In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract in ameliorating dizziness symptoms and enhancing nutritional status in patients diagnosed with cerebral arteriosclerosis. A total of 170 patients suffering from cerebral arteriosclerosis were selected and divided randomly into two groups: a control group receiving conventional treatment and an experimental group receiving standard treatment plus Ginkgo biloba extract. A comparative analysis revealed that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvement in neurological function and mobility post-treatment, exhibited reduced dizziness symptoms and improved hemodynamics in the vertebral and basilar arteries compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The experimental group exhibited a significantly better nutritional status post-treatment compared with the control group (P < 0.05). To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract’s effects on cerebral arteriosclerosis, a cerebral arteriosclerosis rat model was developed. The results indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract intervention mitigated inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain tissues of rats with cerebral arteriosclerosis, leading to reduced pathological damage. These findings suggest that Ginkgo biloba extract has the potential to relieve cerebral arteriosclerosis-related dizziness and improve nutritional status in patients, offering a promising novel therapeutic modality for the clinical management of cerebral arteriosclerosis.