CH Bending Modes Research Articles

Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy application for physical characterization of horsehairs

Horsehairs present several common characteristics in their chemical composition and molecular structure. The present study aims to analyze the physical characteristics of horsehairs belonging to different breeds. Morphological analysis of the horsehair fibers was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and molecular structural characterization using the Raman Spectroscopy (RS) technique. Horse hairs were collected from three different horse groups (group A: mixed-breed; group B: Italian saddle; group C: thoroughbred). Each group was constituted of five horses with a mean body weight of 475 ± 25 kg, aged between 12 and 15 years old. SEM images showed differences in the surface layer (cuticula) and diameter size of horsehairs referred to different breeds. The investigation conducted through RS showed differences in the S – O band, located at 1044 cm−1, where cysteic acid is one of the amino acid constituents of α-keratin; in CH2 bending mode and CH stretching, located at ~1450 cm-1 and ~2900 cm-1, respectively. These differences could be attributed to genetic predisposition or metabolism; they could represent the real differentiation among the breeds, detectable by using RS.

Selective BTEX detection using laser absorption spectroscopy in the CH bending mode region

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) are simple aromatics that play a major role in soot formation in combustion systems. They are widely used as aromatic representatives in fuel surrogates. Measuring BTEX in chemical reactors can give insight into the soot formation mechanisms and help mitigate its production. The similar chemical structures of BTEX make their selective detection highly challenging. These species give rise to broad and similar absorption features across most of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this work, we report the development of a selective BTEX laser-based sensor in the long-wave mid-infrared (LW-MIR) spectral region. The sensor probes the rarely accessed CH bending modes of BTEX molecules and takes advantage of the strong, spectrally isolated absorption features of aromatics in this spectral region. The developed sensor is based on a custom-designed difference-frequency generation (DFG) laser source. Wavelength selection, and the development and evaluation of the performance of the custom-designed sensor are discussed. The sensor was found to perform excellently over the mole fraction range of 0 - 1,000 ppm of each of the BTEX species. Estimated detection limits of our developed sensor are 60, 15, 40, and 50 ppm for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene, respectively.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the characterization of supernatants of bacterial cultures of bacterial strains causing sinusitis.

Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the paranasal sinus mucous membrane lining caused by bacteria which usually invade the sinus by upper respiratory tract viral infections (UTI). In the present study, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to differentiate and characterize supernatant samples, in triplicate, of three different types of bacteria which are considered leading cause of sinusitis disease. For this purpose, supernatant samples of three different strains of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The SERS has identified significant changes as a result of secretions of biomolecules by these bacteria in their supernatants which can be helpful to explore the potential of this technique for the identification and characterization of different strains of bacteria causing same disease. These differentiating characteristic SERS spectral features including 552cm-1 (C-S-S-C bonds), 951cm-1 (CN stretching), 1008cm-1 (Phenylalanine), 1032cm-1 (In plane CH bending mode Phenylalanine), 1280cm-1, 1320cm-1, 1329cm-1 (Amide III band), 1368cm-1, 1400cm-1, 1420cm-1 (COO-sym. stretching and CH bending), 1583cm-1 (Tyrosine) correspond to Proteins and 1051cm-1 (C-C, C-O, -C-OH def.) correspond to carbohydrates contents of these three different types of bacterial secretions in their respective supernatants. Furthermore, multivariate data analysis techniques like principal component analysis (PCA) and a supervised method partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were found to be useful for the identification and characterization of different bacterial supernatants. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is proven to be a helpful approach for the characterization and discrimination of three bacterial supernatants including S. aureus, K. pneumonia and E. faecalis.

Concentration and LBL cycle evolution to the Cu-BTC metal organic framework: Optimization as functional layer to the solar cell devices

Metal-organic frameworks are rational self-assembly of metal-ions and organic-linkers, and are class of hybrid porous materials those endowed with unique physiochemical properties. To seek cost effective renewable energy resources, solar cell technology has potential to cater futuristic energy need of society, where MOFs may play an important role to develop cost effective and eco-friendly devices. Therefore, in this work, properties of Copper-based MOFs are investigated in aspect to functional layer applications to solar cell devices where synthesis of Cu3(BTC)2 MOFs is accomplished by establishing coordination between Copper (II) ions and 1,3,5 benzene tricarboxylic acid (BTC) linker using solvothermal method. Developed Cu3(BTC)2 MOFs are subjected to various characterization tools where, structural analysis revealed dominance of (222) reflection and successful formation of Copper-based frameworks. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated first and second weight losses corresponding to temperature ranges of 114–130 °C and 360–375 °C, respectively. FTIR analysis exposed presence of symmetric and asymmetric modes of carboxylic groups and CH bending mode. Surface morphological analysis revealed to the formation of pyramidal coordination geometry of Copper-based frameworks whereas compositional analysis confirmed successful synthesis of Cu3(BTC)2 frameworks. The solar cell devices having architecture as Glass/FTO/TiO2/Cu-BTC/CuSCN/Ag are fabricated with 5, 10, and 15 LBL cycles of Cu-BTC MOFs. The device with 10 LBL cycles exhibited better performance vis-à-vis the others. The attained results signify that synthesized bulk Cu-BTC MOF material and device fabricated with 10 LBL cycles draw attention to further undertake materials evolution for development of high performance solar cell devices.

Chirped-pulse Fourier-transform millimeter-wave rotational spectroscopy of furan in its v10 and v13 excited vibrational states

Furan, a prototypical heteroaromatic cyclic ether, is an important molecule that has garnered attention from a wide range of fields, from food and health research to combustion and atmospheric chemistry. Chirped-pulse Fourier-transform rotational spectroscopy of jet-cooled furan in the W-band across three narrow regions 79.3–79.45 GHz, 88.6–88.8 GHz, and 97.95–98.15 GHz is reported here. A pyrolysis nozzle was used to efficiently populate vibrationally excited states of low-frequency modes. Apart from the v = 0 state, vibrationally excited v = 1 states of modes v11, v14, v10, and v13 were observed. Furan is a planar molecule and these observed excited state modes correspond to out-of-plane vibrations. The v = 0 state and the vibrationally excited v11 and v14 were previously recorded and fit by Barnum et al (T. J. Barnum, K. L. K. Lee, B. A. McGuire, ACS Earth Space Chem. 5 (2021), 2986–2994). Rotational transitions in the J”=5 to 9 rotational states were fit for the previously undetected v10 mode and experimental linelists for v = 1 states of modes v10 and v13 are provided, both of which are out-of-plane CH bending modes. Inertial defect was shown to be a useful quantity to extract structural information of vibrational modes of planar asymmetric tops. These rotational fits will assist astronomical searches for furan and its vibrational states.

Dependence upon charge of the vibrational spectra of small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon clusters: the example of pyrene.

Infrared spectra are computed for neutral and cationic clusters of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon clusters, namely , using the Density Functional based Tight Binding scheme combined with a Configuration Interaction scheme (DFTB-CI) in the double harmonic approximation. Cross-comparison is carried out with DFT and simple DFTB. Similarly to the monomer cation, the IR spectra of cluster cations are characterized by a depletion of the intensity of the CH stretch modes around 3000 cm-1, with a weak revival for n = 3 and 4. The in-plane CCC modes in the region 1400-2000 cm-1 are enhanced while the CH bending modes in the range 700-1000 cm-1 are significantly weakened with respect to the monomer cation, in particular for n = 2. Finally, soft modes corresponding to diedral fluctuations of the monomers within the central stack of the ion structure, possibly mixed with monomer folding, are also observed in the region 70-120 cm-1.

High-resolution infrared spectroscopy of jet cooled CH2Br radicals: The symmetric CH stretch manifold and absence of nuclear spin cooling.

Direct laser absorption of a slit supersonic discharge expansion provides the first high-resolution spectroscopic results on the symmetric CH stretch excitation (ν1) of the bromomethyl (CH2Br) radical in the ground electronic state. Narrowband (<1 MHz) mid-infrared radiation is produced by difference-frequency generation of two visible laser beams, with the open shell halohydrocarbon radical generated by electron dissociative attachment of CH2Br2 in a discharge and rapidly cooled to Trot = 18 ± 1 K in the subsequent slit-jet supersonic expansion. A rovibrational structure in the radical spectrum is fully resolved, as well as additional splittings due to spin-rotation effects and 79Br/81Br isotopologues in natural abundance. Spectroscopic constants and band origins are determined by fitting the transition frequencies to a non-rigid Watson Hamiltonian, yielding results consistent with a vibrationally averaged planar radical and an unpaired electron in the out-of-plane pπ orbital. Additionally, extensive satellite band structure from a vibrational hot band is observed and analyzed. The hot band data is compared to CFOUR/VPT2 (CCSD(T)cc-pVQZ) ab initio anharmonic predictions of the vibration rotation alpha matrix, which permits unambiguous assignment to CH2 symmetric-stretch excitation built on the singly excited CH2 out-of-plane bending mode (ν1 + ν4 ← ν4). Longitudinal cooling of the Doppler width in the slit-jet expansion geometry also reveals partially resolved hyperfine structure on transitions out of the lowest angular momentum states in excellent agreement with predictions based on microwave studies. High level ab initio MOLPRO calculations [CCSD(T)-f12b/VnZ-f12 (n = 3, 4, CBS)] are also performed with explicitly correlated f12 electron methods for the out-of-plane CH2 bending mode over the halogen series CH2X (X = F, Cl, Br, I), which clearly reveals a non-planar geometry for X = F (with a ΔE ≈ 0.3 kcal/mol barrier) and yet planar equilibrium geometries for X = Cl, Br, and I. Finally, a detailed Boltzmann analysis of the transition intensities provides support for negligible collisional equilibration of the entangled H atom nuclear spin states on the few hundred microsecond time scale and high collision densities of a slit supersonic expansion.

Raman and FTIR Study of a 2, 3'-difluoro-4''-isothiocyanato-4-propyl-1,1':4',1''-terphenyl compound or C3P(3F)P(3F)P-NCS

A vibrational spectroscopy study of a laterally fluorinated terphenyl liquid crystalline (LC) compound is presented in this paper. The study consists of temperature dependent Raman study and room temperature FTIR spectroscopy. The molecular structure was optimized using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with B3LYP functional and 6-31G (d, p) basis set and some structural properties have been noted. From the detailed study of the temperature dependent Raman spectra, the nature of the phase transition of the LC compound was investigated. It was found that the quadrant stretching modes and the CH bending modes of the phenyl rings display significant changes at Cr-N transition and N-I transition. This study therefore throws some light on the nature of transitions. From the FTIR study, it was found that the CC vibrations of the rings and NCS vibrations have large absorptions while the CH bending modes have less absorption.

Characterization of starch degradation during simple heating for bioethanol production from the avocado seed

We have successfully identified starch degradation with the presence of glucose from the avocado seed powder by simple heating method. This work was done by varying the composition of the avocado seed powder to obtain the effect of weight fraction increase in improving the concentration of glucose. From the Luff Schoorl test method, we found that the optimal glucose concentrations reached up to 14.86% that was produced from 80 g of the avocado seed powder. Furthermore, SEM showed the crystalline structure of glucose content and swelling of granules after heat treatment. FTIR spectra also indicated the presence of glucose at 1079.6 cm−1 (C-O-H bending) and 1412.38 cm−1 (CH2 bending modes).

Hydrogen Bond Dynamics of Cellulose through Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy.

This work explores the dynamics of hydrogen bond networks in cellulose through inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and periodic CASTEP calculations. Estimated spectra were based on the crystal structure of cellulose Iα and Iβ and replicate the INS spectrum of cellulose samples with remarkable similarity, allowing a reliable assignment of INS bands to vibrational modes of cellulose. Comparison of cellulose samples from varied sources, from bacterial to kraft pulp, allows the identification of characteristic INS bands, arising from C2-OH torsional motions, which easily identify which allomorph-Iα or Iβ-is prevalent. A high crystallinity index is revealed by the presence of well-defined INS bands associated with highly cooperative CH bending modes along the chain. Hydrating kraft cellulose samples clearly affects those INS bands related with the hydroxymethyl group, identified as the preferred binding site for water molecules. At high humidity content level, a significant proportion of the water molecules is aggregated in clusters within the amorphous cellulose domains. The formation of ice microcrystals leads to a partial disruption of the hydrogen-bond network, as can be concluded from the observed red-shift of the torsional OH vibrational modes. The full assignment and interpretation of cellulose's INS spectra herein provided is a sound basis for future use of INS spectroscopy in the characterization of functionalized cellulose fibers and composite materials.

TD DFT insights into unusual properties of excited sandwich complexes: structural transformations and vibronic interactions in Rydberg-state bis(η6-benzene)chromium.

Sandwich compounds represent the only class of organometallics revealing vibronic structures of Rydberg transitions in their gas-phase absorption and ionization spectra. This provides rare possibilities of verifying computational results for Rydberg-state metal complexes by comparison with experimental spectroscopic data. In this work, the lowest Ryberg p state of bis(η6-benzene)chromium (1) corresponding to the 3dz2→ R4px,y transition has been modeled for the first time by TD DFT. The calculations were found to be able not only to estimate the energy of the Rydberg excitation in the 1 molecule but also to simulate its vibronic structure on the basis of the Rydberg-state optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies. The structural transformations caused by the Jahn-Teller effect in the excited 1 molecule appear to differ strongly from those in the degenerate-state benzene ion, cobaltocene or other metal-benzene complexes. The in-plane CH bending mode provides the main contribution to the JT distortion of the 1 excited-state D6h structure resulting in splitting of the R4px,y state into the R4px and R4py components belonging to the D2h point group. The calculations predict, however, a fluxional 1 behavior described by the D6h symmetry. Nevertheless, the JT effect leads to additional allowed vibronic components of the 3dz2→ R4px,y transition which is clearly revealed by the TD DFT simulation. The computational results correlate surprisingly well with the known experimental spectroscopic data and provide new insights into vibronic interactions in the Rydberg-state sandwich molecules.

Infrared Spectra of Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene Cations: HBC+ and HBC2+

Abstract We present the first infrared (IR) gas-phase spectrum of a large and astronomically relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cation (C42H18 +, HBC+) and its dication (C42H18 , HBC2+). The spectra are recorded via infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy of ions stored in a quadrupole ion trap, using the intense IR radiation of a free electron laser in the 530–1800 cm−1 (5.6–18.9 μm) range. HBC+ shows main intense absorption peaks at 762 (13.12), 1060 (9.43), 1192 (8.39), 1280 (7.81), 1379 (7.25), and 1530 (6.54) cm−1 (μm), in good agreement with density functional theory calculations after scaling to take the anharmonicities effect into account. HBC2+ has its main absorption peaks at 660 (15.15), 766 (13.05), 1054 (9.49), 1176 (8.50), 1290 (7.75), 1370 (7.30) and 1530 (6.54) cm−1 (μm). Given the similarity in the cationic and dicationic spectra, we have not identified an obvious diagnostic signature to the presence of multiply charged PAHs in space. While experimental issues associated with the IRMPD technique preclude a detailed comparison with interstellar spectra, we do note that the strong bands of HBC+ and HBC2+ at ∼6.5, 7.7, 8.4, and 13.1 μm coincide with prominent aromatic infrared bands (AIBs). HBC has only trio CH groups, and the out-of-plane CH bending mode of both HBC cations is measured at 13.1 μm, squarely in the range predicted by theory and as previously found in studies of small (substituted) PAHs. This study therefore supports the use of AIBs observed in the 11–14 μm range as a diagnostic tool for the edge topology of large PAHs in space.

Spectroscopic and theoretical evaluation of the metal-olefin interaction in di-μ-chlorobis (1,5-cyclooctadiene) complexes of Ir and Rh

The complexes of di-μ-chlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) of rhodium(I); [Rh(μ-Cl)(COD)]2 and iridium(I); [Ir(μ-Cl)(COD)]2 have shown prominent activities in a number of catalytic reactions. In the solid packing form these two complexes were shown to adopt D2h and C2v symmetries for iridium and rhodium, respectively. In this work vibrational spectroscopic techniques assisted with density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to assess the metal-olefin interaction and to provide thorough assignments of the infrared and Raman spectra for both complexes. The wavenumber shifts associated with the CH2 bending modes have been established as a potential tool to access the σ and π components in the metal-olefin interaction for the two complexes. Examination of the catalytic activity based on calculated reactivity parameters, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and coordination energy was also carried out.

Vibrational identification for conformations of trans-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene in gold molecular junctions

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) are employed to study trans-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene (BPE)/gold system. Both junction and complex forms are considered for the SERS simulations. It is predicted that the peak at 1581cm-1 is more intense in the junction forms than that in the complex forms. Time dependent density functional theory calculations show that the relative intensity is mainly controlled by the excitation energy derivative respect to the normal modes, and the total intensity is governed by the excitation energy of the excited states. The CH bending modes dominate the IET spectra when BPE adsorbed on the flat gold surfaces. While, the pyridyl ring deformation modes are more active when BPE adsorbed on the edge of the gold clusters. For BPE adsorbed on the tip of gold clusters, the pyridyl ring and CC stretching modes show significant contribution to the IET spectra.

Intercalation of a block co-polymer in kaolinite

Intercalates of kaolinite/Polyethylene-block-poly (ethylene glycol) were successfully prepared by melt intercalation of the polymer with a kaolinite: dimethyl sulfoxide pre-intercalate. Powder X-ray diffraction gives an 11.05Å d-spacing which remains after washing the material with water. Thermal gravimetric analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance confirm the presence of the polymer in the prepared material. Perturbation of the kaolinite hydroxyl stretch and the polymer’s CH2 bending modes in the materials’ infrared spectrum suggest strong interaction between the aluminol clay sheet and the ethylene glycol units in the polymer. Dipolar dephasing studies show both polymer blocks experience a significant loss in mobility in the prepared material, indicative of intercalation. The presence of highly hydrophobic polyethylene inside kaolinite is expected to drastically modify the nature of the interlayer space, and could be of interest for applications where retention or sequestration of hydrophobic species is required.

High pressure Raman scattering and synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of benzyl azide.

Benzyl azide was investigated by high-pressure Raman scattering spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technologies. A complete vibrational analysis of benzyl azide was performed by combining the experimental measurements and theoretical calculations using DFT-based scaled quantum chemical approach. The high-pressure Raman spectra and calculation results indicate that benzyl azide underwent a conformational change at 0.67 GPa accompanied by rotation of methylene group and azide group. The frequency of the CH2 bending mode decreases with increasing pressure due to the increase of the C-H···π interactions, which is similar to the role of the hydrogen bond. A liquid to solid phase transition occurred at 2.7 GPa, which was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction measurements. As the pressure reached 25.6 GPa, all the azide group vibrations vanished, indicating that the decomposition pressure of the molecular azide groups in organic azides is lower than that of the azide ions in inorganic azides.

Rydberg and valence excited states of dibromomethane in 35,000–95,000 cm−1 region studied using synchrotron radiation

The UV–VUV photoabsorption spectrum of dibromomethane (CH2Br2) in the energy region 4.3–11.8eV (35,000–95,000cm−1) is investigated using synchrotron radiation. Rydberg series converging to the first four ionization limits at 10.52, 10.74, 11.21 and 11.30eV corresponding to excitations from the 3b1, 2b2, 1a2, and 4a1 orbitals of CH2Br2 are identified and analyzed. Quantum defect values are observed to be consistent with excitation from the bromine lone pair orbitals. Assignments of the ns Rydberg series are revised and the np and nd Rydberg series are assigned for the first time. Observed vibrational features accompanying the 5p and 4d Rydberg states are assigned exclusively to the totally symmetric (a1) –CBr symmetric stretching mode (ν3) in contrast to the earlier assignment to ν3 and –CH2 bending (ν2) modes. The Rydberg and valence transitions observed in the present experiment are found to be in good agreement with the vertical excited states calculated using the TDDFT method. The calculations are further used to infer the valence transitions responsible for the broad intensity pedestals underlying the Rydberg transitions. The assignments are confirmed using isotopic substitution studies on CD2Br2 whose UV–VUV photoabsorption spectrum is reported here for the first time. This work presents a consolidated analysis of the UV–VUV photoabsorption spectrum of dibromomethane.

Probing the spin multiplicity of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through their infrared emission spectrum: A theoretical study

The anharmonic infrared emission spectrum following an optical excitation has been calculated for a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in their ground singlet electronic state or in their triplet state. The computational protocol relies on second-order perturbation theory and involves a quartic vibrational Hamiltonian, the vibrational quantum numbers being sampled according to a Monte Carlo procedure. In the case of neutral naphthalene, the IR spectrum obtained in the (ground) singlet state differs significantly from the spectrum in the triplet state, especially for out-of-plane CH bending modes. Although not as prominent, spectral differences in larger molecules are still observable.

Raman spectra of vibrational and librational modes in methane clathrate hydrates using density functional theory

The sI type methane clathrate hydrate lattice is formed during the process of nucleation where methane gas molecules are encapsulated in the form of dodecahedron (5(12)CH(4)) and tetrakaidecahedron (5(12)6(2)CH(4)) water cages. The characterization of change in the vibrational modes which occur on the encapsulation of CH(4) in these cages plays a key role in understanding the formation of these cages and subsequent growth to form the hydrate lattice. In this present work, we have chosen the density functional theory (DFT) using the dispersion corrected B97-D functional to characterize the Raman frequency vibrational modes of CH(4) and surrounding water molecules in these cages. The symmetric and asymmetric C-H stretch in the 5(12)CH(4) cage is found to shift to higher frequency due to dispersion interaction of the encapsulated CH(4) molecule with the water molecules of the cages. However, the symmetric and asymmetric O-H stretch of water molecules in 5(12)CH(4) and 5(12)6(2)CH(4) cages are shifted towards lower frequency due to hydrogen bonding, and interactions with the encapsulated CH(4) molecules. The CH(4) bending modes in the 5(12)CH(4) and 5(12)6(2)CH(4) cages are blueshifted, though the magnitude of the shifts is lower compared to modes in the high frequency region which suggests bending modes are less affected on encapsulation of CH(4). The low frequency librational modes which are collective motion of the water molecules and CH(4) in these cages show a broad range of frequencies which suggests that these modes largely contribute to the formation of the hydrate lattice.

The FTIR spectroscopy investigation of the cellular components of cassava after sensitization with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, [i]Bacillus subtili[/i]s CaSUT007

To evaluate the response of cassava stakes to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, Bacillus subtilis CaSUT007, the changes in cellular compositions and phytohormone were investigated using the fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) approach. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that CaSUT007 stimulates production of plant cellular components and phytohormone involved in metabolism and growth development mechanisms. Cassava stake treated with CaSUT007 or with sterile distilled water were germinated in sterile soil, after incubation for 28 days, CaSUT007 treated cassava stakes had more lateral root, longer roots, shoot length and greater biomass than the control which enhanced more than 1.3 fold of the cassava's phytohormone as indole-3-acetic acid content of non-treated control. We also focused on plant cellular composition and cassava stake tissues from the two treatments were harvested for FTIR analysis. FTIR analyses revealed that higher accumulated of lipid in response to the strain CaSUT007. The cassava stake treated with the beneficial bacteria B. subtilis strain CaSUT007 showed the higher content of the lipid content as (shown in the spectral regions of CH stretching and CH bending mode associated with cell membrane structure lipids) when compared with those of the cassava stake treated with distilled water. Our results initially demonstrated that CaSUT007 can enhance plant growth under greenhouse conditions by direct stimulation of plant lipid and phytohormone as indole-3-acetic acid production.