Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage Research Articles

Patient-specific automated cerebrospinal fluid pressure control to augment spinal wound closure: a case series using the LiquoGuard®

Objective Spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are common, and their management is heterogeneous. For high-flow leaks, numerous studies advocate for primary dural repair and CSF diversion. The LiquoGuard7® allows automated and precise pressure and volume control, and calculation of patient-specific CSF production rate (prCSF), which is hypothesized to be increased in the context of durotomies and CSF leaks. Methods This single-centre illustrative case series included patients undergoing complex spinal surgery where: 1) a high flow intra-operative and/or post-operative CSF leak was expected and 2) lumbar CSF drainage was performed using a LiquoGuard7®. CSF diversion was tailored to prCSF for each patient, combined with layered spinal wound closure. Results Three patients were included, with a variety of pathologies: T7/T8 disc prolapse, T8-T9 meningioma, and T4-T5 metastatic spinal cord compression. The first two patients underwent CSF diversion to prevent post-op CSF leak, whilst the third required this in response to post-op CSF leak. CSF hyperproduction was evident in all cases (mean >/=140ml/hr). With patient-specific CSF diversion regimes, no cases required further intervention for CSF fistulae repair (including for pleural CSF effusion), wound breakdown or infection. Conclusions Patient-specific cerebrospinal fluid drainage may be a useful tool in the management of high-flow intra-operative and post-operative CSF leaks during complex spinal surgery. These systems may reduce post-operative CSF leakage from the wound or into adjacent body cavities. Further larger studies are needed to evaluate the comparative benefits and cost-effectiveness of this approach.

Factors Affecting Success Rates in Endoscopic Repair of CSF Rhinorrhea.

Our aim in this study is to assess the effect of factors such as age, etiology, defect size, application of lumbar drainage and surgical technique on Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) fistula repair success rates. The Electronic Medical Records (EMR) system of our clinic was retrospectively reviewed for cases that were operated between 2006 and 2020 for CSF fistula originating from anterior skull base with endoscopic transnasal technique. A total of 35 patients were included in the study. Patients were grouped according to the number of layers used in repair (two, three or four-layered reconstruction) and defect size (smaller than 5 mm, 5 to 10 mm and larger than 10mm), etiology, location of the defect and application of lumbar drainage as LD (+) and LD (-). Complications and CSF leak recurrence were compared between groups. Recurrence rates in patients who had 2 layered reconstructions were significantly higher compared to patients who had 3 or 4 layered reconstructions (p=0.049). The recurrence rate in LD (+) group (41.7%) was significantly lower compared to LD (-) group (4.3%) (p=0.012). There were no significant difference in recurrence rates between groups in terms of age, defect size, defect location and etiology. In endoscopic transnasal repair of anterior skull base-derived bos fistulas, planning the reconstruction at least 3 times and applying lumbar CSF drainage increases the success rates.

Circular Configuration of Torcular Herophili Presenting as Childhood Headache: 2D Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis with a Proposed Mechanism.

This case report presents a rare anatomical variant of the torcular Herophili, characterized by a circular configuration and the absence of the left transverse sinus. A 12-year-old child presented with intermittent holocranial headaches, and imaging revealed the circular torcular Herophili along with mild ventricular enlargement. The straight sinus drained into the left side of the circular torcular Herophili. Following lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, the child experienced symptom improvement. During a 6-month follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic, without further headaches or academic disruptions. Similar to a previously reported case, the circular torcular Herophili with unilateral absent transverse sinus may be associated with impaired CSF absorption due to altered blood flow through abnormal venous anatomy. We performed two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic analysis of simulated flow through a synthetic model and showed that this circular configuration is associated with venous stasis. The venous stasis in the sinus may impair CSF absorption through the arachnoid granulations causing hydrocephalus and explaining the headache. Close monitoring and follow-up are recommended for patients with this variant. Further investigation is needed to better understand the clinical implications and underlying mechanisms of such torcular Herophili variations.

Abstract 149: The Effect of Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage on Mortality Reduction and Neuro-Prognostic Improvement in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Underwent Targeted Temperature Management

Cerebral edema and increased ICP in post OHCA patients can be harmful due to the brain’s rigid encasement, although the increase is small. Lumbar CSF drainage (LD) may be a valuable treatment for refractory increased ICP in patients with discernible basal cisterns. Furthermore, much of the CSF volume is located in the subarachnoid spaces, which are not accessible for drainage by ventriculostomies. However, there has been no study on the effect of LD in OHCA patients. Therefore, we investigaed whether LD reduces mortality and improves neurological prognosis in OHCA patients who underwent TTM. This was a prospective single-center study conducted from July 2021 to April 2020 (CNUH IRB201907033003, NCT04328974). The target temperature of 33°C was maintained for 24 h, and LD was initiated when ICP exceeded 15 mmHg at the rate of 10 ml per hour via a LD catheter until ICP was less than 15 mmHg. We performed propensity score matching with the CAHP score variables between the group with and without LD. We used the binary logistic regression and the Cox proportional hazard regression with the NULL PLEASE score variables. After propensity score matching, 50 patients were selected in each group (Fig.1, Table 1). Serum levels of NSE and the percentage of brain tissue with ADC value < 650 X 10 -6 mm 2 /s (PV 650 ) obtained 72 h after ROSC were lower in the group with LD (Table 2). The analysis revealed that LD was associated with good neurological prognosis and increased the probability of survival (Table 3, Fig. 2). The subgroup analysis, focusing on OHCA patients with moderate severity based on the rCAST score, yieded consistent results (Table 4, Fig. 2).This study demonstrated that LD significantly improved neurological prognosis and reduced mortality in OHCA patients with moderate severity.

Intrathecal hematoma as a neuraxial complication of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for endovascular repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Intrathecal hematoma as a neuraxial complication of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for endovascular repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Effectiveness of Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Drain Among Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

After aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, the use of lumbar drains has been suggested to decrease the incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia and improve long-term outcome. To determine the effectiveness of early lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage added to standard of care in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The EARLYDRAIN trial was a pragmatic, multicenter, parallel-group, open-label randomized clinical trial with blinded end point evaluation conducted at 19 centers in Germany, Switzerland, and Canada. The first patient entered January 31, 2011, and the last on January 24, 2016, after 307 randomizations. Follow-up was completed July 2016. Query and retrieval of data on missing items in the case report forms was completed in September 2020. A total of 20 randomizations were invalid, the main reason being lack of informed consent. No participants meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria were excluded from the intention-to-treat analysis. Exclusion of patients was only performed in per-protocol sensitivity analysis. A total of 287 adult patients with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage of all clinical grades were analyzable. Aneurysm treatment with clipping or coiling was performed within 48 hours. A total of 144 patients were randomized to receive an additional lumbar drain after aneurysm treatment and 143 patients to standard of care only. Early lumbar drainage with 5 mL per hour was started within 72 hours of the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Primary outcome was the rate of unfavorable outcome, defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 3 to 6 (range, 0 to 6), obtained by masked assessors 6 months after hemorrhage. Of 287 included patients, 197 (68.6%) were female, and the median (IQR) age was 55 (48-63) years. Lumbar drainage started at a median (IQR) of day 2 (1-2) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. At 6 months, 47 patients (32.6%) in the lumbar drain group and 64 patients (44.8%) in the standard of care group had an unfavorable neurological outcome (risk ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.98; absolute risk difference, -0.12; 95% CI, -0.23 to -0.01; P = .04). Patients treated with a lumbar drain had fewer secondary infarctions at discharge (41 patients [28.5%] vs 57 patients [39.9%]; risk ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.99; absolute risk difference, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.22 to 0; P = .04). In this trial, prophylactic lumbar drainage after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage lessened the burden of secondary infarction and decreased the rate of unfavorable outcome at 6 months. These findings support the use of lumbar drains after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01258257.

Blood spinal cord barrier disruption recovers in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy after surgical decompression: a prospective cohort study

The pathophysiology of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is characterized by chronic compression-induced damage to the spinal cord leading to secondary harm such as disruption of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB). It is therefore the purpose of this study to analyze BSCB disruption in pre- and postoperative DCM patients and to correlate those with the clinical status and postoperative outcome. This prospectively controlled cohort included 50 DCM patients (21 female; 29 male; mean age: 62.9 ± 11.2 years). As neurological healthy controls, 52 (17 female; 35 male; mean age 61.8 ± 17.3 years) patients with thoracic abdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) and indication for open surgery were included. All patients underwent a neurological examination and DCM-associated scores (Neck Disability Index, modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score) were assessed. To evaluate the BSCB status, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (lumbar puncture or CSF drainage) were taken preoperatively and in 15 DCM patients postoperatively (4 female; 11 male; mean age: 64.7 ± 11.1 years). Regarding BSCB disruption, CSF and blood serum were examined for albumin, immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA and IgM. Quotients for CSF/serum were standardized and calculated according to Reiber diagnostic criteria. Significantly increased preoperative CSF/serum quotients were found in DCM patients as compared to control patients: AlbuminQ (p < .001), IgAQ (p < .001) and IgGQ (p < .001). IgMQ showed no significant difference (T = − 1.15, p = .255). After surgical decompression, neurological symptoms improved in DCM patients, as shown by a significantly higher postoperative mJOA compared to the preoperative score (p = .001). This neurological improvement was accompanied by a significant change in postoperative CSF/serum quotients for Albumin (p = .005) and IgG (p = .004) with a trend of a weak correlation between CSF markers and neurological recovery. This study further substantiates the previous findings, that a BSCB disruption in DCM patients is evident. Interestingly, surgical decompression appears to be accompanied by neurological improvement and a reduction of CSF/serum quotients, implying a BSCB recovery. We found a weak association between BSCB recovery and neurological improvement. A BSCB disruption might be a key pathomechanism in DCM patients, which could be relevant to treatment and clinical recovery.

Strategy of skull base reconstruction after endoscopic transnasal pituitary adenoma resection.

Endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) is commonly performed for resection of lesions of the anterior/middle cranial fossa region. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a major complication. Skull base reconstruction after EES is challenging. We describe our reconstruction strategy and technique and analyze its outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 703 patients with pituitary adenoma who underwent EES in our center from January 2020 to August 2022. Clinical, imaging, operative, and pathologic data were recorded from the medical records and analyzed. Skull base reconstruction was performed to achieve the following three goals: seal the original leak, eliminate dead space, provide blood supply, and early ambulation. Reconstruction was tailored to individual patients based on grade of CSF leakage encountered during surgery. The number of patients with a grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 intraoperative CSF leak was 487, 101, 86, and 29, respectively. Overall incidence of postoperative CSF leakage was 0.14% (1/703). Fascia sutured and vascularized nasoseptal flap were selected for all grade 3 CSF leaks. One patient who experienced postoperative CSF leakage developed intracranial infection and were treated with lumbar CSF drainage that failed; eventually re-exploration surgery for repair was required. Other patients did not have complications such as CSF leak and infection. 29 patients with grade 3 CSF leakage did not complain of severe nasal complications after operation. No perioperative complications related to the strategy (overpacking, infections, or hematomas) occurred. Incidence of postoperative CSF leak according to intraoperative leak grade was as follows: grade 0, zero; grade 1, zero; grade 2, 1.16% (1/86); and grade 3, zero. The principles of sealing the original leak, eliminating dead space, providing blood supply, and early ambulation are key in skull base reconstruction after EES. Individualization of these principles can significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative CSF leakage and intracranial infection and reduce the use of lumbar CSF drainage. Skull base suture technique is safe and effective in patients with high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

Spinal acute subdural hematoma following cerebrospinal fluid drainage during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Case report

During repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms, the risk of acute spinal cord injury secondary to decreased spinal perfusion rises up to 20%, thats why the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drain has been used as a form of intra spinal pressure control and monitoring medullary perfusion pressure

Enhanced brain parcellation via abnormality inpainting for neuroimage-based consciousness evaluation of hydrocephalus patients by lumbar drainage

Brain network analysis based on structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered as an effective method for consciousness evaluation of hydrocephalus patients, which can also be applied to facilitate the ameliorative effect of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage (LCFD). Automatic brain parcellation is a prerequisite for brain network construction. However, hydrocephalus images usually have large deformations and lesion erosions, which becomes challenging for ensuring effective brain parcellation works. In this paper, we develop a novel and robust method for segmenting brain regions of hydrocephalus images. Our main contribution is to design an innovative inpainting method that can amend the large deformations and lesion erosions in hydrocephalus images, and synthesize the normal brain version without injury. The synthesized images can effectively support brain parcellation tasks and lay the foundation for the subsequent brain network construction work. Specifically, the novelty of the inpainting method is that it can utilize the symmetric properties of the brain structure to ensure the quality of the synthesized results. Experiments show that the proposed brain abnormality inpainting method can effectively aid the brain network construction, and improve the CRS-R score estimation which represents the patient’s consciousness states. Furthermore, the brain network analysis based on our enhanced brain parcellation method has demonstrated potential imaging biomarkers for better interpreting and understanding the recovery of consciousness in patients with secondary hydrocephalus.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and lumbar puncture in the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after craniocerebral injury

Commonly used clinical treatments for intracranial hypertension include continuous lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CLCFD) and conventional lumbar puncture. However, lumbar puncture is more invasive, requires multiple punctures. CLCFD has less trauma, and drainage can be manipulated to avoid repeated lumbar puncture. However, CLCFD may also lead to complications such as intracranial hematoma and intracranial pneumothorax. Therefore, there is no agreement on which method is more effective. This study evaluated the efficacy of CLCFD and conventional lumbar puncture in the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after craniocerebral injury. The search terms 'brain injury' and 'CLCFD' were used to search CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Longyuan, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and other databases (from inception to November 1, 2022). Inclusion criteria: (I) randomized controlled trials (RCTs), CLCFD and conventional lumbar puncture drainage for patients with cerebrospinal fluid leakage after craniocerebral injury; (II) evaluation of indicators such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage stop time, clearance time, intracranial infection and complications. Cochrane systematic review was performed to assess the quality of the literature. RevMan 5.3 software was used for systematic analysis. A total of 8 studies, involving 568 patients. There is some publication bias in the statistics. The cessation time of cerebrospinal fluid leakage (95% confidence interval (CI): -3.65 to -2.86, Z=16.21, P<0.00001), the time to return to normal pressure (95% CI: -3.13 to -2.09, Z=9.79, P<0.00001), cerebrospinal fluid clearing time (95% CI: -1.96 to -1.09, Z=6.91, P<0.00001), hospitalization time (95% CI: -1.99 to -0.91, Z=5.27, P<0.00001), incidence of intracranial infection (95% CI: 0.07-0.27, Z=5.84, P<0.00001) and complications (95% CI: 0.10-0.43, Z=4.22, P<0.0001) in the CLCFD group were lower than those in the conventional group. The cure rate of the CLCFD group was significantly higher than that of the conventional group (OR =3.75, 95% CI: 2.26-6.23, Z=5.11, P<0.00001); the difference in mortality between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with conventional lumbar puncture, CLCFD can significantly increase the cure rate, shorten the recovery time of cerebrospinal fluid, and significantly reduce the incidence of intracranial infections, reduce complications, is conducive to the prognosis of patients.

The Benefits and Feasibility of External Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage for Cerebral Vasospasm in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.

Cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a main cause contributing to poor outcomes. Removal of blood from the subarachnoid may decrease development of cerebral vasospasm. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage on cerebral vasospasm and related complications through meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA). A systematic search of the literature was performed. Case-control studies of the effects of external lumbar drainage in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were included. The association between lumbar drain and vasospasm, cerebral infarction, subsequent treatment, and mortality were evaluated. Eleven of 122 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Lumbar CSF drainage reduces occurrence of vasospasm and related complications. In meta-analysis, the pooled odds ratio for symptomatic vasospasm, cerebral infarct, endovascular treatment for vasospasm, and mortality was 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-0.51; P= 0.00001), 0.47 (95% CI, 0.35-0.62; P < 0.0001), 0.29 (95% CI, 0.18-0.46; P < 0.0001), and 0.41, (95% CI, 0.23-0.74; P= 0.003), respectively, compared with the non-lumbar drainage group. In TSA, the cumulative Z line crossed α-spending boundaries and reached the required sample size in analysis of symptomatic vasospasm and endovascular treatment for vasospasm. Lumbar CSF drainage can decrease symptomatic vasospasm, cerebral infarction, subsequent endovascular treatment, and mortality. Through TSA, the accuracy and reliability of the effect of lumbar CSF drainage-related cerebral vasospasm and endovascular treatment are increased. Further studies of the association between lumbar drain and cerebral infarction and mortality are required to confirm the generalization of the results.

Incidence and management of surgical site infection in the cervical spine following a transoral approach.

Transoral approach can accomplish ventral decompression directly. However, surgical site infection (SSI) cannot be ignored. This paper aims to review the prevalence of infection and conduct advice for the treatment of SSI in the cervical spine following the transoral approach. A retrospective analysis of patients with SSI after transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate (TARP) surgery was performed. SSI was classified into three kinds according to the modified American CDC criteria. 2.9% (17/581) patients who underwent TARP surgery, experienced SSI, of which five had superficial SSI (SI), eight had deep SSI (DI), and four had organ/space SSI (O/SI). The patients with SI underwent intravenous antibiotic treatment and were ultimately cured. Among the remaining 12 patients with DI and O/SI, 11 underwent reoperation for TARP system removal and subsequently one-stage posterior occipitocervical fixation, and one patient experienced infection twomonths post-operatively and died without receiving treatment. Among patients who underwent revision surgery, three experienced intracranial infection due to intra-operative dural tears, and continuous lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage and intrathecal injection of antibiotics were used as effective and appropriate treatments, with outcomes of one recovery and two deaths. All patients with SSI were begun on intravenous antibiotics with conversion to oral antibiotics. The incidence of SSI was 2.9% (17/581). Adequate peri-operative preparation, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of SSI require further research.

Combined Endovascular and Microsurgical Management of a Tentorial Arteriovenous Malformation in a Hybrid Neurovascular Operating Room: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Tentorial margin arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) at the cerebello-mesencephalic fissure are deep lesions, which can be safely resected via a lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach. This video illustrates the case of a patient who presented with hemorrhage from a tentorial AVM. He was managed in the hybrid neurovascular operating room with Onyx (Medtronic) embolization of a superior cerebellar artery feeder followed by resection of the AVM, which included cerebellar relaxation from lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage and lateral positioning. Wide cisternal arachnoid dissection at the quadrigeminal cistern allowed for a straight trajectory to the AVM without fixed retraction. Intraoperative transradial angiography confirmed complete AVM exclusion. This video was deemed Institutional Review Board (IRB) exempt by the University of Pennsylvania IRB as it is considered a case report, which does not require IRB approval or patient consent. The patient consented to the procedure.

Upper limb dysfunction and activities in daily living in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

BackgroundIdiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurodegenerative disease with a characteristic symptom triad of gait disturbance, cognitive decline, and incontinence. Recently, also dysfunctions in upper limbs have been described in iNPH and reported to improve after shunt surgery. We aim to describe the role of upper limb motor function in the clinical assessment of iNPH patients and its influence on activities of daily living (ADL).MethodsSeventy-five consecutive patients with probable iNPH were studied pre-operatively and at 3 and 12 months after shunt surgery. The pre-operative evaluation included lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (tap test). Motor functions were assessed in upper and lower limbs with Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT), Box & Block Test (BBT), Total Score of Gait (TSG), and balance test. ADL was assessed with Barthel’s index and cognition in accordance with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD).ResultsPatients showed improvement in all motor tests and ADL at 3 months after shunt surgery. The improvement remained stable during the 12-month post-operative follow-up. The motor function tests correlated with each other and with ADL.ConclusionsA 3-month follow-up period after shunt surgery is adequate to show improvement in motor tasks, and a positive outcome will last for at least 12 months. A shunt-responsive dysfunction of upper limb motor performance plays a major role in ADL of iNPH patients. Therefore, we suggest an evaluation of upper limb motor performance to be included in routine evaluation of iNPH patients.

Multi-Layer Onlay Graft Using Hydroxyapatite Cement Placement without Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion for Endoscopic Skull Base Reconstruction.

ObjectiveThe skull base reconstruction step, which prevents cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, is one of the most challenging steps in endoscopic skull base surgery (ESS). The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes and complications of a reconstruction technique for immediate CSF leakage repair using multiple onlay grafts following ESS. MethodsA total of 230 consecutive patients who underwent skull base reconstruction using multiple onlay grafts with fibrin sealant patch (FSP), hydroxyapatite cement (HAC), and pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNF) for high-flow CSF leakage following ESS at three institutions were enrolled. We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiological records to analyze the preoperative features and postoperative results. ResultsThe diagnoses included craniopharyngioma (46.8%), meningioma (34.0%), pituitary adenoma (5.3%), chordoma (1.6%), Rathke’s cleft cyst (1.1%) and others (n=21, 11.2%). The trans-planum/tuberculum approach (94.3%) was the most commonly adapted surgical method, followed by the trans-sellar and transclival approaches. The third ventricle was opened in 78 patients (41.5%). Lumbar CSF drainage was not performed postoperatively in any of the patients. Postoperative CSF leakage occurred in four patients (1.7%) due to technical mistakes and were repaired with the same technique. However, postoperative meningitis occurred in 13.5% (n=31) of the patients, but no microorganisms were identified. The median latency to the diagnosis of meningitis was 8 days (range, 2–38). CSF leakage was the unique risk factor for postoperative meningitis (p<0.001). ConclusionThe use of multiple onlay grafts with FSP, HAC, and PNF is a reliable reconstruction technique that provides immediate and complete CSF leakage repair and mucosal grafting on the skull base without the need to harvest autologous tissue or perform postoperative CSF diversion. However, postoperative meningitis should be monitored carefully.

Serial Tap Test of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: impact on cognitive function and its meaning

BackgroundIdiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is characterized by gait disturbance, urinary incontinence and cognitive decline. Symptoms are potentially reversible and treatment is based on cerebrospinal fluid shunting. The tap test (TT) is used to identify patients that will benefit from surgery. This procedure consists of the withdrawal of 20 to 50 mL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through a lumbar puncture (LP) after which the symptoms of the triad are tested. Improvement in the quality and speed of gait are already recognized but cognitive improvement depends on several factors such as tests used, the time elapsed after LP for re-testing, and the number of punctures. Serial punctures may trigger similar conditions as external lumbar drainage (ELD) to the organism.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify how serial punctures affect cognition to increase the sensitivity of the test and consequently the accuracy of surgical indication.MethodsSixty-one patients with INPH underwent baseline memory and executive tests repeatedly following the 2-Step Tap Test protocol (2-STT – two procedures of 30 mL lumbar CSF drainage separated by a 24-h interval). The baseline scores of INPH patients were compared with those of 55 healthy controls, and with intragroup post-puncture scores of the 2-STT.ResultsThe group with INPH had lower performance than the control group in all cognitive tests (RAVLT, Stroop, CFT, FAR-COWA, FAB, MMSE, orientation, mental control), except for the forward digit span test (p = 0.707). After conducting LP procedures, the Stroop test (words, colors and errors), RAVLT (stage A1, A6 and B1), and CFT (immediate and delayed R) scores were equal to those of the control group (p > 0.05). The INPH group presented significant improvement after the first puncture in MMSE (p = 0.031) and in the Stroop Test (points) (p < 0.001). After the second puncture, subjects improved in orientation, MMSE, RAVLT (B1), Stroop (points, words, errors) and CFT (IR).ConclusionProgressive cognitive improvement occurred over the 2-STT and changes were more significant after the second LP in all cognitive domains except for RAVLT (A7). Encephalic alert system ‘arousal’ seems to participate in early improvements observed during 2-STT. The second LP increased the sensitivity of the drainage test to detect changes in cognitive variables, and consequently improved the quality of the method.

Point-of-care detection of lactate in cerebrospinal fluid

PurposeMeasurements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate can aid in detecting infections of the central nervous system and surrounding structures. Neurosurgical patients with temporary lumbar or ventricular CSF drainage harbor an increased risk for developing infections of the central nervous system, which require immediate therapeutic responses. Since blood gas analyzers enable rapid blood-lactate measurements, we were interested in finding out if we can reliably measure CSF-lactate by this point-of-care technique.MethodsNeurosurgical patients on our intensive care unit (ICU) with either lumbar or external ventricular drainage due to a variety of reasons were included in this prospective observational study. Standard of care included measurements of leucocyte counts, total protein and lactate measurements in CSF by the neurochemical laboratory of our University Medical Center twice a week. With respect to this study, we additionally performed nearly daily measurements of cerebrospinal fluid by blood gas analyzers to determine the reliability of CSF-lactate measured by blood gas analyzers as compared to the standard measurements with a certified device.Results62 patients were included in this study. We performed 514 CSF-lactate measurements with blood gas analyzers and compared 180 of these to the in-house standard CSF-lactate measurements. Both techniques correlated highly significantly (Pearson correlation index 0.94) even though lacking full concordance in a Bland–Altman plotting. Of particular importance, regular measurements enabled immediate detection of central infection in three patients who had developed meningitis during the course of their treatment.ConclusionBlood gas analyzers measure CSF-lactate with sufficient reliability and can help in the timely detection of a developing meningitis. In addition to and triggering established CSF diagnostics, CSF-lactate measurements by blood gas analyzers may improve surveillance of patients with CSF drainage.This study was retrospectively registered on April 20th 2020 in the German trial register. The trial registration number is DRKS00021466.

Cerebrospinal fluid lumbar drainage in reducing vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Vietnam: A single-center prospective study

ObjectiveVasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) aggravates outcome of patients through a cascade of complications and harsh consequences. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lumbar drainage in aSAH management and in the prevention of vasospasm at a university hospital in Vietnam. MethodsA single-center, prospective case series of aSAH treatment with CSF lumbar drainage was conducted from June 2018 to July 2019. Outcomes measured were clinical vasospasm, vasospasm-induced infarction, shunt-dependent rate, duration of treatment in hospital and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 3 months and 1 year after discharge. ResultsAmong 43 patients with aSAH admitted to the clinic, thirty-two aSAH patients (71.8% female, mean age 58.8 ± 11.5 years) received lumbar drainage. The incidence of clinical vasospasm and vasospasm-induced infarction on CT scan/MRI (including asymptomatic cerebral infarction) was 21.9% and 56.3%, respectively. Four patients (12.5%) underwent another CSF shunting operation. The mean duration of hospital stay was 27.8 ± 16.9 days. Nearly 70% of aSAH patients were discharged and were able to return to normal life with no or minor neurological deficits (GOS 4–5) at 3-month and 1-year follow-ups. No serious complication of CSF lumbar drainage was observed, except for one major setback, which was meningitis during treatment (53.1%). ConclusionsCSF lumbar drainage may reduce the incidence of clinical vasospasm, shorten hospital stays, and possibly improve patient outcomes following aSAH. Our findings suggest that the selective use of CSF lumbar drainage, in addition to standard strategies, can be beneficial in preventing vasospasm and offers more choice in aSAH management.

Role of Lumbar Puncture In Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage via ventricular puncture is an established therapy ofelevated intracranial pressure (ICP). In contrast, lumbar CSF removal is believed to be contraindicated withintracranial hypertension.Method: We investigated the safety and efficacy of lumbar CSF drainage to decrease refractory elevatedICP in a small cohort of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A score (0–8 points) was used to assesscomputed tomography (CT) images for signs of herniation and for patency of the basal cisterns. All patientsreceived lumbar CSF drainage either as a continuous drainage or as a single lumbar puncture (LP). Type andmethod of CSF drainage, mean ICP 24 h prior and after CSF removal, and adverse events were documented.Outcome was assessed after 3 months (with dichotomized Glasgow outcome scale).Results: Eight patients were evaluated retrospectively. n = 5 suffered a moderate, n = 2 a severe TBI (oneGlasgow coma score not documented). The CT score was ?5 in all patients prior to LP and decreased afterpuncture without clinical consequences in two patients. The amount of CSF removal did not correlate withscore changes (P = 0.45). CSF drainage led to a significant reduction of mean ICP (from 22.3 to 13.9 mmHg,P = 0.002). Continuous drainage was more effective than a single LP. Three of eight patients reached afavorable outcome.Conclusions: Lumbar CSF removal for the treatment of intracranial hypertension is effective and safe,provided the basal cisterns are discernible, equivalent to ?5 points in the proposed new score. The scoreneeds further validation.