Certain Types Of Action Research Articles

On the Question of the Concept, Essence and Types of Administrative Procedures of the State Registration of Civil Status Acts

The article is devoted to the consideration of issues related to the definition of the concept of administrative procedures of state registration of civil status acts and the main criteria for its division. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the leading place in the system of providing administrative procedures belongs to the institute of state registration of acts of civil status, which is carried out by various subjects of public administration on the basis of the norms of administrative law. Increasing attention to the problem of defining, streamlining and proper legal regulation of various procedures is due to the complexity and diversity of management, regulatory and control activities of public authorities. The purpose of the article is to define the concept of administrative procedures for state registration of acts of civil status and to highlight the main criteria of their types. Achieving the outlined goal became possible thanks to the use of a complex of methods of scientific knowledge, namely: the dialectical method, the logical-semantic, structural-functional method and the method of interpreting legal norms. Scientific positions on the interpretation of the essence of the concept of "administrative procedure" have been analyzed. On the basis of the conducted theoretical analysis, it was concluded that scientists are united by the thesis that the administrative procedure is directly related to the activity of public administration and is an established algorithm for the functioning of subjects of power (state authorities, local self-government bodies, their officials and officials, etc.). It is substantiated that the most convincing is the recognition of the administrative procedure as a complex normative regulator of the system of administrative-procedural norms, which determine the procedure for the implementation of certain types of actions by administrative bodies regarding the application of standardized administrative-legal measures as normatively fixed methods and techniques for the performance of state functions entrusted to these bodies . Attention is paid to the study of issues of classification of administrative procedures of state registration of acts of civil status according to separate criteria, distinguished by their own characteristics. On the basis of the conducted research, conclusions were formulated and recommendations were made for establishing at the legislative level the types of administrative procedures for state registration of civil status acts, grouped according to the relevant criteria.

Application to Transaction-Like Actions and Legal Actions of the Rules on Transactions

Determining the legal nature of any legal action currently causes significant difficulties — there is no consensus among lawyers either regarding the types of legal actions or the classification criteria for their differentiation. To overcome this, a comprehensive and complete analysis of specific types of legal actions is required, including from the point of view of the applicability of specific legal norms to such actions. This article analyzes the possibility of applying the norms on transactions to transaction-like actions (by the example of confessions, notifications, claims), as well as to legal actions (by the example of creating a work of art, finding, discovering a treasure, creating a thing). The conclusion is made about the applicability of most of the legal norms governing transactions to transaction-like actions and the inapplicability of the norms on transactions to legal actions. This method of research (an inductive comparison of certain types of actions in terms of the applicability of the rules governing other actions to them) also made it possible to conclude the legal nature of transaction-like actions and legal actions. It has been found that transaction-like actions are a kind of legal acts, and legal actions are opposed to legal acts. When determining the legal nature of a specific legal action, it is recommended to take into account the possibility of applying the rules on transactions, which can be conditionally divided into rules on form, conventionality and invalidity.

Criminalization of Certain Types of Actions under Martial Law

Martial law is always accompanied by an increased level of tension and threats to national security. In such circumstances, there is a need to respond to specific types of acts that may threaten public safety and national interests. The criminalization of these acts becomes an important tool for preventing and counteracting threats, as well as for establishing responsibility for their commission. In this article, the author analyzed the legal provisions that were adopted as a supplement to the Criminal Code of Ukraine after the start of the full-scale invasion. The author notes that most of the articles in one way or another relate to criminal punishment for acts that occur in the information sphere and are related to the disclosure and dissemination of information, disinformation, unauthorized data transfer, etc. Based on this, the author emphasizes the need to criminalize acts during martial law relating to the digital, information and cyberspace spheres. The criminalization of certain categories of violations during the war is a topical issue, as it is aimed at ensuring the security of the state and preserving its integrity. The legislation should be comprehensively aimed at countering the aggressor and protecting civilians. It is important to note that a large number of innovations in criminalization relate to the information sphere and data transmission. The involvement of information and electronic communication systems in important aspects of modern life, such as healthcare, finance, energy and national security, creates new threats that can have serious consequences for society and the country as a whole. Therefore, in order to ensure stability and protect the rights and interests of citizens and businesses, the need to strengthen criminal liability for violations of information and cybersecurity is justified, among other things. The purpose of the article is to analyze certain types of punishments which were categorized as criminal offenses under martial law. In addition, the purpose of the article is to highlight the special role of criminal acts in the digital and information sphere and to justify the need for their criminalization.

Формы участия нескольких лиц в совершении преступления

The article reveals the legal nature of complicity in a crime, the objective and subjective signs of complicity, gives a description of complicity, examines the main problems that practitioners face in resolving the problems of criminal law regulation of joint participation in a crime, including the presence in the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code RF, provides a legal assessment of the legality of establishing responsibility for certain types of actions of accomplices, whose criminal liability is presented as independent offenses

Формы участия нескольких лиц в совершении преступления

The article reveals the legal nature of complicity in a crime, reveals the objective and subjective signs of complicity, gives a description of complicity, examines the main problems that practitioners face in resolving the problems of criminal law regulation of joint participation in a crime, including the presence in the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code RF, provides a legal assessment of the legality of establishing responsibility for certain types of actions of accomplices, whose criminal liability is presented as independent offenses.

Directives in One-to-Many Interactions: The Case of Korean EFL Classroom Interaction

Drawing on conversation analysis, this paper explores directives in one-to-many interactions, focusing specifically on those observed in Korean elementary school EFL classroom interaction. Specifically, it classifies teachers’ directives addressed to a cohort into two types, which make relevant a response from the entire class and from a single student, respectively. An examination of 12 lessons demonstrates that each directive type constitutes the cohort as one body or as individuals with different levels of willingness and/or ability. Such differential treatment of the cohort is then explored in connection with the characteristics of directed actions. It is argued that while each directive type is largely associated with certain types of actions, it fundamentally shows teachers’ orientation to the instructional use and purpose of the directed action. It is also demonstrated that teachers alternate between the two different directive types, addressing the imminent instructional goals in hand.

Attempts, Complicity, Virtue & the Limits of Law

The law and doctrines of criminal attempts and complicity illustrate the longstanding and fundamental tenet of Anglo-American criminal law that the blame and condemnation of the political community, which gives criminal punishment its distinctive character, attaches primarily to actors’ states of mind rather than to the harms they cause or results they bring about. This focus on blameworthy states of mind both reflects and has been shaped by the similar emphasis in Christian scripture, tradition, and moral teaching. And so, an examination of criminal attempts and complicity is an opportunity to explore Christianity’s influence on the theory, content, and operation of the criminal law. It also reminds us of a central Christian concern that is and has been located, for the most, outside the scope of the criminal law: Christian moral teaching not only enjoins the avoidance of wrongful acts, but also the cultivation and practice of virtue. A Christian life of discipleship, it has been said, “is not simply about performing certain types of actions. It is a vocation, a transformation of one’s very self.” However, this aretaic dimension of Christian morality and moral theology, unlike the nexus between culpability and choice, is difficult to find in the criminal law, which is inclined more toward proscribing acts than prescribing character, more toward forbidding bad conduct than facilitating good character, more toward deterring decisions than transforming selves. It is worth asking why.

Gender Affect on Investment Behaviour

Decision making is an action which results in a certain type of action from a set of alternate choices. The selected choice may be a rational or an irrational decision. Individual or small investors do not have the advantage of big and small firms regarding invest decision making. Various factors both external and internal, are behind investment decisions. The attitudes of both gender are similar of different with regard to various factor influences. This research endeavor attempts to identify the significant factors which influence decision making regarding investments with a focus on gender. Here for this study 14 attributes were selected to identify the underlying factors and their influences in decision making. For this purpose tools of statistics such as independent t-test and mean scores on a likert scale was utilized for this research study. The study determines there are notable differences between genders on certain variables which play an influencing role when it comes to equity investment decision making. On the majority of the variables both genders share similar influencing variables with regard to investment decisions in equities.

Human Rights Abused? Terrorist Labeling and Individual Reactions to Call to Action

What leads individuals to be motivated to act for human rights causes? Human rights organizations (HROs) often use personal and emotional stories of the abused in order to gain the attention of individuals reading newspapers or emails directly from the organization. McEntire, Leiby, and Krain show that personal frames are most successful at increasing knowledge about a specific human rights situation and motivating individuals to act. However, HROs are not operating in a political vacuum; repressive governments often try to spin information about abuses and the abused to their advantage. This study uses an experimental approach to address how the discursive interactions between states and HROs influence individual-level support of HRO efforts. When governments respond to HRO claims by labeling the abused as a terrorist, individuals are much less likely to be spurred into certain types of action, like signing a petition, and feel differently about the specific case. Interestingly, we do not find that trust in the information provided by an HRO is harmed by being associated with someone labeled a terrorist.

Are There Any Intrinsically Unjust Acts?

In ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, Anscombe characterises the virtue of justice by reference to two features of the just person: (a) that of having a standing intention not ‘to commit or participate in any unjust actions for fear of any consequences, or to obtain any advantage, for himself or anyone else’; and (b) that of being someone who ‘quite excludes’ certain types of action from consideration (viz. intrinsically unjust ones). I investigate what (a) and (b) together amount to and entail. The investigation covers a number of issues, including the nature of moral dilemmas, the relevance or irrelevance of motive to the question whether an act manifests a given virtue (e. g. justice), backward-looking reasons and practical wisdom (phronesis), and the idea of moral bedrock, or moral ‘hinge propositions’. I conclude with a tentative endorsement of the view that there are intrinsically unjust kinds of acts, i. e. acts that are always and everywhere unjust.

Beyond myths of Muslim education: a case study of two Iranian ‘supplementary’ schools in London

ABSTRACTThis article has two aims. First, it is concerned with a discourse in British media and politics of ‘Muslim education’, a concept that often appears alongside words such as ‘extremism’ and ‘radicalisation’ and contributes to the undue ‘religification’ of people of Muslim backgrounds. I offer a preliminary analysis of this discourse arguing that the description of an educational setting as ‘Muslim’ opens up a social and political space in which certain types of action can occur, including fundamentally undermining the educational integrity of the setting in question. Second, the article considers original ethnographic data from two Iranian ‘supplementary’ schools in London as a way to push beyond a mere critique of Islamophobia towards a new theoretical framework. Drawing in particular on the concept of diaspora, the framework accounts for the highly creative, and potentially innovative, modalities of citizenship and education practice that exist in diasporic communities from Muslim backgrounds. With reference to Thomas’ work on the strength of case studies to develop ‘exemplary knowledge’ (rather than abstract theory), I sketch out some ideas for a theory of ‘diasporic education’.

Rule of Law as it Relates to International Investment Agreements (IIAs)

This article is part 2 of a series on Rule of Law as it relates to international investment issues. The article describes how the system of bilateral investment treaties and other international investment agreements have created a form of rule of law to protect foreign investors against certain types of actions by host state government, such as illegal expropriation, currency restrictions, licence cancellations unless these actions comply with concepts of rule of law. It suggests that the rule of law that is brought about through this system of BITs is a one-way street, giving protections to investors, without imposing obligations on them – the host state government has the power, and the obligation under rule of law concepts, to impose such obligations on foreign investors.

Rola i właściwość sądów powszechnych i administracyjnych w sprawach antymonopolowych w świetle najnowszego orzecznictwa i zmian normatywnych

The article presents the latest developments in jurisprudence and the law in relation to the role and the jurisdiction of courts in the antimonopoly cases. The basic assumption of the article is that there exist parallel jurisdiction of civil and administrative courts in competition cases and sometimes it is hard to determine which court is competent to hear particular competition case. The article begins with an analysis of recent changes in the law that influenced jurisdiction of the antimonopoly court. It is followed by the discussion of the latest Supreme Court jurisprudence concerning the role of the antimonopoly court. The next analyzed issue is the identification of all administrative acts issued by the antimonopoly authority together with determination which court is competent to hear appeals against each of them. It provides a good background for a detailed analysis of non-typical acts of the antimonopoly authority with an attempt to clarify which court has jurisdiction over them. The article concludes with critical observation that parallel jurisdiction of civil and administrative courts in competition cases is a source of constant problems. Especially civil courts tend to ignore the fact that administrative court do play a role in competition cases simply because civil courts do not poses legal tools to offer judicial protection for addressees of certain types of actions of the antimonopoly authority.

Terrorist Learning: A Look at the Adoption of Political Kidnappings in Six Countries, 1968–1990

ABSTRACTThis article studies the epidemic of kidnappings across six countries between 1968 and 1990. The goal is to identify those factors that determine the operational decisions made by terrorists. Why and how do terrorists decide to engage in certain types of actions but not others? The article discusses a number of scholarly approaches, and the variables these studies have put forward to explain the decision-making processes within terrorist organizations. The argument made here is that the groups' ideological preferences, strategic analysis, and need to attract media attention did not appear to exert much influence in the terrorists' decision to kidnap. Organizational resources and the nature of the security environment in which the terrorists operated had some bearing. However, kidnappings became attractive when terrorists made a pragmatic evaluation of the reaction by governments and the public and consequently of the costs or benefits of a particular course of action. The decision to carry out a campaign of kidnappings, or to abstain from kidnapping, should be interpreted as clear evidence of terrorist learning. Two types of learning appear to have influenced the adoption of kidnappings: learning by observing others and learning by doing.

Maximalism and Moral Harmony

Maximalism is the view that an agent is permitted to perform a certain type of action (say, baking) if and only if she is permitted to perform some instance of this type (say, baking a pie), where φ‐ing is an instance of ψ‐ing if and only if φ‐ing entails ψ‐ing but not vice versa. Now, the aim of this paper is not to defend maximalism, but to defend a certain account of our options that when combined with maximalism results in a theory that accommodates the idea that a moral theory ought to be morally harmonious—that is, ought to be such that the agents who satisfy the theory, whoever and however numerous they may be, are guaranteed to produce the morally best world that they have the option of producing. I argue that, for something to count as an option for an agent, it must, in the relevant sense, be under her control. And I argue that the relevant sort of control is the sort that we exercise over our reasons‐responsive attitudes (e.g., our beliefs, desires, and intentions) by being both receptive and reactive to reasons. I call this sort of control rational control, and I call the view that φ‐ing is an option for a subject if and only if she has rational control over whether she φs rationalism. When we combine this view with maximalism, we get rationalist maximalism, which I argue is a promising moral theory.

Influence of Human Behaviour on Geometric Road Design

Regarding the annual accident statistics, it becomes evident that the amount of deadly accidents decreased steadily throughout the last decades, whereas the amount of accidents itself remained fairly constant. Therefore one can draw the conclusion that the improvement of passive safety systems is the crucial, impact-inhibiting factor. Hence the next step should take us to the contemplation on how we can eliminate the occurrence of accidents. Taking the psychology into account may be one possible approach on this subject.The content of the thesis, which is the foundation of this abstract, is a capacious, international literature research. More than 450 sources have been analysed, containing the scientific fields of road design, behavioural psychology, gestalt psychology, ergonomics and the evolution of the technical codes.First and foremost, it is necessary to understand the concept of decision-making during a driving-task. The idea of a conscious and rational decision-making while driving is merely wishful thinking and has nothing to do with the actual processes. When we take the performance-model of Rasmussen into consideration, then we have to admit that the actual human performance is taking place in the skill-based area (Rasmussen, 1983), i.e. human operators do not think deliberately about every single action by considering every single possible input, but rather scan unconsciously their environment for hidden signals, which are supporting a certain type of action – human operators are always prone to errors (Kahneman would call this conceptual pair “heuristics and biases”). As a consequence, the road space should be designed according to the expectation the driver has about the forthcoming characteristics. In order to describe gestalt-psychological weaknesses of spatial road alignments, the driver's perspectival view was analysed and divided into several key points and key directions, whose arrangement allow conclusions on how the imperfections emerge and how they influence the driver's evaluation of the road space ahead.

Quasi-total actions and translation numbers

We show that a group admits a non-zero homogeneous quasimorphism if and only if it admits a certain type of action on a poset. Our proof is based on a construction of quasimorphisms which generalizes the construction of the classical translation number quasimorphism. We then develop a correspondence between quasimorphisms and actions on posets, which allows us to translate properties of orders into properties of quasimorphisms and vice versa. Concerning examples we obtain new realizations of the Rademacher quasimorphism, certain Brooks type quasimorphisms, the Dehornoy floor quasimorphism as well as Guichardet–Wigner quasimorphisms on simple Hermitian Lie groups of tube type. The latter we relate to Kaneyuki causal structures on Shilov boundaries, following an idea by Clerc and Koufany. As applications we characterize those quasimorphisms which arise from circle actions, and subgroups of Hermitian Lie groups with vanishing Guichardet–Wigner quasimorphisms.

Reedy categories which encode the notion of category actions

We study a certain type of action of categories on categories and on operads. Using the structure of the categories {\Delta} and {\Omega} governing category and operad structures, respectively, we define categories which instead encode the structure of a category acting on a category, or a category acting on an operad. We prove that the former has the structure of an elegant Reedy category, whereas the latter has the structure of a generalized Reedy category. In particular, this approach gives a new way to regard group actions on categories and on operads.

The Aristotelian conception of habit and its contribution to human neuroscience.

The notion of habit used in neuroscience is an inheritance from a particular theoretical origin, whose main source is William James. Thus, habits have been characterized as rigid, automatic, unconscious, and opposed to goal-directed actions. This analysis leaves unexplained several aspects of human behavior and cognition where habits are of great importance. We intend to demonstrate the utility that another philosophical conception of habit, the Aristotelian, may have for neuroscientific research. We first summarize the current notion of habit in neuroscience, its philosophical inspiration and the problems that arise from it, mostly centered on the sharp distinction between goal-directed actions and habitual behavior. We then introduce the Aristotelian view and we compare it with that of William James. For Aristotle, a habit is an acquired disposition to perform certain types of action. If this disposition involves an enhanced cognitive control of actions, it can be considered a “habit-as-learning”. The current view of habit in neuroscience, which lacks cognitive control and we term “habit-as-routine”, is also covered by the Aristotelian conception. He classifies habits into three categories: (1) theoretical, or the retention of learning understood as “knowing that x is so”; (2) behavioral, through which the agent achieves a rational control of emotion-permeated behavior (“knowing how to behave”); and (3) technical or learned skills (“knowing how to make or to do”). Finally, we propose new areas of research where this “novel” conception of habit could serve as a framework concept, from the cognitive enrichment of actions to the role of habits in pathological conditions. In all, this contribution may shed light on the understanding of habits as an important feature of human action. Habits, viewed as a cognitive enrichment of behavior, are a crucial resource for understanding human learning and behavioral plasticity.

Courage: A Modern Look at an Ancient Virtue

The purpose of this article is twofold: to demystify the ancient concept of courage, making it more palpable for the modern reader, and to suggest the reasonably specific constraints that would restrict the contemporary tendency of indiscriminate attribution of this virtue. The discussion of courage will incorporate both the classical interpretations of this trait of character, and the empirical studies into the complex relation between the emotion of fear and behavior. The Aristotelian thesis that courage consists in overcoming the fear of significant harm for a worthy cause will be further developed by exploring its relevance for military professionals today. Specific criteria will be offered in order to restrict the application of the term ‘courageous’ to a certain type of action, as well as to demarcate this virtue from the related vices, such as recklessness. The normative aspect of our study aims to make sense of what could qualify as a worthy goal of a fearless action in the modern world. It will be argued that a courageous agent aims at alleviating or preventing harm for others in a situation of potential risk for the agent himself, while respecting the factual conditions that determine the probability of success.