Cessation Of Application Research Articles

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of whitening toothpastes in buccal mucosal cells: a randomized controlled trial.

To assess genotoxic and cytotoxic effect of commercially available toothpastes with the different whitening ingredients. In vivo assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of whitening toothpastes with different ingredients using a buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt assay) comprised 199 participants randomly divided into ten groups based on used whitening or control/conventional toothpaste. The exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were collected, stained, and microscopically evaluated at baseline (T0), 30 days (T1), and 60 days (T2) after the beginning of treatment and 30 days after completing treatment (T3). Statistical evaluation was performed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA), Tukey's test, and multiple regression analysis. The genotoxic parameters showed no biologically significant changes in any of the observed period for the tested toothpastes, while cytotoxic parameters (number of cells with karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) among evaluation periods for the three peroxide-containing toothpastes. Peroxide-containing whitening toothpastes exhibit an increase in certain cytotoxic parameters only during the application period, which return to control values after the cessation of application. Whitening toothpastes show no genotoxic effect, while peroxide-containing whitening toothpastes may present significant increase of cytotoxicity (measured by the number of karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) during the application period. However, these changes observed in clinical conditions cannot be considered significant. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04460755.

Assessing the impacts of anthropogenic and hydro-climatic drivers on estrogen legacies and trajectories

Intensification of concentrated animal feeding operations combined with the use of tile drains in agricultural fields has resulted in land-applied manure being a significant source of hormones to the environment. Currently, no model exists to simulate hormone fluxes from tile drains under field conditions. Therefore, we developed the Hormone Export and Recovery Dynamics (HERD) model, which incorporates hydro-climatic, biogeochemical, and anthropogenic drivers that affect hormone fate and transport. We validated HERD using known input (rainfall; lagoon effluent irrigation) and response data (tile drain flow; 17β-estradiol and estrone fluxes) from the 2009 growing season, 18 years after land-application activities began at a tile-drained field in Indiana. We used HERD to better understand the: (1) decision-making process underlying effluent irrigation activities; (2) contribution of macropore flow to estrogen transport; (3) potential for long-term applications to result in the development of legacy estrogen sources within the soil profile; and (4) potential recovery trajectory of estrogen transport following the cessation of animal waste applications. HERD adequately predicted irrigation events based on lagoon storage limits. Simple threshold exceedance logic for macropore flow activation accounted for ∼87% of the observed estrogen loads. Application history was found to be important, as not accounting for 18 years of application led to a severe underestimation of the observed estrogen loads; however, accounting for application history led to a much closer match between modeled and observed fluxes. Simulated trajectories after cessation of applications indicated that estrogens may continue to leach for several decades, which has important implications for mitigating hormone concentrations in receiving water bodies.

Effect of Cryotherapy on Throwing Accuracy of Shoulder Joint in Cricket Players

Objective: To study the effect of cryotherapy on the functional ability of the throwing shoulder. Methodology: The throwing accuracy of shoulder joint was compared before and after application of a commercially available cryotherapy pack via a functional test known as Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI). Result: Data analysis using one way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) &Tukey's Multiple Comparison test showed that there was a statistically significant difference between Pre-Test and the post test throwing accuracy also a significant difference when compared to the throwing accuracy after 5min. However there was no statistically significant difference between the pre-test throwing accuracy and the accuracy at 10 Min & 15 minutes respectively. Conclusions: Throwing accuracy was decreased after a 20-minute cryotherapy application to the shoulder. Caution should be taken when returning an athlete to play after a cryotherapy treatment for atleast a period of 15 Min. after the cessation of application.

Enterocin 4231 produced by Enterococcus faecium CCM 4231 and its use in rabbits

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of Enterocin (Ent) 4231 produced by Enterococcus faecium. The group of 48 rabbits (Hy-Plus breed) was divided into experimental (EG) and control (CG) group. In EG Ent 4231 was applied for 21 days in a dose of 50 μL/animal/day into drinking water. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Samples were collected on day 0-1, day 7, day 21 (3 weeks of administration) and on day 42 (3 weeks after cessation of application) to measure the occurence of Eimeria sp. oocysts. Samples of caecal contents were collected on days 21 and 42 to determine bacterial counts. The phagocytic activity was examined on days 0-1, 21 and 42. On days 21 and 42 the reduction of Clostridium-like sp. was detected in EG (difference 1.53 log10 CFU/g; 1.57 log10 CFU/g) in comparison with CG. In EG on day 7 the decrease of E. coli (difference 1.30 log10 CFU/g) was also noted in comparison with CG. In EG prolonged immunostimulative effect (p<0.001) was observed on day 42 in comparison with CG. The oocysts of Eimeria sp. were reduced in EG comparing with CG at day 42. Enrichment of the diet for rabbits with Ent 4231 did not influence biochemical, zootechnical parameters and the values of caecal content volatile acids during the whole experiment.

Effects of recent and accumulated livestock manure carbon additions on soil fertility and quality

Significant improvements in soil quality have been measured after repeated livestock manure additions at four experimental sites in England. The aim of this study was to determine whether these improvements were caused by the recent addition of fresh organic carbon (OC), or the long‐term build‐up of soil OC resulting from repeated additions. Livestock manures were withheld (‘historic’ treatment) from one half of each treatment plot and continued on the other half (‘recent’ treatment), and a range of soil properties measured 2 years later. Topsoil OC stocks and total nitrogen both increased by approximately 7%, with every 10 t ha−1 manure OC applied, with no difference between the recent or historic additions. Similarly, topsoil available water capacity and porosity increased by approximately 2 and 1% with every 10 t ha−1 OC applied, respectively. Bulk density and penetration resistance decreased, by approximately 1 and 3% with every 10 t ha−1 OC applied, respectively, with again no difference between the recent and historic treatments. Even microbial biomass N and potentially mineralizable N showed no differences between the recent and historic additions, increasing by 8 and 30% with every 10 t ha−1 OC applied, respectively. Only three of the wide range of soil properties measured showed a different response for the recent and historic additions. These were fungal biomass, which increased only with recent additions, extractable potassium, which was proportionally greater in the recent additions, and light‐fraction OC, which increased at a greater rate with the recent additions. The results clearly demonstrate that improvements in soil quality and functioning after repeated additions of livestock manures can persist for more than 2 years after the cessation of applications. Overall, it was the total accumulated manure C inputs that had the greatest influence on soil properties, regardless of whether the source of C was from recent or historic (over 2 years old) applications.

Cryo-ablation for septal tachycardia substrates in pediatric patients: Mid-term results

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of catheter-based cryo-therapy for septal tachycardia substrates in pediatric patients. Cryo-therapy may be particularly useful for ablation of septal tachycardias, including atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT), atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), and ventricular tachycardia (VT) originating high in the conduction system. Thirty-one pediatric patients (median = 13.7 years, range 5.3 to 19.6 years) with septal tachycardia substrates underwent cryo-ablation (CA). Twenty-two had AVNRT, 8 AVRT, and 1 VT. Applications were considered cryo-maps (CMs) if the temperature set-point was -35 degrees C or the application time was <120 s. Other lesions were considered CAs. A total of 242 CMs (4 per patient, range 0 to 40 CMs) and 89 CAs (2 per patient, range 1 to 8 CMs) were performed, for a total cryo-therapy time of 689 s/patient (range 158 to 3,300 s). Procedural success with cryo-therapy was achieved in 27 of 31 patients (87.1%), including two procedures with a His potential at the CA location and three performed in tachycardia. The success rate for AVNRT was higher than for AVRT (95.5% vs. 62.5%, p < 0.05). For AVRT, a sustained effect on accessory pathway conduction occurred -3.3 +/- 4.9 s after reaching -25 degrees C, whereas for those sites at which the effect was transient, the effect took 24.8 +/- 25.5 s (p = 0.07). Transient atrioventricular (AV) block occurred during eight cryo-applications (1 CA, 7 CMs) with immediate return of normal AV conduction upon cessation of application. There were no other complications. Cryo-therapy was used to effectively and safely ablate septal tachycardias in this group of 31 pediatric patients. Cryo-therapy may be more effective for AVNRT than septal AVRT.

Clinical, histopathological and immunological effects of exposure of canine skin toMalasseziapachydermatis

The effects of the daily application for 7 days of suspensions of Malassezia pachydermatis to normal canine skin were evaluated in 10 beagle dogs. Four out of six dogs challenged without occlusion developed transient lesions generally characterized clinically by mild erythema with papules and histologically by mild epidermal hyperplasia and a superficial perivascular dermatitis. Saline-treated control sites showed no clinical signs. In four dogs challenged with occlusion, skin lesions occurred at both yeast and saline-treated sites; erythema and papules were more severe at the yeast-treated sites in three dogs. Occlusion induced more persistent lesions, which resolved within 24 days. Population densities of the yeast were highest at day 8 and declined rapidly following cessation of application. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation indices following M. pachydermatis exposure in vitro and serum concentrations of M. pachydermatis-specific IgG antibodies did not vary significantly during the study. Delayed (24 h) intradermal test reactivity to M. pachydermatis antigens developed in all eight dogs with clinical signs following yeast exposure. This study suggests that the resistance of healthy canine skin to infection by M. pachydermatis is mediated by local delayed hypersensitivity responses and, or innate epidermal immune mechanisms.

Histological changes in the uterus of rabbits after an administration of cadmium

The effects of cadmium on the uterus of rabbits were studied by light microscopy with morphometry. The experiment involved 32 animals. Cadmium was applied intraperitoneally (i.p.) to group A (1.5 mg/kg body weight), perorally (p.o.) to group B (1.0 mg/kg b.w.) for a 5‐month period, and also p.o. (1.0 mg/kg b.w.) for a 5‐month period of application followed by a 7‐month cessation of application for group C. All experimental groups were compared to a control group (K), as well as to other experimental groups. Animals were examined after the experimental period. In the uterus, the amount of endometrium was in the range of 48.42% to 50.37%, and that of myometrium of 51.58% to 49.63%. The percentage of glandular epithelium in the endometrium was significantly lower in group A in comparison with group C (P<0.05). Amount of stroma was significantly higher in the group receiving i.p., in comparison with the group receiving p.o. administration for a 5‐month period (P<0.01). From the photographed pictures edematization of uterus with desintegrations in the blood vessel wall and subsequent diapedesis were evident.

Interaction of glutamatergic and adrenergic inputs of cortical neurons during conditioning

Background and evoked activities of sensorimotor cortex neurons have been examined on learning cats with conditioned placing reaction before, during and after iontophoretic application of synaptically active drugs. It was shown that glutamate exerted not only a direct excitatory effect on the cortical neurons during its application, but also developed modulatory influences on background and evoked impulse activity after cessation of application in the subsequent 10–20min. Adrenergic influences on the activity of neocortical neurons evoked by application of adrenomimetic drugs were complex and consisted of at least two different types. Noradrenaline depressed background and particularly evoked activity of many neurons through β1-adrenoreceptors. At the same time, activation of β2-adrenoreceptors was accompanied by facilitation of background and evoked activity during application and 10–20min after its cessation, as was shown in experiments with alupent. Co-application of glutamate and alupent improved facilitation of impulse response evoked by conditioned stimuli.It was concluded that β1- and β2-adrenergic inputs to neocortical neurons are involved in plasticity changes of glutamate inputs of some cortical neurons.

Two types of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor on embryonic sensory neurones.

1 Embryonic sensory neurones of the chick grown in dissociated cell culture respond to application of low concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with a change in resting membrane resistance (R(in)) and/or a change in action potential duration (APD) (Dunlap & Fischbach, 1978; Choi & Fischbach, 1981). Intracellular microelectrode recording techniques were employed to determine if these two effects are mediated by the same, or different, GABA receptors.2 Cells responded, for the most part, with a change in either R(in) or APD, but 10% of the cells exhibited both effects. In the latter cells the two responses were clearly distinguishable as discussed below.3 The proportion of neurones exhibiting a GABA-induced decrease in R(in) declined during the first week in vitro while the proportion exhibiting a decrease in APD increased during that time.4 The two effects were pharmacologically distinct. Muscimol, a GABA analogue, produced only the change in R(in) (ED(50) = 5.5 muM) while baclofen, another analogue of GABA, produced only the change in APD (ED(50) = 1 muM). The analogues were approximately equipotent with GABA. Bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, blocked the muscimol-induced change in R(in) (but not the baclofen-induced change in APD) in a dose-dependent fashion with an ID(50) = 0.7 muM.5 The time courses of the two effects were different. The change in APD resulting from a brief application of GABA (or baclofen) was prolonged relative to the rapid return to control associated with the GABA- (or muscimol-) induced change in R(in).6 Desensitization of the two responses exhibited separate time courses. In the continual presence of the agonists, GABA- and muscimol-induced decreases in R(in) completely desensitized in ca. 10 s while GABA- and baclofen-induced decreases in APD persisted undiminished throughout a prolonged (1 min) application of the drugs and returned to control only after cessation of application.7 It is concluded that embryonic chick sensory neurones in culture exhibit two types of GABA receptor that differ in their functional and pharmacological properties. Implications of these results are discussed.

Subacute toxicity of two chrysanthemumic acid esters: Barthrin and dimethrin

The subacute toxicity of barthrin and dimethrin was investigated in albino rats. Each compound was studied at 4 dietary levels: 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 2% for barthrin; and 0.2, 0.6, 1.5, and 3% for dimethrin. Weekly food consumption and body weight were recorded. Toxicologic data obtained included: hematologic measurements, organ weights, and histopathologic examination. Skin irritation tests were obtained with rabbits. In general, both compounds appear to have low toxicity in the rat. The toxicologic findings were: 1. 1. Significant decrease in body weight at sacrifice (16 weeks on test substances) was observed in the following groups: males on 2% barthrin (16% reduction in body weight); all female groups on barthrin (average 9% reduction); males on 0.6 and 3% dimethrin (11 and 36% reduction); and female groups on 1.5 and 3% dimethrin (14 and 27% reduction). 2. 2. One control female, 1 male on 1% barthrin, and 1 female on 3% dimethrin died before the end of the experiment. 3. 3. The following scattered gross pathologic changes were noted at autopsy: small bladder stones in 2 males on 2% barthrin, 1 male on 1% barthrin, 1 male on 0.6% dimethrin, and 1 male on 0.2% dimethrin; spotted lungs in 1 female on 2% barthrin, 1 female on 0.3% barthrin, 3 females on 0.6% dimethrin, and 1 male on 0.6% dimethrin. 4. 4. The hematologic data did not show differences between the control groups and the experimental groups tested (1 and 2% barthrin and 1.5 and 3% dimethrin). 5. 5. Significantly higher organ to body weight ratios were obtained for the kidney and liver in the groups on 1 and 2% barthrin and 1.5 and 3% dimethrin. The liver enlargement encountered with both compounds was accompanied by the appearance of unusual cytoplasmic inclusions in hepatic cells, suggesting cytoplasmic storage or alteration in cytoplasmic fine structure. The effect of increased liver and kidney weight to body weight ratios as well as the histopathologic changes in the liver were shown to be reversible after withdrawal of barthrin or dimethrin. 6. 6. Test for local (skin) irritation in rabbits indicated mild scaliness with dimethrin which disappeared after cessation of application.