Prevalence Of Cervical Cancer Screening Research Articles

Determinants of cervical cancer screening among women of childbearing age in four sub-Saharan African countries: insights from large population surveys

BackgroundCervical cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women in Africa. Cervical cancer screening in women is associated with decreased incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. There is a dearth of recent data regarding the prevalence and associated factors of cervical cancer screening in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study is intended to determine the prevalence and associated factors impacting cervical cancer screening among women in four sub-Saharan African countries.MethodsData from the recent demographic and health surveys of four countries in sub-Saharan Africa conducted between 2022 and 2023. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with the outcome variable. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of cervical cancer screening among women of childbearing age in four sub-Saharan African countries was 8.90% (95% CI: 8.67%, 9.13%). At the individual level, being older, educated, non-breastfeeding, employed, wealthier, sexually active, using contraceptives, having media exposure, visiting healthcare facilities in the last 12 months, and residing in urban areas were associated with higher odds of cervical cancer screening. At the community level, being from communities with a high level of literacy and media exposure increases the odds of cervical cancer screening among women in sub-Saharan Africa.ConclusionThe prevalence of cervical cancer screening among childbearing-age women was found to be low. To improve cervical cancer screening practices among women of childbearing age, it is therefore advised to support women’s empowerment, mass media campaigns, and regular visits to healthcare facilities.

Far behind 90-70-90’s screening target: the prevalence and determinants of cervical cancer screening among Sub-Saharan African women: evidence from Demographic and Health Survey

BackgroundCervical cancer screening is the primary goal in 90-70-90 targets to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality by identifying and treating women with precancerous lesions. Although several studies have been conducted in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries on cervical cancer screening, their coverage was limited to the regional or national level, and/or did not address individual- and community-level determinants, with existing evidence gaps to the wider SSA region using the most recent data. Hence, this study aimed to assess the pooled prevalence and multilevel correlates of cervical cancer screening among women with SSA.MethodsThis study was conducted using the Demographic Health Survey data (2015–2022) from 11 countries, and a total weighted sample of 124,787 women was considered in the analysis. Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression, the influence of each factor on cervical cancer screening uptake was investigated, and significant predictors were reported using the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsThe overall weighted prevalence of cervical cancer screening was 10.29 (95% CI: 7.77, 11.26), with the highest and lowest screening rates detected in Namibia and Benin at 39.3% (95% CI: 38.05, 40.54) and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.36, 0.69), respectively. Higher cervical screening uptake was observed among women aged 35–49 [aOR = 4.11; 95% CI: 3.69, 4.58] compared to 15–24 years, attending higher education [aOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 2.35, 3.23] than no formal education, being in the richest wealth quintile [aOR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.67], having a recent visit to a health facility [aOR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.71, 1.95], using contraception [aOR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.45, 1.64], recent sexual activity [aOR = 3.59; 95% CI: 2.97, 4.34], and listening to the radio [aOR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.60, 2.15].ConclusionThe overall prevalence of cervical cancer screening in SSA countries was found to be low; only one in every ten women has been screened. Strengthening universal health coverage, and promoting screening programs with an emphasis on rural areas and low socioeconomic status are key to improving screening rates and equity. Additionally, integrating cervical cancer screening with existing reproductive health programs, e.g. contraceptive service would be important.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions among HIV-infected women in University of Gondar specialized comprehensive referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: cross-sectional study design

BackgroundCervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide. The majority of the cases are found in developing countries. The increasing risk of cervical cancer prevalence and growing danger of death from cervical cancer and the high occurrence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women who are HIV positive give us the ground to study the prevalence and associated risk factors.ObjectiveThe study aims to assess the prevalence of cervical cancer screening and associated risk factors among HIV-positive women attending the Adult ART clinic at the University of Gondar Hospital.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2021, on adult HIV-positive women attending the Adult ART clinic at Gondar University Referral Hospital by phone calling patients per week for six months to complete a total of 2744 HIV-positive patients who were not screened for cervical cancer before. The data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the presence and the degree of association between dependent and independent variables. In the multivariable logistic analysis, a P-value of < 0.05 and odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were considered to determine independent predictors for the prevalence of premalignant or malignant cervical lesions among HIV-positive patients.ResultThis study assessed 915 HIV Positive women who were screened for cervical cancer via visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) as the primary screening tool and found that 24.48% had positive VIA results. Those with VIA-positive cases pathology examination showed 72.4% had abnormal pathology reports (CIN 1/2/3–51.25%, 17.23% cancer & 3.9% CIS), strengthening the finding in many studies that suggest HIV-positive women have a high rate of premalignant lesions.

Cervical cancer screening and its associated factors among women of reproductive age in Kenya: further analysis of Kenyan demographic and health survey 2022

IntroductionAlthough cervical cancer screening is one of the most effective strategies to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer, the percentage of cervical cancer screening in low- and middle-income counties is low. In Kenya, the current nationwide prevalence and associated factors for the detection of cervical cancer is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors for the detection of cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive age in Kenya using the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey 2022.MethodsThis study used the most recent Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey data (2022) with a total weighted sample of 16,901 women. A mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed and in the multivariable analysis, variables with a p-value below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The strength of the association was evaluated using adjusted odds ratios along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Kenya was 16.81%(95% CI: 16.24, 17.38%). Having a history of abortion (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.171.50, 1.43), using modern contraceptive methods (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.95), media exposure (AOR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.65), primary education (AOR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.09, 2.22), secondary education (AOR = 21.99, 95% CI: 1.1.38, 2.87), higher education (AOR = 2..50, 95% CI: 1.71, 3.65), visiting health facility within the past 12 months (AOR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.46, 1.79), positive HIV status (AOR: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.69, 4.57), being from a community with a higher proportion of educated individuals (AOR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.13, 1.65) and being from a community with high proportion of poor individuals (AOR = 0.72, 9 5%CI: 0.60–0.87)) were significantly associated with cervical cancer screening.ConclusionIn Kenya, the prevalence of cervical cancer screening was found to be low. A history of abortion, use of modern contraceptives, exposure to the media, visits to health facilities in the past 12 months, HIV status, level of education, community educational level, and community wealth were identified as significant associated factors for cervical cancer screening. Therefore, it is recommended to implement targeted public health interventions that focus on these identified factors to improve the adoption of cervical cancer screening in Kenya.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Prevalence of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women in Garissa County

Background: Globally, cancer is a leading cause of death, with cervical cancer being particularlyprevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya. Despite being preventable, cervical cancer remains asignificant health burden due to low screening awareness and socioeconomic disparities. In Kenya, it isthe second most frequent cancer among women. This is exacerbated by high HPV infection rates,underscoring the critical need for effective screening strategies. This study assessed the knowledge,attitudes, and prevalence of cervical cancer screening among women in Garissa County.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 480 women was conducted in Savannah RoyalHospital, Garissa from January 31st to February 4th, 2023. The study employed questionnaires toassess the knowledge and attitudes of women toward cervical cancer screening, alongside visualinspection with acetic acid (VIA) to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer. Participants wereselected through convenience sampling after a public awareness drive, and informed consent wasobtained from all participants.Results: Of 480 women screened, 96% (462) and 4% (18) tested negative and positive for cervicalcancer, respectively. Notably, 66% (315) were unaware of cervical cancer screening prior to the study,with 82.1% citing lack of awareness as the reason for not being previously screened. Regardingattitudes, 65.1% reported no discomfort during screening, 71.9% rated the experience positively, and50% felt no embarrassment in seeking a repeat VIA or Papanicolaou smear. Most women (72%)preferred receiving the results in person, and 97% were willing to undergo follow-up tests if the screeningresults were positive.Conclusion: The study highlights a significant lack of awareness of cervical cancer screening amongwomen in Garissa County, yet reveals positive attitudes toward screening. This suggests that enhancingawareness could lead to higher screening participation. The 4% positivity rate emphasizes the necessityof ongoing screening initiatives.

Spatial distribution and characteristics of women reporting cervical cancer screening in Malawi: An analysis of the 2020 to 2021 Malawi Population-based HIV Impact Assessment survey data.

Malawi has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in the world. Despite a national strategic plan and the roll-out of VIA and screen-and-treat services, cervical cancer screening coverage in Malawi remains far below the national target.Using a nationally representative sample of women enumerated in the Malawi Population-based Impact Assessment (MPHIA) survey we estimated the prevalence and spatial distribution of self-reported cervical cancer screening as a proxy for uptake in Malawi. MPHIA was a nationally representative household survey in Malawi, targeting adults aged 15 and above, that employed a cross-sectional, two-stage, cluster design. The primary aim of MPHIA was to assess the regional prevalence of viral load suppression and the progress towards achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 goals among adults aged 15 and above. The survey was carried out between January 2020 and April 2021. Prevalence of self-reported cervical cancer screening by different characteristics was estimated accounting for the survey design using the Taylor series approach. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression approaches to examine associations between the prevalence of cervical cancer screening and demographic characteristics. A total of 13,067 adult (15 years and older) female individuals were surveyed during the MPHIA 2020 to 2021 survey, corresponding to a weighted total of 5,604,578. The prevalence of self-reported cervical cancer screening was 16.5% (95% CI 15.5-18.0%), with women living with HIV having a higher prevalence of 37.8% (95% CI 34.8-40.9) compared to 14.0% (95% CI 13.0-15.0) in HIV negative women. The highest prevalence of screening was reported in the Southwest zone (SWZ) (24.1%, 95% CI 21.3-26.9) and in major cities of Blantyre (25.9%, 95% CI 22.9-29.0), and Lilongwe (19.6%, 95% CI 18.0-21.3). Higher self-reported screening was observed in women who resided in urban regions ((22.7%; 95% CI 21.4-24.0) versus women who resided in rural areas (15.2%; 95% CI 14.0-16.8). Cervical cancer screening was strongly associated with being HIV positive (aOR 2.83; 95% CI 2.29-3.50), ever having been pregnant (aOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.19-3.14), attaining higher education level than secondary education (aOR 2.74; 95% CI 1.67-4.52) and being in the highest wealth quintile (aOR 2.86; 95% CI 2.01-4.08). The coverage of cervical cancer screening in Malawi remains low and unequal by region and wealth/education class. Current screening efforts are largely being focussed on women accessing HIV services. There is need for deliberate interventions to upscale cervical cancer screening in both HIV negative women and women living with HIV.

Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Health Professionals in Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Early screening for cervical cancer is a key life-saving intervention in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity. Despite the high burden of cervical cancer, the coverage of cervical cancer screening is low in developing countries, including Ethiopia. There is a paucity of information on the utilization of cervical cancer screening among female health professionals in eastern Ethiopia. This study aimedto assess the determinants of cervical cancer screening among female health professionals in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 232 female health professionals in Harar town from September 01 to 30, 2022. Data were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify significant factors for the level of cervical cancer screening. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to report the strength of association and statistical significance declared at p value < 0.05. The prevalence of cervical cancer screening among female health professionals was 16.8% (95% CI: 11%, 22%). Higher education level (AOR = 4.28, 95% CI: 1.68, 10.90), use of contraceptives (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.17, 6.23), training on cervical cancer screening (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.05, 6.08), good knowledge about cervical cancer screening (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.44, 7.91), and positive attitude toward cervical cancer screening (AOR = 5.31, 95% CI: 2.04, 13.83) were independent factors that increased the utilization of cervical cancer screening. One in every six female health professionals was screened for cervical cancer. Education level, contraceptive use, cervical cancer screening training, cervical cancer screening knowledge, and attitude toward cervical cancer screening were the determinants of cervical cancer screening utilization among female health professionals. Improving the health professionals' knowledge and attitude toward cervical cancer screening through upgrading their education level and training on cervical cancer screening would be essential to improving the level of cervical cancer screening.

Examining Prevalence and Influential Factors of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women of Reproductive Age at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Fort Portal City

Globally, cervical cancer stands as a pressing health issue for women, ranking as the second most common cancer type among females worldwide. A study conducted at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Fort Portal City aimed to assess the prevalence and factors impacting the participation of women of reproductive age in cervical cancer screening tests. Employing a cross-sectional descriptive design with quantitative methods, the study utilized a consecutive sampling technique, surveying 96 respondents through self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis involved coding and entry via SPSS 20.1, with findings presented through tables, graphs, and pie charts. Results indicated that only a quarter of respondents (25%) had undergone cervical cancer screening, predominantly opting for Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) (58.3%). Notably, a significant proportion of screened individuals (66.7%) hailed from rural areas, and the majority (66.7%) had a parity of 3 or fewer children. Moreover, 58.3% of those screened reported earning more than 400,000 shs per month. Unexpectedly, reluctance accounted for 44.8% of respondents' reasons for not undergoing screening. In summary, despite free accessibility to the service, there's a notably low prevalence of cervical cancer screening. Reluctance and fear associated with the procedure emerged as significant barriers hindering the uptake of cervical cancer screening among the surveyed population. Keywords: Cervical cancer, Reproductive age, Mothers, Women, Human papillomavirus.

Factors influencing cervical cancer screening among reproductive age group women in India: A multilevel analysis of nationwide survey 2019–2021

Trends and factors associated with cervical cancer screening (CCS) among women of reproductive age are essential for designing cancer prevention strategies to reduce mortality. The present study investigates the factors contributing to CCS in India through multilevel modeling on data from women files of the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS- 5). Districts, villages, and individuals were considered as the levels under investigation. Age, contraception use, and wealth index impacted the CCS significantly. The percentage of CCS is 1.2, and it varies across socioeconomic factors. The prevalence of cervical cancer screening is high among women in the 30–49 age group, in the rich wealth index, and not utilizing condoms as contraception. The screening percentage was found to be highest in southern states. A pressing need was felt for organizing awareness camps and all-inclusive dissemination of information, especially in the Northern part of India.

Prevalence and predictors of cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive women in rural western Uganda: insights from the health-belief model

BackgroundWomen living with HIV are at increased risk of developing cervical cancer (CC). Screening for cancer is an important preventive strategy for the early detection of precancerous lesions and its management. There has been inadequate evidence on cervical cancer screening (CCS) practices among HIV-positive women in rural western Uganda. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of CCS among HIV-positive women, as well as knowledge and practices regarding cervical cancer screening.MethodsA cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted among HIV-positive women attending HIV care facilities located in rural settings of western Uganda. A validated and interview-based data collection form was used to capture statistics regarding demographics, HIV care, obstetric profile, health belief constructs, and knowledge and history of CCS from the participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to correlate women’s characteristics and health beliefs toward CCS practices.ResultsThe prevalence of CCS among HIV-positive women was found to be 39.1% (95%CI: 14.0–71.7). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that post-secondary education attainment (AOR = 3.21; 95%CI = 2.12–7.28), four years or more lapsing after being diagnosed as HIV-positive (AOR = 2.87; 95%CI = 1.34–6.13), having more than one child (AOR = 1.87; 95%CI = 1.04–3.35), antenatal care attendance (AOR = 1.74; 95%CI = 1.02–3.43), post-natal care attendance (AOR = 3.75; 95%CI = 1.68–5.89), and having good knowledge regarding CC (AOR = 1.26; 95%CI = 1.98–3.02) were positively associated with adherence to CCS among HIV-positive women in western Uganda. Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs like the perceived risk of developing CC (AOR = 1.82; 95%CI = 1.16–2.01), worries about developing CC (AOR = 5.01; 95%CI = 4.26–8.32), believing that CC leads to death (AOR = 2.56; 95%CI = 1.64–3.56), that screening assists in early identification (AOR = 2.12; 95%CI = 1.84–3.74) and treatment (AOR = 4.63; 95%CI = 2.78–6.43) of precancerous lesions, reducing the risk of mortality (AOR = 1.84; 95%CI = 1.12–2.75), and the reassurance provided by negative test results (AOR = 2.08; 95%CI = 1.33–4.22) were positively associated with adhering to CCS. A female doctor performing the screening (AOR = 2.02; 95%CI = 1.57–3.98) as well as offering a free screening service (AOR = 3.23; 95%CI = 1.99–4.38) were significantly associated with CCS. Meanwhile, screening being painful (AOR = 0.28; 95%CI = 0.12–0.45), expensive (AOR = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.24–0.53), time-consuming (AOR = 0.30; 95%CI = 0.19–0.41), embarrassing (AOR = 0.02; 95%CI = 0.01–0.06), and the fear of positive results (AOR = 0.04; 95%CI = 0.02–0.10) were found to have a significant negative association with adhering to CCS.ConclusionsOnly one-third of HIV-positive women had undergone CCS. Variables including secondary education attainment, four years or more lapsing after being diagnosed as HIV-positive, having more than one child, antenatal care attendance, post-natal care attendance, and knowledge about CC were positively associated with CCS adherence. Educational programs should be geared towards the risk of CC, severity of cases, benefits of screening, and reducing barriers associated with screening, which can significantly improve cervical CCS among HIV-positive women. The study proposes the incorporation of free screening services and the inclusion of trained female staff in CC prevention policies to improve CCS.

Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Cervical Cancer Screening in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Study.

Cervical cancer, despite being preventable, is one of the most prevalent cancers among females globally and in Saudi Arabia. The literature demonstrated that, unlike global trends, cervical cancer incidence in Saudi Arabia is increasing. In addition to that, a high proportion of it is discovered in advanced stages. This state of late discovery was attributed to the absence of efficient preventive and screening programs. Observing the scale of the preventable morbidities and mortalities that can be caused by cervical cancer and the efforts and costs that are positioned to fight cervical cancer across the globe and the current ambiguity in the cervical cancer screening prevalence in Saudi Arabia brings the realization of the importance of conducting a study that properly explores the status of cervical cancer screening in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to measure the prevalence and the predictive factors for cervical cancer screening among adult women who were previously sexually active in Saudi Arabia, as well as explore the participants' knowledge and attitude toward cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. This study was a nationwide cross-sectional study conducted in Saudi Arabia between September 2023 and November 2023 on adult Saudi females between the ages of 21 and 65 years who were previously sexually active and did not undergo a hysterectomy. Data were collected through a convenience sampling technique where a self-administered survey was established and disseminated to the targeted population all over the country with the assistance of data collectors. Cervical cancer screening prevalence and screening predictive factors were measured. Factors associated with cervical cancer screening and knowledge of cervical cancer were tested using a chi-square test, an independent t-test, and an ANOVA test. Multivariate logistic regression was also used to determine predictors of cervical cancer screening. The study included 2,337 participants. The prevalence of cervical cancer screening among Saudi females was observed to be 22.1%. The most commonly reported reason for not undergoing cervical cancer screening was that it was never recommended by a physician, as reported by 42.4%. Only 7.6% reported taking the HPV vaccine. The majority of the participants (84.1%) had a low knowledge level about cervical cancer. The multivariate logistic regression model revealed that the following factors were observed to be significantly predictive of undergoing cervical cancer screening: being 46-59 years of age (74% increase rate), having an income greater than 20,000 Saudi Riyals (SRs) (158% increase rate), having a history of gynecological problems (152% increase rate), knowing someone who underwent cervical cancer screening (393% increase rate), and receiving a recommendation from a healthcare practitioner to undergo cervical cancer screening (1300% increase rate). There are clearly low rates of cervical cancer screening and even lower rates of uptake for the HPV vaccine, which are the prevention measures for cervical cancer. National initiatives and programs that promote HPV vaccine uptake and regular cervical cancer screening are highly recommended to minimize the morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer.

Evaluation of cervical cancer screening program in Gondar city administration public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: mixed method approach

BackgroundCervical cancer is one of the most malignancies in women all over the world. Over 90% of cases occurred in low and middle-income countries with limited resources. Even though cervical cancer is preventable, the Sub-Saharan countries are the most burdened. In Ethiopia 27.19 million women are at risk of acquiring cervical cancer. Although the prevalence of cervical cancer screening among women aged 18 to 69 was around 14%, due to COVID 19 and internal conflict the screening prevalence was lowered to 0.2% by 2022.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate cervical cancer screening program implementation at Gondar city administration public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsSingle case study design with mixed method evaluation was employed in eight public health facilities of Gondar city administration from March 29 to May 30, 2021. The quantitative data were collected through exit interviews and resources inventory observations. While qualitative data were collected through Key informant interviews, non-participatory observation and document review. A total of 310 clients, 14 key informants, 30 non-participatory observations and six months retrospective document reviews were included in this evaluation. Quantitative data were entered into EPI-data version 4.6 and exported into SPSS version 20 for analysis. For qualitative data; records were transcribed, translated and analyzed in themes. Variables with P-value < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval and adjusted odds ratio were used to declare associated variables with client satisfaction.ResultsThe overall implementation of cervical cancer screening program with visual inspection with acetic acid was 64.5%. The availability of program resources, compliance of healthcare providers and satisfaction of mothers were 52.3%, 64.3% and 77.1% respectively.Being educated, having information on cervical cancer screening and the number of lifetime sexual partners were positively associated variables with client satisfaction.ConclusionThe cervical cancer screening program was judged as partially-implemented and needs urgent improvement based on pre-determined judgment parameters. To implement the program properly and serve more women; human and material resources should be available, providers shall be trained and the health facilities should equip with full infrastructures like electric power supply and separate procedure rooms.

Cervical cancer screening behavior of reproductive women in Rajavithi Hospital

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is one of a public health problem and is the fourth most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide. Cells change in women's cervix was a cause of Cervical cancer. In early stage, no signs or symptoms but it can be detected with pelvic examination for decrease severity of disease. This study aimed to determine cervical cancer screening and factors associated with cervical cancer screening in reproductive women. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was performed among 620 healthcare worker women in Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok Thailand. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with screening. Results Of the 598 (96.5%) questionnaires were returned; the mean age was 35.79±11.36 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.99±4.74 kg/m2, and most were single 64.5%. Most of participants were multidisciplinary personnel 45.0%. Cervical cancer knowledge was at high level (74.4%) while the attitude regarding cervical cancer screening was at a moderate level. The prevalence of cervical cancer screening was 37.5%; the three most reasons for not being screened was the absence of symptoms was (83.2%), followed by single status (24.6%) and no time for screening (19.0%). Factors associated with the screening included age (aOR=1.11, 95%CI 1.08-1.14, p &amp;lt; 0.001), marital status (aOR=2.74, 95%CI 1.55-4.86, p = 0.001), contraception use (aOR=4.27, 95%CI 2.42-7.53, p &amp;lt; 0.001), gynaecological disease history (aOR=2.93, 95%CI 1.58-5.62, p = 0.001), and sexual relation (aOR=1.83, 95%CI 1.01-3.32, p = 0.048). Conclusions The prevalence of cervical cancer screening was low. Demographic and gynaecological factors were involved. The organization should have a yearly campaign to increase cervical cancer screening behavior to prevent severity of the disease. Key messages • Cervical cancer is one of a public health problem in women worldwide, therefore cervical cancer screening is one of a significant prevention method to decrease severity of disease. • Most healthcare workers have a good knowledge about severity of cervical cancer, while the prevalence of screening was low.

Is there an association between intimate partner violence and the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Jordan?

Major health inequalities exist surrounding the utilisation of cervical cancer screening services globally. Jordan, a low- and middle-income country, has poor screening rates (15.8%), with barriers to accessing services, including lack of education. Emerging studies demonstrate that intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts reproductive health decisions. As a large proportion of Jordanian women have reported experiencing IPV, this study examines the association between IPV and cervical cancer screening in Jordan, the first of its kind using national-level data. Using Jordan's Demographic Health Survey 2017-18, cervical cancer screening awareness and self-reported screening were estimated in participants who answered questions on IPV (n = 6679). After applying sample weights, Heckman's two-stage probit model determined the association of awareness and utilisation of cervical cancer screening with experience of IPV, adjusting for the socio-economic factors. Of the women with privacy to answer the IPV module, 180 (3.4%) were found to be victims of sexual violence, 691 of physical violence (12.6%) and 935 (16.2%) of emotional violence. Women subjected to sexual violence were less likely to admit to having awareness of a Pap smear test; however, this did not impact screening rates. Victims of emotional violence were more likely to be screened than non-victims. No association between physical violence and cervical cancer screening was found. A significant association between cervical screening awareness and IPV demonstrates that cancer screening policies must consider IPV among women to improve screening awareness. The paper further sheds light on the paradoxical association between emotional violence and screening. It is acknowledged this situation may be far worse than reported, as women without autonomy were unlikely to answer IPV questions that may endanger them-targeted surveys on cervical cancer screening warrant further investigation.

Cancer Screening Prevalence among Participants in the Southcentral Alaska Education and Research towards Health (EARTH) Study at Baseline and Follow-Up.

Alaska Native communities are working to prevent cancer through increased cancer screening and early detection. We examined the prevalence of self-reported colorectal (CRC), cervical, and breast cancer screening among Alaska Native participants in the southcentral Alaska Education and Research toward Health (EARTH) study at baseline (2004-2006) and ten-year follow-up (2015-2017); participant characteristics associated with screening; and changes in screening prevalence over time. A total of 385 participants completed questionnaires at follow-up; 72% were women. Of those eligible for CRC screening, 53% of follow-up participants reported a CRC screening test within the past 5 years, significantly less than at baseline (70%) (p = 0.02). There was also a significant decline in cervical cancer screening between baseline and follow-up: 73% of women at follow-up vs. 90% at baseline reported screening within the past three years (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in reported breast cancer screening between baseline (78%) and follow-up (77%). Colorectal and cervical cancer screening prevalence in an urban, southcentral Alaska Native cohort declined over 10 years of follow-up. Increased cancer screening and prevention are needed to decrease Alaska Native cancer-related morbidity and mortality.

Factors influencing the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Malaysia: a nationwide survey

BackgroundIn 2020, cervical cancer ranked fourth in terms of both frequency of diagnosis and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally. Among Malaysian women, it was the third most prevalent form of cancer. Published data on nationally representative cervical cancer screening in Malaysia have been limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of receiving a Pap smear test in the past three years, its relationship with socio-demographic factors and physical activity.MethodsUsing a subset of survey data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019, a secondary data analysis was performed. Trained research assistants collected data through face-to-face method using a mobile tablet questionnaire system application. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between sociodemographic factors, physical activity, and cervical cancer screening. The analyses were conducted using STATA version 14 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, USA), accounting for sample weighs and complex sampling design.ResultsThe analysis included 5,650 female respondents, representing an estimated 10.3 million Malaysian female adults aged 18 and above. Overall, 35.2% (95%CI 33.2, 37.4) respondents had a Pap smear test within the past three years. Respondents who were physically active were 1.41 times more likely to have a Pap smear test. Similarly, respondents aged 35–59 (OR 1.84; 95%CI 1.46, 2.34) and those living in rural localities (OR 1.38; 95%CI 1.13, 1.70) had higher odds of receiving a Pap smear test. Compared to married respondents, single respondents (OR 0.04; 95%CI 0.02, 0.07) and widowed/divorcee respondents (OR 0.72; 95%CI 0.56, 0.82) were less likely to receive a Pap smear test. Educated respondents were more likely to have had a Pap smear test.ConclusionsThe overall prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Malaysia remains low (35.2%). Efforts should be made to strengthen health promotion programs and policies in increasing awareness on the significance of cervical cancer screening. These initiatives should specifically target younger women, single women, and widowed/divorced individuals. The higher cervical screening uptake among rural women should be studied further, and the enabling factors in the rural setup should be emulated in urban areas whenever possible.

Patterns in the prevalence and wealth-based inequality of cervical cancer screening in India

BackgroundCervical cancer is the second leading cause of deaths due to cancer among women in India. This study assesses the prevalence of cervical cancer screening among women in the 30 to 49 years age-group and its relation to demographic, social and economic factors. The equity in the prevalence of screening is studied with respect to the women’s household wealth.MethodsData from the fifth National Family Health Survey are analyzed. The adjusted odds ratio is used to assess the prevalence of screening. The Concentration Index (CIX) and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) are analyzed to assess the inequality.ResultsThe average national prevalence of cervical cancer screening is found to be 1.97% (95% C.I, 1.8–2.1), ranging from 0.2% in West Bengal and Assam to 10.1% in Tamil Nadu. Screening is significantly more prevalent among the following demographics: educated, higher age group, Christian, scheduled caste, Government health insurance coverage, and high household wealth. Significantly lower prevalence is found among Muslim women, women from scheduled tribes, general category castes, non-Government health insurance coverage, high parity, and those who use oral contraceptive pills and tobacco. Marital status, place of residence, age at first sexual activity, and IUD usage are not significant influencers. At the national level, CIX (0.22 (95% C.I, 0.20–0.24)) and SII (0.018 (95% C.I, 0.015–0.020)) indicate significantly higher prevalence of screening among women from the wealthier quintiles. Significantly higher screening prevalence among wealthier quintiles in the North-East (0.1), West (0.21) and Southern (0.05) regions and among the poor quintiles in the Central (-0.05) region. Equiplot analysis shows a “top inequality pattern” in the North, North-East and Eastern regions, with overall low performance where the rich alone manage to avail screening. The Southern region exhibits an overall progress in screening prevalence with the exception of the poorest quintile, which is left behind. Pro-poor inequality exists in the Central region, with significantly higher prevalence of screening among poor.ConclusionThe prevalence of cervical cancer screening is very low (2%) in India. Cervical cancer screening is substantially higher among women with education and Government Health insurance coverage. Wealth-based inequality exists in the prevalence of cervical cancer screening and the prevalence is concentrated among the women from wealthier quintiles.

Screening for cervical cancer among women in five countries in sub-saharan Africa: analysis of the role played by distance to health facility and socio-demographic factors

BackgroundCervical cancer significantly affects women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, limited studies have concentrated on cervical screening behaviour among women in SSA. This study aimed to assess the interplay of distance to health facilities and socio-demographic factors with cervical screening behaviour among women in five SSA countries.MethodsThe study was based on pooled data of 40,555 women included in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between 2013 to 2021. Proportions and logistic regression models were used in assessing the interplay of distance to health facilities and socio-demographic factors with cervical screening behaviour.ResultsApproximately, 7.9% of women that saw the distance to a health facility as a big problem, tested for cervical cancer compared to 13.5% who indicated that distance to a health facility is not a big problem. More women in urban areas, with a higher level of education, of richest wealth index, aged 40–44 years and using contraceptives who also indicated that distance to a health facility was a big problem tested for cervical cancer compared to those in rural areas with no education, of poorest wealth index, aged 15–19 years and not using contraceptives. Education, age, contraceptive use, frequent exposure to mass media and Sexual Transmitted Infections (STI) had a significant relationship with testing for cervical cancer.ConclusionThe prevalence of cervical cancer screening was low in the five SSA countries largely due to distance barriers and was also significantly influenced by education, age, contraceptive use, frequent exposure to mass media, and STI status. To improve the screening for cervical cancer and its associated benefits in the five SSA countries, there is a need for policymakers, clinicians and public health workers to channel more commitment and efforts to addressing the barriers identified in this study.

Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Aged 30-49 Years Old in Four African Countries: A Cross-Sectional Secondary Data Analysis.

Early-stage cervical cancer screening is essential for providing women with a better chance of receiving effective treatment for precancerous and cancer stages. Delay in cervical cancer screening results in late presentation and cancer metastasis. National-level cervical cancer screening in resource-limited countries was scarce and not well studied in Africa based on national data specifically in Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe. To determine the prevalence and determinants of cervical cancer screening among eligible women in Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe. This study analyzed demographic and health survey data from Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe. The data were extracted and analyzed by STATA version 15 and further analysis was done. Intraclass correlation coefficient, median odds ratio, and proportional change in variance were calculated to check the appropriateness of multilevel analysis. Variables with P-value < .25 were selected for multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis. Finally, statistical significance between dependent and independent variables was assessed by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of cervical cancer screening in 4 African countries (Nambia, Kenya, Cameroon, and Zimbabwe) was 23.4 [95%CI: 22.8-24.1]. The determinants identified in this study were women of age 41-50years [AOR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.24, 1.73], rural residence [AOR = .67; 95% CI .55, .81], women who have their own work [AOR = 1.1; 95% CI 1.0, 1.37], smoking status [AOR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.17, 3.0], age at first birth >=35 [AOR = 5.27; 95% CI 1.29-21.52], condom use [AOR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.46,2.19], husbands having worked [AOR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.08,2.11], rich household wealth [AOR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.13,1.8], and having health insurance [AOR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.8,2.7]. The prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe was low as compared to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Age, residence, work status, smoking status, women's age at first birth, condom use, husbands having work, wealth status, and health insurance were the identified determinants of cervical cancer screening. Programme and policy interventions could address younger, rural residence women, poor wealth status women, women without work, and those who never use health insurance for the uptake of cervical cancer screening.

Utilisation of cervical cancer screening and factors associated with screening utilisation among women aged 30–49 years in Mertule Mariam Town, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia, in 2021: a cross-sectional survey

ObjectiveTo assess the practice of cervical cancer screening and its associated factors among women aged 30–49 years.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional survey.SettingMertule Mariam Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 1 May–20 June 2021.ParticipantsWomen aged 30–49 years...