Certainty Of Control Research Articles

National culture: The missing country-level determinant of corporate governance

It is well known that firm-level corporate governance practices vary mainly between rather than within countries, but country-level factors such as legal and financial institutions explain less than 50% of this cross-country variation. In this article we show that two dimensions of national culture – individualism and uncertainty avoidance – capture about 90% of the country fixed effects and outperform the country-level explanatory variables used in prior literature. We argue that culture works through a tradeoff between managerial expertise and certainty of control, a tradeoff largely overlooked by prior literature, that captures a country’s preference for the Anglo-Saxon approach versus the direct control approach for governance. Consistent with this argument, we find that the effect of culture on corporate governance varies across firms with different needs for managerial expertise and certainty of control. We also find that culture interacts with other factors to determine firm-level governance.

Impact of emotional resilience training upon psychological safety of undergraduate nursing interns

Objective To investigate the impact of emotional resilience training upon psychological safety of undergraduate nursing interns. Methods 85 undergraduate nursing interns were recruited and divided into control group (n=42) and observation group (n=43) randomly from June of 2014 to April of 2015. Both groups of interns conducted routine practice, while interns in observation groups received emotional resilience training additionally. Psychological safety alterations of the interns from both groups were compared after the intervention. Results Before the intervention, there was no significant difference of the overall scores and scores of each dimension in psychological safety between the two groups of nursing interns (P>0.05). The scores of certainty of control, interpersonal security, psychological safety of nursing interns in observation group after intervention were (28.24±4.89), (31.36±5.27), (59.60±8.32), all higher than that of nursing interns in control group: (20.88±2.95), (22.16±3.25), (43.04±6.17) with significant differences (t=-3.125, -3.395, -3.592; P<0.05). Conclusions Emotional resilience training can improve the psychological safety of undergraduate nursing interns effectively. Key words: Undergraduate; Nursing intern; Emotional resilience; Psychological safety

Paper 14. Automatic Gearboxes (Hydrokinetic) for Trucks and Buses

This paper shows that the hydrokinetic transmission is no newcomer to the field of trucks and buses and that in public service vehicles, in semi-automatic form, it is virtually standard equipment. Economic pressures, increasing traffic densities, etc., will lead to greater use of fully automatic transmissions in buses, and several notable fully automatic hydrokinetic public service vehicle transmissions are reviewed. In the trucking field, economic considerations are also creating a trend to larger and more powerful vehicles which will demand ease and certainty of control, and thus a place for fully automatic transmissions. An examination of the format of commercially successful fully automatic hydrokinetic truck and bus transmissions reveals that transmission designers have made extensive use of epicyclic gearing, and the paper includes an appreciation of the characteristics and advantages of this type of gearing.