Ceramic Waste Materials Research Articles

ESG관점의 세라믹 폐자재 설계 재활용 전략에 관한 연구

The issue of ceramic waste materials is not merely a matter of waste disposal and emissions but also involves significant concerns regarding energy wastage and resource extraction consumption. Through the framework of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance), this study explores effective forms and designs for the reutilization of existing ceramic waste materials. It analyzes the associated environmental, social, and governance issues and proposes a series of design strategies for the reutilization of ceramic waste materials based on ESG principles. This paper aims to provide new insights and methodologies for the sustainable development of the ceramic industry.

Enhancing Durability of Concrete and Mortar with Ceramic Waste: A Comprehensive Review

The construction industry continually seeks sustainable materials to enhance the durability of structures while minimizing environmental impact. Ceramic waste, a by-product of the ceramic manufacturing process, presents a promising alternative. Traditionally used for tiles, sanitary ware, and bricks, ceramic materials are valued for their high strength, aesthetic appeal, and thermal insulation properties. The study indicates that ceramic waste enhances the durability of construction materials due to its inherent properties, such as low water absorption and high abrasion resistance. Additionally, utilizing ceramic waste addresses environmental concerns associated with landfill disposal, which include soil and water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of landfill space. Incorporating ceramic waste into construction materials not only offers environmental benefits by reducing landfill waste and conserving natural resources but also provides economic advantages through cost-effective waste management and material production. This research explores the incorporation of ceramic waste into construction materials, emphasizing the enhanced durability properties like water absorption, Chloride test, UPV test, Electrical resistivity test, freezing and thawing test, drying shrinkage test and sulphate attack test of concrete and mortar mix while highlighting the dual benefits of improved material performance. The results of water absorption increases with ceramic amount increment, resistance to chloride ion rises to 20% replacement, drying shrinkage and electrical resistivity decreases with increase in amount of ceramic waste, freezing and thawing & sulphate attack showed that ceramic waste material used as aggregate increases, mass loss reduces due to freezing and thawing cycles and the amount of ceramic waste material used increases, compressive strength increases up to a certain limit when immersion in sulphuric acid solution.

Microstructure, durability and surface free energy of lightweight aggregate modification of sanitary ceramic wastes and sewage sludge

The research on the durability and physical properties of lightweight aggregate (LWA) with addition of sanitary ceramic wastes and sewage sludge was presented in the paper. The following characteristics of LWA were defined: contact angle (CA), absorptivity, roughness, surface free energy (SFE) before and after the UV radiation durability test, thermal conductivity coefficient λ, compressive strength, freezing-thawing, salt resistance and others. Open porosity was examined using computed tomography, it reached 20.987 % for the ceramic waste aggregate, and 7.023 % for the reference aggregate. The aggregate with the largest amount of ceramic waste (20 %) and sewage sludge (10 %) has the highest average roughness (Ra), which is 14 % higher than the Ra of the reference aggregate. The contact angle decreased by almost 4 times and samples had higher absorptivity (19.994 %) when 10 % sewage sludge and 20 % sanitary ceramic were added to the aggregate. The sanitary ceramic waste application may enhance the poor durability characteristics of lightweight aggregate with/without sewage sludge. Replacing natural loess with sanitary ceramic waste material brings benefits both in terms of respect for natural resources and also improves the properties of lightweight aggregates.

Reusing Ceramic Waste as a Precursor in Alkali-Activated Cements: A Review

Concrete and ceramic products are among the most widely used materials in the construction sector. The production of ceramic materials has significantly grown in recent years. Concrete is one of the most widely used materials worldwide and most of its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are attributed to Portland cement (PC) production. This review analyzed previous research works into the use of ceramic waste (CW) as a precursor in alkali-activated (AA) cements. The physico-chemical properties of different CW materials were analyzed, and the properties and environmental impact of three main categories of AA CW cements were explored: those developed solely with CW; hybrid cements combining CW with traditional binders (PC, calcium hydroxide or calcium aluminate cement); combinations of CW with other precursors (i.e., blast furnace slag, fly ash, fluid catalytic cracking residue, etc.). The results evidenced that CW can be successfully employed as a precursor in AA cements, particularly in the context of prefabricated products where thermal curing is a prevalent procedure. When enhanced mechanical strength is requisite, it is feasible to attain improvements by employing hybrid systems or by combining CW with other precursors, such as blast furnace slag. This new alternative reuse option allows progress to be made toward sustainable development by reducing not only CO2 emissions and embodied energy compared to PC but also PC consumption and CW accumulation in landfills.

Purification of Aqueous Solutions from Nickel Using Ceramic Waste

This study aims to test ceramic waste's capacity to remove nickel from aqueous solutions through adsorption. Ceramic wastes were collected from the Refractories Manufacturing Plant in Ramadi. Through a series of lab tests, the reaction time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 minutes, and Ni concentrations (20, 40, 60, and 80) were tested using ceramic wastes with a solid to liquid ratio of 2g/30ml. At a temperature of 30ºC, the pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) were all measured. The equilibrium time was set at 30 min. Thereafter, the sorption (%) somewhat increased positively with the Ni concentration. Freundlich's equation showed that the adsorption intensity is 1.1827 and the Freundlich constant is 58.15, Langmuir Equation showed the sorption capacity is 1.8779, and the sorption of Ni fit with the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. It was clarified how ceramic waste material can reduce the Ni concentrations from aqueous solutions protecting the environment.

Utilization of Ceramic Waste Material as Cement Substitution in Concrete

Researchers and engineers have been exploring alternative materials to partially substitute for cement in concrete to decrease carbon emissions and promote sustainability. Industrial pozzolanic waste is one such material that has gained attention as a potential substitute for cement. This research paper investigates the use of industrial pozzolanic waste materials, ceramic fine dust from the cyclones installed onto spray dryers in the process of manufacturing ceramic tiles, as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Chemical analysis showed that ceramic dust could be used as pozzolana as ASTM C 618:2019. The study aims to evaluate the properties of fresh and hardened concrete; compressive strength; tensile splitting; and flexural strength of concrete mixtures. Additionally, specimens were subjected to durability performance: an acidic environment and water absorption tests. The cement was replaced in the concrete mix in proportions of 0, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 30% by weight with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.45 at different curing periods. The results showed an increase in compressive strength of up to 10% replacement over time; fortunately, even with up to 30% replacement, it is still within the characteristic value of 30 MPa. The workability of the concrete decreases with replacement. The flexural tensile strength improved by 8% and the splitting strength by 5% with a replacement of 7% set against the control sample. The water absorption of concrete decreased by up to 10% replacement level, which was 15% less than that of the control mix. Concrete subjected to a 2% sulfuric acid solution (acid attack) revealed a loss in compressive strength when set against those not subjected to acid attacks. Based on the present research, ceramic dust as pozzolanic waste material can be used as a partial substitute for cement in the manufacture of good quality concrete under standard conditions.

Mechanical Properties and Durability of Sustainable Concrete Manufactured Using Ceramic Waste: A Review

Green and sustainable concrete has attracted significant attention from the construction industry and researchers since it was proposed. The ceramic waste materials are often directly buried in the ground or placed in an open dump, and the accumulation of ceramic waste contributes to environmental pollution, which makes the recycling of ceramic waste quite urgent. Owing to the pozzolanic activity, excellent mechanical properties and durability, industrial ceramic waste is considered as a suitable substitute for cement or natural aggregates to fabricate renewable concrete. In this paper, the pozzolanic activity of ceramic waste and the workability, mechanical performance, and durability of ceramic concrete are discussed. In addition, the most recent research results pertaining to ceramic concrete are reviewed. Ground ceramic powder improves the workability, compressive strength, resistance to chloride penetration, and carbonation resistance of concrete to a certain extent. Concrete containing ceramic as the aggregate has a lower mechanical performance than ordinary concrete. However, the resistance to chloride penetration, freeze-thaw resistance, and high-temperature resistance of ceramic concrete are remarkable. Ceramic concrete is environmentally friendly, requires fewer energy resources to manufacture than ordinary concrete, and has excellent engineering properties. However, further research is required for future engineering applications.

Life cycle of ceramic waste materials from the perspective of revenue and environmental management

The production of ceramic creates scrap material that is often wasted. The aims of this study are to know the influence of size and material on scrap material and the role of accounting in managing the environment. The results show that product size and material used together have an effect on scrap material. Partial testing shows that only materials used have a positive and significant effect on the emergence of scrap materials. The accounting treatment is done by debiting Cash IDR 5,258,753.99 and crediting Work in Process-Raw Material Cost IDR 5,258,753.99. The cost of goods manufactured of ceramic products after accounting treatment for scrap material is lower than before. The selling price also decreased for the same product. The operating profit will increase IDR 5,013,038.64 (use original selling price) and decrease IDR 1,272,112.67 (use selling price after treatment for scrap material). The emergence of scrap material causes environmental problems. Environmental accounting overcomes this by removing scrap material from its place. The transfer is done by selling at a price of half the standard price. The proceeds from the sale are treated as a deduction from the cost of raw materials in an account in the Work in Process-Raw Materials Cost credit.

The Use of Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete for a Cleaner and Sustainable Environment - A Case Study of Mechanical Properties-

The present study aims to find out the optimal use of ceramic powder and ceramic aggregate (both fine and coarse) as a possible substitute for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC 43 grade) and natural aggregate (fine and coarse), respectively, in concrete, where focused on investigating the mechanical properties of waste ceramic concrete. The performance of this modified concrete was evaluated in terms of Compressive Strength (CS), Tensile Strength (TS), Flexural Strength (FS), and Combined Flexural and Torsional strength (FTS) obtained based on various experimental tests conducted on a total of 192 samples (48 cubes, 48 cylinders, 96 beams). The test results showed that ceramic waste material as a partial replacement for natural aggregate, cement, and fine aggregate provides better performance in terms of CS, TS, and FTS at optimal percentages- 20% ceramic aggregate, 10% ceramic powder, and 10% ceramic fine aggregate (Fineness Modulus 2.2) respectively in M25 grade concrete. Using ceramic waste as a partial replacement to prepare concrete has a lot of benefits from the economic, environmental, and technological point of view. Moreover, it offers a possibility for improving concrete's durability, which is vital.

ANALISIS KUAT TEKAN BETON MENGGUNAKAN LIMBAH KERAMIK SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN AGREGAT KASAR

n construction work, it is often found that unused building materials / materials are disposed of as waste.If the waste is disposed of carelessly, it can cause new problems in the environment. Ceramic shard waste is anexample of a ceramic factory or building construction work. If you can process it creatively, it will produce amore useful product. The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the results of the compressivestrength of concrete in normal concrete and concrete using ceramic waste. The author conducted this researchby comparing the results of the Slump Test and the results of the compressive strength of normal quality fc 25concrete with fc 25 concrete which has been added with ceramic waste as much as 20% and 40%. The test objectused in this study is a cylinder with a size of Ø15 cm x 30 cm, for each experiment as many as 6 specimens, witha compressive strength test carried out at the age of 7,14,28 days after first curring. From the results of this study,the slump value of fc 25 Normal Concrete and fc 25 Concrete with added ceramic waste material meets thestandard of slump target 7.5 cm to 15 cm, for plates, beams, columns and walls according to SNI 03-2834- 1992),and from the results of the compressive strength of fc 25 concrete with the use of ceramic waste by 20%, thecompressive strength of concrete is 21.36 MPa and the use of ceramic waste is 40%, the compressive strength ofconcrete is 17.68 MPa which is smaller than the compressive strength. Normal concrete fc 25 is 27.19 Mpa. Fromthe results of the concrete compressive strength, it can be seen that there is a decrease in the compressive strengthof the concrete due to an increase in the percentage of ceramic waste. So that it can be concluded that the use ofceramic shard waste composition is not recommended for building construction structures

Use of Waste Ceramic as Aggregate in Concrete

Abstract: This research paper represents the experimental study on use of ceramic waste material as an aggregate in concrete. To reach the goal of sustainable development utilization of waste materials in concrete production is very much useful. The ceramic aggregate used in this study was recycled from industrial ceramic tile waste in India. From the results it can be seen that it is possible to produce a concrete with good strength by using ceramic waste as an aggregate in .It is also seen from the results that the compressive strength characteristics of ceramic aggregate concrete met the required criteria set by various international standards and codes, which shows the ability of ceramic waste to be used as a substitute to the conventional aggregates in concrete. We replaced the coarse aggregate in concrete by 100% to thewaste ceramic aggregate of size 10mm. The water cementratio taken was 0.30 for concrete production and compared it with normal aggregate concrete of M20 grade. By the decrease in water/cement ratio, high strength concrete canbe obtained. But it is found that the workability will be very low. In our project the required workability was achieved by the use of maximum water-cement ratio .To overcome this use of several admixtures like super-plasticizers and silica fume are recommended to add in the mixing so that the workability can be improved. Keywords: Sustainable development, Ceramic waste as aggregate

Recovery of Raw Materials from Ceramic Waste Materials for the Refractory Industry

Products of the refractory industry are key for the production of heavy industry goods such as steel and iron, cement, aluminum and glass. Corresponding industries are dependent on thermal processes to manufacture their products, which in turn would not be possible if there were no refractory materials, such as refractory bricks or refractory mixes. For the production of refractory materials, primary raw materials or semi-finished products such as corundum, bauxite or zircon are used. Industrial recycling of refractory raw materials would reduce dependencies, conserve resources and reduce global CO2 emissions. Today, only a small quantity of the refractory materials used can be recycled because raw materials (regenerates) obtained from end-of-life materials are of insufficient quality. In this study, regenerates from different refractory waste products could be obtained using the innovative processing method of electrodynamic fragmentation. It was shown that these regenerates have a high chemical purity and are therefore of high quality. It could be confirmed that the use of these regenerates in refractory materials does not affect the characteristic properties, such as refractoriness and mechanical strength. Thus, electrodynamic fragmentation is a process, which is able to provide high-quality raw materials for the refractory industry from used materials.

Effect of high temperature on physical, mechanical and microstructure properties of alkali-activated slag pastes blended with ceramic waste material

This paper presents the influence of ceramic waste powder (CWP) inclusion on the physico-mechanical properties and microstructure analysis of alkali-activated pastes prior and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Such geopolymer specimens were designed upon replacing ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) with CWP at ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, by mass. The water absorption and compressive strength (wet and dry) of non-exposed samples were determined at curing ages of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. After that, the specimens were exposed to high temperatures of 200, 400, 600 and 1000 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The characteristics of tested samples such as visual inspection, residual compressive strength and microstructure were evaluated. Techniques as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA/DTG) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used for studying molecular and microstructure of geopolymer composite. Results indicated that the inclusion of CWP with slag in composite structure based geopolymer enhanced the physico-mechanical properties and microstructure of mixtures before and after thermal exposure. The specimens made of 15% CWP displayed superior thermal stability in terms of remaining compressive strength and microstructure than the reference ones.

Investigation on the Appropriateness of Ceramic Waste Materials at Hawassa Ceramics Factory as Partial Replacement of Conventional Aggregate in Concrete Making

Conservation of natural assets and environment is the core of any development. Nowadays, the waste material disposal is the major problem for the development of any technology and industry. As a researcher found that the constructive waste materials are appropriate for the production of concrete, this brings down the cost of concrete and protected disposal of waste materials can be easily achieved. In ceramic industry factories around 30% to 50% of production goes as waste material, which is not recycled. So in this research paper, a laboratory investigation has been conducted to evaluate the suitability of ceramic waste material at Hawassa Ceramics Factory at Hawassa as the major partial replacement of conventional aggregates in concrete making. In the laboratory, both fine and course aggregates are partially replaced by the ceramic scrap. In the case of fine aggregate substitution, 50% of the fine aggregate was replaced, and in the case of coarse aggregate substitution, 33.3% of the course aggregate was replaced. Totally, there were 6 concrete cubes samples casted for both type of aggregate and laboratory test for compressive strength conducted after a curing period of 3 and 7 days. The effectiveness of the partial replacement of both fine and course aggregates of ceramic waste by 50% and 30% discussed in the research study.

Recycling of Ceramic Wastes for the Production of High Performance Mullite Refractories

This work aims at benefit from the huge quantities of the ceramic wastes in KSA through recycling them to produce mullite-based refractories with expected outstanding properties. Because the ceramic wastes are mainly aluminosilicate, bauxite as a source of aluminum oxide is added to obtain mullite based refractory ceramics. The mixes containing different proportions of ceramics waste and raw bauxite were well mixed then shaped into cylindrical bodies using a compressing machine. After drying at 110 °C the obtained bodies were fired at 1500 °C. The phase compositions of the fired samples were followed using X-Ray diffraction technique (XRD). The microstructure of some selected samples was depicted using scanning electron microscope, spot analysis of some selected crystals was carried through energy dispersive x-ray technique. Densification parameters, mechanical as well as refractory properties of the fired samples were tested according to the International Standards. Up to 40 wt.% of ceramic waste could be consumed for production of high quality mullite-based refractories through mixing with 60 wt.% raw bauxite which decrease the beneficial problems resulting from the accumulation of ceramic waste material. The relatively higher mullite content with recognized mechanical and refractory properties reflects its properties on such mix which enable its use at high temperature and various engineering applications.

Analysis of the Effects of Aggressive Environments Simulating Municipal Sewage on Recycled Concretes Based on Selected Ceramic Waste.

This paper presents the results of research aimed at finding the possible ways of disposing of ceramic waste material, focusing mainly on the possibility of using it as aggregates in concretes exposed to an aggressive chemical environment (municipal sewage). The research part presents the preparation method and investigation of waste ceramic aggregates (red, glazed and sanitary ceramic aggregates). A suitable ratio of coarse to fine aggregates was selected, and their density, absorptivity and crushing strength were examined. All examined aggregates were also subjected to SEM analysis. Red ceramic aggregate is characterized by a greater degree of crushing compared to glazed and sanitary ceramic aggregate, by 205.7% and 439.4%, respectively. Another part of the research was to compare the properties of concrete with traditional aggregate (gravel, basalt) and with ceramic waste aggregate. The tested parameters included consistency, apparent density, absorptivity, flexural and compressive strengths of concretes. The study proved that the absorptivity of recycled composites is higher than that of traditional composites by 20.8–24.7%. The concrete based on sanitary ceramic waste has the highest strength parameters. Its compressive strength is higher by 10.5% and flexural strength by 5.9% compared with the basalt aggregate concrete. The compressive strength of sanitary ceramics concrete is higher by 42% and by 59% compared with concrete based on glazed ceramic and red ceramic aggregate, respectively. The last part of the research was to examine the resistance of concrete to aggressive environment. The scope of the work included the preparation of the research environment in the form of solutions with an increased concentration of aggressive agents (hydronium, sulfate, magnesium, ammonium ions). Among the concretes with ceramic aggregate, the highest decrease in the compressive strength was demonstrated by the concrete based on red ceramics (128.2%), while the smallest was demonstrated by the concrete based on sanitary ceramics (aggregate from sanitary ceramics (15.4%). The mass loss at different time intervals and compressive strength loss of samples stored in solutions were tested. The smallest weight loss caused by aggressive environment attack was recorded in the concrete based on ceramic sanitary and glazed aggregate (20.2% and 34.5%, respectively, after 120 days of aggressive environment).

Reutilization of the Solid Waste Materials Produced by a Ceramic Tiles Industry as a Raw Material for the Production of New Ceramic Tiles

The increasing demand for tiles to be used in civil construction has resulted in the development of industrial ceramic production in Brazil. However, a bigger production of tile means an increase in raw material consumption, which could increase the amount of industrial waste materials. One of the guidelines within the Brazilian law for solid waste materials (“Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos”) is “Integrated Management”. The objective of this subcategory is to insure that research and application are being done in a way that will offer a solution and a use for the solid waste materials. Through laboratorial experiments regarding the ceramic microstructure, the properties of the ceramic waste materials were determined. These materials show great properties such as high mechanical resistance. New formulas were made that include the addition of waste materials and it was concluded that the maximum quantity of waste materials that can be added to the pre-existing formula is 4%, which will save around R$ 11,833.90 per month for the Porto Ferreira Ceramic Industry. In addition to helping the company financially, this change in the formula will also decrease the number of broken tiles and decrease the environmental damage.

Compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated mortars with high ceramic waste content

Abstract The present work investigated alkali-activated mortars with high ceramic waste contents. Tile ceramic waste (TCW) was used as both a recycled aggregate (TCWA) and a precursor (TCWP) to obtain a binding matrix by the alkali-activation process. Mortars with natural siliceous (quartz) and calcareous (limestone) aggregates, and with other ceramic waste materials (red clay brick RCB and ceramic sanitaryware CSW waste), were also prepared for comparison purposes. Given the lower density and higher water absorption values of the ceramic aggregates, compared to the natural ones, it was necessary to adapt the preparation process of the recycled mortars by presaturating the aggregate with water before mixing with the TCWP alkali-activated paste. Aggregate type considerably determined the mechanical behaviour of the samples cured at 65 °C for 3 days. The mortars prepared with the siliceous aggregate presented poor mechanical properties, even when cured at 65 °C. The behaviour of the limestone aggregate mortars depended heavily on the applied curing temperature and, although they presented the best mechanical properties of all those cured at room temperature, their compressive strength reached a maximum when cured at 65 °C, and then decreased. The mechanical properties of the mortars prepared with TCWA progressively increased with curing time (53 MPa at 65 °C for 28 days). An optimum 50 wt% proportion was observed for the limestone/TCWA mortars (≈43 MPa, 3 days at 65 °C), whereas the mechanical properties of that prepared with siliceous particles (10 MPa) progressively increased with the TCWA content, up to 100 wt% substitution (23 MPa). Limestone particles interacted with the binding matrix, and played an interesting beneficial role at the 20 °C curing temperature, with a slight reduction when cured long term (28 days) at 65 °C. The results demonstrated a potential added value for these ceramic waste materials.

Performance of recycled ceramic waste as aggregates in hot mix asphalt (HMA)

Ceramic waste materials from the production of titles has increased over the years. Preliminary studies on the properties of ceramics showed that this material can be incorporated into asphalt mixtures as aggregates. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing ceramic materials from tile manufacturing firms. A study was undertaken to look into the performance of crushed ceramics that were incorporated in asphalt mixtures to replace the conventional granite aggregates from sizes 5.0 mm down including the 75 micron filler. The replacement was done proportionally with a 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% percent by weight of granite aggregates. The outcome of the study showed that the performance of recycled ceramic aggregates in hot mix asphalt (HMA) reached an optimum at about 20% which means there is a great potential for the use of it in asphalt mixtures. The Marshall stability showed an increment of about 25% while the resilient modulus strength improved by 13.5% as compared with the control specimen. All samples were analyzed at various proportions of ceramic–granite aggregate combination and were observed that a 20% use of 5 mm down ceramic aggregates blended with granite aggregates produce higher strength HMA.

THE EFFECT OF CERAMIC WASTE AS COARSE AGGREGATE ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

This paper reports the findings on an experimental investigation of the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregate with ceramic waste on strength properties of concrete. Compressive strength tests were conducted using 150x150x150mm cube specimens, while tensile strength was investigated using 150x300mm cylinder specimens. Results of tests show that workability, density, compressive and flexural strength of concrete decreased with increase in ceramic waste content. The compressive strength at 90 days curing age for the control sample was 24.67 N/mm 2 . Compressive strength values at 90 days curing age for 25%, 50% and 75% replacement levels were 21.78 N/mm 2 , 19.85 N/mm 2 and 17.85 N/mm 2 respectively. The decrease in density and strength was due to ceramic waste being lighter and more porous than normal coarse aggregate. Tensile strength of concrete with ceramic waste decline gradually from 8.39 N/mm 2 to 6.13 N/mm 2 for the control and 75% replacement samples respectively. This could be attributed to the water absorption capacity and external porcelain nature of the waste material. A production cost savings of 10.7% for 1:2:4 concrete mix was noted at 75% replacement level. This study concludes that ceramic waste could be used for both structural and non-structural works and recommends that beyond 75% replacement level, ceramic waste material should not be used in concrete structures where strength is the major consideration.  http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.5