Cesarec-Marke Personality Schedule Research Articles

Time Trends in Murray's Psychogenic Needs over Three Decades in Swedish 75-Year-Olds

Background: While time trends in personality traits have been suggested in younger cohorts, little is known regarding this issue in older adults. Objective: To test for birth cohort changes in psychogenic needs according to Murray's theory of personality in two birth cohorts of 75-year-olds born 1901-1902 and 1930. Methods: Two population-based birth cohorts were examined at the age of 75 years in 1976-1977 and in 2005-2006. Psychogenic needs according to Murray were measured with the Cesarec-Marke Personality Schedule (CMPS), a Swedish version of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Scores on the CMPS subscales (achievement, affiliation, aggression, defence of status, guilt feelings, dominance, exhibition, autonomy, nurturance, order, succorance, and acquiescence) were compared between cohorts. Results:Achievement, exhibition, dominance, aggression, affiliation, and succorance scores were higher, and order and acquiescence scores lower, in the more recent birth cohort of 75-year-olds. Women scored lower than men on exhibition and dominance, and higher on defence of status, guilt feelings, affiliation, nurturance, and succorance. Interaction effects between cohort and sex were found for achievement (women scored lower than men in 1976-1977 but not in 2005-2006), order (the lower scores in 2005-2006 were more accentuated among men), and acquiescence (increased in men and decreased in women). Conclusion: The later-born birth cohort scored higher on self-centred traits, such as more dominant, competitive, and exhibitive traits as well as the need to be taken care of and have friends around, but it scored lower on the need for order. The gap between men and women regarding achievement decreased, possibly reflecting women's more prominent role in society.

Personality measured as Murray’s psychological needs and all-cause mortality: 41 years of follow-up of a population-based sample

ObjectiveTo examine the associations between personality traits, measured as Murray’s psychological needs, and mortality over 41years. MethodWe used a general population sample aged 18–65 (n=1094) examined in 1970 according to the Cesarec-Marke Personality Schedule (eleven traits) linked to mortality data. Internal associations were examined using factor analysis, and their associations with mortality using Cox proportional hazard regression models. ResultsDuring follow-up, 513 persons died. In men aged 26–45, achievement and affiliation predicted increased mortality: HR=1.19, 95% CI 1.04–1.36 and HR=1.16, 95% CI 1.01–1.33 per step on a stanine scale. In men aged 18–25, nurturance was protective: HR=0.77, 95% CI, 0.64–0.98 per stanine. In women aged 18–25, feelings of guilt increased the risk of mortality, while dominance was protective: HR=1.38, 95% CI 1.09–1.75, and HR=0.74, 95% CI 0.55–0.99 per stanine, respectively. In women aged 46–65, exhibition increased the risk of mortality: HR=1.09, 95% CI, 1.00–1.18 per stanine. There were no significant associations when all age groups were combined. ConclusionsPersonality traits, measured as Murray’s needs, associated with mortality, but the differed according to age at assessment and sex.

Personality in women and associations with mortality: a 40-year follow-up in the population study of women in Gothenburg.

BackgroundThe question of whether personality traits influence health has long been a focus for research and discussion. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine possible associations between personality traits and mortality in women.MethodsA population-based sample of women aged 38, 46, 50 and 54 years at initial examination in 1968–69 was followed over the course of 40 years. At baseline, 589 women completed the Cesarec-Marke Personality Schedule (the Swedish version of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule) and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Associations between personality traits and mortality were tested using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsNo linear associations between personality traits or factor indices and mortality were found. When comparing the lowest (Q1) and highest quartile (Q4) against the two middle quartiles (Q2 + Q3), the personality trait Succorance Q1 versus Q2 + Q3 showed hazard ratio (HR) = 1.37 (confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-1.74), and for the factor index Aggressive non-conformance, both the lowest and highest quartiles had a significantly higher risk of death compared to Q2 + Q3: for Q1 HR = 1.32 (CI = 1.03-1.68) and for Q4 HR = 1.36 (CI = 1.06-1.77). Neither Neuroticism nor Extraversion predicted total mortality.ConclusionsPersonality traits did not influence long term mortality in this population sample of women followed for 40 years from mid- to late life. One explanation may be that personality in women becomes more circumscribed due to the social constraints generated by the role of women in society.

EPA-1012 - Personality measured as murray's psychological needs and all-cause mortality: 41 years of follow-up of a population-based sample

To examine the associations between personality traits, measured as Murray's psychological needs, and mortality over 41 years in men and women and among the young and the old. We used a general population sample aged 18-65 ( n = 1094) examined in 1970 according to the Cesarec-Marke Personality Schedule (CMPS). Mortality data came from national vitality registers up to 2011. The associations between eleven traits - achievement, affiliation, aggression, defence of status, guilt feelings, dominance, exhibition, autonomy, nurturance, order, and succorance - were examined using factor analysis, and their associations with mortality in Cox proportional hazard models. During the 41-year follow-up, 513 persons died (47%). In men aged 26-45, achievement and affiliation were associated with mortality: HR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.04-1.36 and HR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.33 per step on a stanine scale. In men aged 18-25, nurturance was protective: HR = 0.77, 95% CI, 0.64-0.98 per stanine. In women aged 18-25, feelings of guilt increased the risk of mortality, while dominance was protective: HR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.09-1.75 per stanine, and HR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.55-0.99 per stanine, respectively. In women aged 46-65, exhibition increased the risk of mortality: HR = 1.09, 95% CI, 1.00-1.18 per stanine. There were no significant associations when all age groups were combined. Our findings suggest that personality traits, measured as Murray's needs, are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, but the associations differ according to age at assessment and sex.

Cohort differences in personality in middle-aged women during a 36-year period. Results from the Population Study of Women in Gothenburg

To investigate secular trends in personality traits in adult female populations. Two representative, population-based cohorts of women, 38 (n = 318) and 50 (n = 593) years of age participated in a health examination in 1968 and 2004 in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and Cesarec-Marke Personality Schedule (CMPS) were used to measure personality traits. Socioeconomic and lifestyle variables (personal income, education, marital status, children at home, physical activity and smoking) were reported. In both age groups, secular comparisons in psychological profile subscales showed an increase in dominance, exhibition, aggression and achievement. Only small divergences were seen concerning affiliation, guilt feelings, nurturance and succorance. EPI showed a corresponding rise in extroversion. Social data showed a statistically significant increase in percentage of unmarried women, personal income levels, and higher educational achievement. While around 70% of women in 1968-69 had elementary school education only, around 90% had high school or university education in 2004-05. The results indicate major transitions in the adult Swedish female population in the direction of a more stereotypically ''male'' personality profile, but not at the expense of traditionally socially important female traits, which remained constant. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that society and the environment influence personality.

Need for achievement, locus of control and the prediction of business start-ups: A longitudinal study

Personal characteristics of subjects were measured 11 years before the follow-up data were collected. The purpose of the study was to show whether a connection exists between Need for Achievement and Locus of Control of Reinforcement on the one hand and the Entrepreneurial Activity: Start of New Business on the other hand, and whether any gender-specific difference exists. Need for Achievement was measured in two ways, with a thematic apperception test (TAT) consisting of six pictures, and with the Cesarec–Marke Personality Schedule (CMPS). Locus of Control of Reinforcement was measured with Rotter’s Internal–External test. The results support neither n Achievement (TAT) nor Need for Achievement (CMPS) as having predictive validity on the Entrepreneurial Activity: Start of New Business. This could be said about both men and women. The results do support that Locus of Control has predictive validity. However, this holds only for men, not for women.

Change and stability of masculinity‐femininity from adolescence to adulthood in a sample of Swedish women

A female sample (N = 349) was administered the Attitude Interest Schedule (AIS) and the Cesarec‐Marke Personality Schedule (CMPS) at the ages of 15 and 25. It was found that during adolescence subjects change towards a more conservative feminine self‐image. Differential stability, based on the AIS scores, was substantial. Masculinity‐femininity appeared to be related to needs as measured by the CMPS. Masculinity was related positively to instrumental needs and negatively to expressive needs.

Change and stability of needs from middle adolescence to young adulthood in Swedish females

The Cesarec–Marke Personality Schedule, a Swedish inventory for the measurement of needs, was administered to a sample of females, aged 15, and readministered 10 years later. Longitudinal analyses showed that most dispositions changed significantly, although the changes were rather small. All traits were moderately stable over the 10‐year period.

The experience of dysmenorrhea and its relationship to personality variables

The aims of this study were: to relate women's subjective experience of primary dysmenorrhea to psychogenic needs assessed longitudinally at the age of 15 and at the age of 25 in a nonclinical sample; to compare the psychogenic needs of women with severe primary dysmenorrhea with those of other women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea; and to examine whether women with severe dysmenorrhea were less conventionally feminine than women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea. At 25 years, 42% of the women experienced dysmenorrhea and 15% experienced pain that limited their daily activity. Differences in psychogenic needs according to the Cesarec Marke Personality Schedule and in psychological masculinity and femininity according to the Attitude Interest Schedule were found in women with severe primary dysmenorrhea compared with women who never experienced dysmenorrhea. The results indicate that women with severe dysmenorrhea have less self-esteem at 15 years, but compensate for this at 25 years by being more achievement-oriented and aggressive than women who never experienced dysmenorrhea. Further, women with severe dysmenorrhea are more conventionally feminine than women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea.

Personality changes in the aged. A longitudinal study of psychogenic needs with the CMPS.

Psychogenic needs according to Murray were measured by means of the Cesarec Marke Personality Schedule in a representative sample of 70-year-olds in Gothenburg, Sweden. They were followed up when 75 and 79. A longitudinal study was carried out with regard to changes in means, standard deviations and sex differences. The levels at 70 among the surviving subjects and those who had died before the age of 79 were compared. Between 70 and 79 there were changes towards higher needs for order and acquiescence in both sexes, and towards lower exhibition, dominance and aggressive non-conformance, and higher succourance in women. The changes were small and most needs showed no changes at all. There were few changes in variability and sex differences. Men with higher needs of defence of status, and lower needs of exhibition and dominance at 70 had an increased mortality. Cross-sectional studies would have given misleading results on the development of psychogenic needs in these age groups.