhibiting optimized VOC, JSC, and FF values at a specific concentration. Statistical analysis of 38 devices confirms the reproducibility and consistency of this concentration, yielding a PCE of 18.2 %. This study investigates a gap in the literature by clarifying the impact of PC61BM solution concentration as a sol-gel deposited electron transport layer. By identifying the optimal concentration and its role in improving device efficiency and reproducibility, investigation contributes to advancing the field of fully sol-gel-based perovskite solar cell technology.

Descriptor Design for Perovskite Material with Compatible Molecules via Language Model and First-Principles.

Directly applying big language models for material and molecular design is not straightforward, particularly for real-scenario cases, where experimental validation accuracy is required. In this study, we propose a multimode descriptor design method for materials prediction and analysis, leveraging the advantages of the natural language processing literature model and density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the assistance of the genetic algorithm (GA). A case study on prediction of aqueous photocurrents of multisolvent engineered halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 is performed, and the following-up validation experiments are carried out to demonstrate the improved accuracy of the multimode descriptors (an unprecedented experimental validation accuracy of 87.5% via the GA is achieved) for predicting aqueous photocurrents of perovskite materials (c.f. only 50% experimental accuracy for other common machine learning models). The improved experimental accuracy of the descriptors is attributed to the successful deployment of a language model incorporating concise scientific information from >1 million articles into molecular descriptors in combination with DFT calculations. The subsequent machine learning analysis suggests the importance of cation···π and crystallization in molecule-modified halide perovskite materials representing ontological and conceptual understanding. Importantly, the genetic process affords an accurate "white-box" model to describe the perovskite stability (accuracy = 90.2% for the test data set and 92.3% for the train data set) with the mathematical equation , where F1 ∼ F5 atomic-level structural and chemical details such as cation···π interactions and highest occupied molecular orbital levels. This study offers a feasible descriptor design route to accurately predict complex material properties, leveraging both language models and density functional theories.

Light-induced Kondo-like exciton-spin interaction in neodymium(II) doped hybrid perovskite

Tuning the properties of a pair of entangled electron and hole in a light-induced exciton is a fundamentally intriguing inquiry for quantum science. Here, using semiconducting hybrid perovskite as an exploratory platform, we discover that Nd2+-doped CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite exhibits a Kondo-like exciton-spin interaction under cryogenic and photoexcitation conditions. The feedback to such interaction between excitons in perovskite and the localized spins in Nd2+ is observed as notably prolonged carrier lifetimes measured by time-resolved photoluminescence, ~10 times to that of pristine MAPbI3 without Nd2+ dopant. From a mechanistic standpoint, such extended charge separation states are the consequence of the trap state enabled by the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between the light-induced exciton and the localized 4 f spins of the Nd2+ in the proximity. Importantly, this Kondo-like exciton-spin interaction can be modulated by either increasing Nd2+ doping concentration that enhances the coupling between the exciton and Nd2+ 4 f spins as evidenced by elongated carrier lifetime, or by using an external magnetic field that can nullify the spin-dependent exchange interaction therein due to the unified orientations of Nd2+ spin angular momentum, thereby leading to exciton recombination at the dynamics comparable to pristine MAPbI3.

An analysis comparing the performance of lead and tin halides organic Perovskite Solar Cells and numerical simulation with SCAPS

The scientific community focused on finding environmentally safe alternative metal halides to address the instability and toxicity associated with lead perovskite materials. These alternatives are supposed to replace lead halides without altering the distinctive properties of lead perovskite materials. Additionally, they should contribute to producing longer-lasting and stable perovskite in solar cells. This research presents a practical investigation of using tin- and lead-based composites in perovskite iodide solar cells with Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Copper oxide (CuO) as electron transport materials (ETM) and hole transport materials (HTM), respectively. The performance parameters of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are compared with those of lead-based and lead-free PSCs with the same charge transport layers of ETM and HTM, as well as compare the practical results with the software results of Solar Cell Capacitance Simulation (SCAPS) package. In this study, the performance of PSCs with an absorption layer ((CH3NH3PbI3)t/(CH3NH3SnI3)1-t) was examined. The thickness of the perovskite layer is represented by (t), which can take the values(t = 1, 0.5, or 0) μm. The results of the laboratory study were compared to the performance of PSCs based on numerical analysis of SCAPS modeling. PSCs were prepared with a configuration structure (FTO/compact TiO2/(CH3NH3PbI3)t/(CH3NH3SnI3)1-t/CuO/Cu-electrode). A tetragonal phase was obtained for perovskite materials CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3 with a direct optical energy gap estimated at (1.55 and 1.35) eV, respectively. The l-V curve of the prepared PSCs was studied, and the performance of the solar cells was examined under a light intensity of 100 mW/cm2. The power conversion efficiency, PCE, of the prepared solar cells, was (PCE = 2.9, 3.11, or 0.5) at (t = 1, 0.5, or 0)μm, respectively. A comparative analysis was also performed between the empirical performance of the manufactured PSCs and the theoretical results acquired by the SCAPS package software.

Perovskite/La-BDC heterojunction enhances the performance of carbon-based perovskite solar cells

Carbon-based Perovskite Solar Cells (C-PSCs) present a promising avenue for enhancing the stability and commercialization of PSCs. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of C-PSCs still lags behind that of metal-based PSCs. In this study, La-BDC (La-MOF prepared by La3+ and ligand H2BDC) has successfully synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method and then directly introduced into CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite precursor solution to prepare perovskite/La-BDC heterojunction structure with remarkable properties in light absorption, hydrophobicity, and crystallinity. By incorporating this structure, the PCE of C-PSCs with an FTO/SnO2/MAPbI3/La-BDC/Carbon architecture was effectively enhanced. The presence of CO functional group in La-BDC effectively reduced interface defects while improving carrier separation efficiency, and successfully passivated the free Pb2+ ions within the perovskite. Remarkably, the La-BDC-based device achieved a superior PCE of 14.95%, surpassing the pristine device's PCE by an impressive margin of 20.37%. Moreover, even after a 31 days period of air storage (temperature range of 15–25℃, humidity range of 15–30%), the La-BDC-based devices maintained over 90% of the initial performance, demonstrating excellent stability. This study provides a facile and effective strategy for improving the PCE and stability of C-PSCs through implementing a La-BDC heterojunction structure， and provides a new idea for MOF materials in the field of PSCs.

Exploring the impact of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) doping on the optoelectronic functionality of hybrid CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layers and solar cells

In this study, we present the effect of doping with antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) nanobare on the electrical, optical, structural, and morpholigcal properties of CH3NH3 PbI3 perovskite thin films. Doped with Sb2S3 nanobare, the thin coatings demonstrated an exceptionally high degree of purity, featuring a tetragonal phase within its single-phase structure. This allowed for the creation of (110) textured CH3NH3PbI3 films, which comprised micrometer-sized grains arranged in a vertical direction across the entire film thickness and featured high crystallinity. Additionally, the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites films exhibited significant optical absorption at appropriate energy levels and exhibited a high gachin rate of photons. Substance doping methods that can optimize the morphology of the perovskite active layer with large granules are exceedingly desirable in order to reduce charge carrier recombination. The synthesis of perovskite films with dimensions on the order of microns can be achieved by incorporating a regulated quantity of Sb2S3 nanobare into the precursor solution. The incorporation of these textured CH3NH3PbI3:Sb2S3 nanobare films significantly enhanced the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cells. The solar cell device configuration utilized in this investigation is as follows: glass/FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3:Sb2S3 nanobars/spiro-OMeTAD/Au. By employing Sb2S3 nanobars at a concentration of 9 mg/mL, we successfully attained an exceptional power conversion efficiency of 15.87 %. The resulting values for these parameters include an open-circuit voltage VOC of 1.09 V, a short-circuit current density JSC of 21.15 mA/cm2, and a fill factor FF of 68.87 %.

Effects of neodymium or ytterbium addition to CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells inserted with decaphenylcyclopentasilane

Perovskite solar cells have attained high photoconversion efficiencies by changing chemical compositions of the perovskites and layered structures of the devices. However, the perovskite compounds easily decompose in air atmosphere even at the room temperature, and the photovoltaic properties are degraded by the formed defects. The motivation of this work is to solve these instability problems, and the objective the present work is to improve the film quality of the perovskite compounds by introducing lanthanide elements and decaphenylcyclopentasilane (DPPS), which were expected to contribute to decrease of the defects by the passivation effects. Here, effects of neodymium trifluoride (NdF3) or ytterbium trifluoride (YbF3) addition to CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells inserted with DPPS were investigated. Introduction of NdF3 or YbF3 increased the lattice constants and promoted crystal growth of the perovskites, and surface treatment by DPPS suppressed the PbI2 formation as surface passivation. Combined additions of NdF3 or YbF3 and DPPS contributed to the improvement of both the conversion efficiencies of the present perovskite devices and the stabilities of the photovoltaic properties by inhibiting the decomposition.

Structural, Mechanical, and Optoelectronic Properties of CH3NH3PbI3 as a Photoactive Layer in Perovskite Solar Cell

The structural, electronic, mechanical, and optical properties of pseudo-cubic CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite have been studied within the framework of density functional theory, in line with solar cell applications. The computed values of lattice and elastic constants concurred with the available theoretical and experimental data. This compound has a semi-conducting behavior, with a direct band gap of about 1.49 eV. Note that the solar radiation spectrum has a maximum energy intensity value of approximately 1.50 eV. Thus, semiconductors with such gaps are preferred for photovoltaic applications. Its elastic parameters reveal that it is a ductile material that is mechanically stable. Optical descriptors such as refractive index, reflectivity, extinction, energy loss, and absorption have been explored with the aim of establishing the optical features of the material. Our findings demonstrate that this perovskite is suitable for solar cell applications based on the size and nature of the band gap, as also supported by the obtained upper limit value of simulated power conversion efficiency via the spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency mathematical model.

Synthesis and Optical Properties of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> Nanorods with Defects States

In this work, methylammonium lead halide CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI3) perovskite nanorods were synthesized by the sol gel-spray ultrasonic method. The XRD pattern exhibits peaks assigned to the tetragonal MAPI3 structure with a residual PbI2 phase. SEM and AFM images show the formation of nanorods like picture with rough surface. The Raman spectrum was visualized to show various vibration modes in the film. Photoluminescence data revealed one emission peak at 786 nm (1.58 eV) in the band gap band, which was confirmed by the UV-Vis spectrum. The slight difference between the found band gap energy and the ideal one is explained in terms of shallow trap states.

Investigating the performance of perovskite solar cell with tin oxide as electron transport layer by SCAPS-1D device simulation

Electron transport layer (ETL) is one of the most essential layers in determining photovoltaic (PV) performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The role of the ETL is to facilitate the charge collection in the device. Studies have shown that the use of tin oxide (SnO2) as ETL could improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs while reducing their degradation. In this work, the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) is utilized to investigate the performance of PSCs with SnO2 as the ETL. The device is composed of FTO (Contact)/SnO2 (ETL)/CH3NH3PbI3 (Perovskite)/Cu2O (HTL)/Au (Contact). The effects of thickness, dopant concentration, and defect density of the SnO2 ETL on the performance of PSCs have been investigated. From the results, the optimum parameters for the SnO2 ETL have been identified at thickness of 10 nm, dopant concentration of 1 ×1017 cm−3 and defect density of 1 ×1014 cm−3. With the optimized parameters, the final performance of the PSC demonstrates power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.31%.

Temperature dependence of iodine vacancies concentration in [formula omitted] perovskite: A theoretical analysis

In this study, we investigate the temperature dependence of iodine vacancies in the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 through theoretical analysis. Iodine vacancies, as point defects, play a crucial role in the instability of perovskite solar cells. By employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we calculate the formation energy of vacancies and examine its relationship with temperature. Our results reveal that the formation energy remains constant irrespective of temperature. However, elevated temperatures facilitate the provision of energy necessary for vacancy formation. To accurately determine the vacancy concentration, it is essential to consider the associated entropy changes. Analytical methods are employed to assess these entropy changes, offering valuable insights into the vacancy formation process. Utilizing the derived values, we quantify the concentration of vacancies and analyze their dependence on temperature. The findings obtained from this research contribute significant insights into the behavior of iodine vacancies within the studied CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite system.

Enhancing the photovoltaic responses of MAPbI3 poly-crystalline perovskite films via adjusting the properties of PEDOT:PSS hole transport material with a low-polarity solvent treatment process

The surface and electrical characteristics of the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) materials are manipulated using a low-polarity solvent treatment process, which influences the formation and nucleation/crystal growth process of the CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite films and thereby determining the crystal orientation and grain size. The hydrophilicity of the PEDOT:PSS composite material fabricated on the ITO/glass sample is reduced with the xylenes solvent treatment or a hexamethyldisilazane:xylenes solvent mixture treatment, which can be used to form the photo-active perovskite crystals and thereby reducing the photocurrent hysteresis of the fabricated perovskite based photovoltaic devices. It is worthwhile to mention that the non-perfectness of closed-loop in the photocurrent density-voltage curves under the forward and backward scans can be used as an indicator to assess the properties of the MAPbI3 films. Our findings can facilitate the development of perovskite based optoelectronic devices.

Effect of ultrathin glass substrate on the stability of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 layer

In this work, we investigated the effect of two different substrate types on the structural and optical characteristics of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer: soda-lime glass (SLG) and borosilicate glass (UTG). Subsequently, we examined the samples' stability by measuring their absorbance following 120 hours of exposure to the local ambient conditions in Djelfa, Algeria. The absence of OH groups in the UTG substrate as revealed by FTIR may be the reason for the notable impact of the UTG substrate over the SLG substrate on perovskite characteristics. This absence indicates that the inorganic element's influence on the perovskite significantly diminishes, and in this instance, the matrix endures for an extended period within the local metrological restrictions.

Advancements and Prospects in Perovskite Solar Cells: From Hybrid to All-Inorganic Materials.

Hybrid perovskites, materials composed of metals and organic substances in their structure, have emerged as potential materials for the new generation of photovoltaic cells due to a unique combination of optical, excitonic and electrical properties. Inspired by sensitization techniques on TiO2 substrates (DSSC), CH3NH3PbBr3 and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites were studied as a light-absorbing layer as well as an electron-hole pair generator. Photovoltaic cells based on per-ovskites have electron and hole transport layers (ETL and HTL, respectively), separated by an ac-tive layer composed of perovskite itself. Major advances subsequently came in the preparation methods of these devices and the development of different architectures, which resulted in an efficiency exceeding 23% in less than 10 years. Problems with stability are the main barrier to the large-scale production of hybrid perovskites. Partially or fully inorganic perovskites appear promising to circumvent the instability problem, among which the black perovskite phase CsPbI3 (α-CsPbI3) can be highlighted. In more advanced studies, a partial or total substitution of Pb by Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, Cu or Ti is proposed to mitigate potential toxicity problems and maintain device efficiency.