Ceramic Tiles Research Articles

Enhancing concrete sustainability by incorporating crushed ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete mixture

In this study, the possibility of partially replacing ceramic tiles with fine particles in concrete mixtures is investigated in order to increase the sustainability of concrete. Recycling and utilizing ceramic waste are essential because its disposal causes environmental problems. In this study, we examine how the amount of crushed ceramic tile affects many aspects of concrete, such as compressive strength, durability, and environmental impact. According to our research, adding crushed ceramic tiles to concrete reduces waste while also demonstrating promising outcomes in terms of strength and durability, making it a more environmentally friendly choice than using traditional fine aggregates. Utilizing ceramic waste in concrete production offers the opportunity to be cost-effective and environmentally sustainable, advocating for resource efficiency and eco-friendly construction practices. let's break down how we're going to carry out this project in simple terms. First, we'll gather all the materials we need, like regular concrete stuff and crushed ceramic tiles. Then, we'll mix them up in different ways to see what works best. After that, we'll make small samples and test how strong and durable they are. We'll repeat these tests a few times to make sure our results are reliable. Along the way, we'll keep track of everything we do, so we can explain it to others and make sure our project is solid.

Studying of Mechanical Behavior of Waste Materials Modified Cement Mortar

Large-scale environmental problems have been triggered by ceramic tiles from demolished buildings and animal bone waste. Therefore, optimizing their potential for reuse and recycling is an important goal of sustainable solid waste management. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of partial replacement of the fine aggregates in cement mortar with a combination of natural animal bone powder and industrial waste materials which is wall tiles ceramic powder. This study measures thermal and mechanical characteristics. Recycling construction waste is one of many ways to deny waste material from entering landfills and create new eco-friendly material that reduces energy consumption in buildings. Modified mortar cement specimens with 5% up to 25% mixtures were combined using a 1:3 ratio and a 0.5 W/C ratio to see how the ratios would affect the material’s properties. The addition of a superplasticizer boosted the cement mortar’s workability and compressive strength. The compressive strength, flexural strength, density, and thermal conductivity were evaluated for each mortar mixture ratio. Results showed that compared to regular cement mortar, cement mortar combined with 20% bone and ceramic powder wastes reached the optimal replacement percentage. Compressive strength increased by 54% and flexural strength by about 67%. At the 28-day mark, thermal insulation was lowered by 25%.It is concluded from this study that it is possible to use bone waste as a natural material with ceramic waste as an industrial material to modify the insulation and mechanical properties of cement mortar.

Natural radioactivity and technological properties of kaolinized granite from the Motajica mine, Bosnia and Herzegovina

For the production of ceramic tiles, it is necessary to use high-quality and economical raw materials, which will optimize the properties of the final product and meet the prescribed standards. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the properties of each potential raw material. This paper examines radioactivity and technological properties of kaolinized granite from the Motajica mine, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out. In order to examine the technological (ceramic) properties of this raw material, ignition tests of the composite obtained by introducing kaolinized granite (with a content of 25 %) into the standard factory series of ceramic tiles were conducted at four selected temperatures (1050, 1100, 1120, and 1150 ℃). Total linear shrinkage, flexural strength, and water absorption were determined for the produced biscuit. Using gamma spectrometry, the activity concentrations of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and, 40K were measured, and then the radiation risk for external exposure of workers in the industry was assessed using hazard indices and doses. The radiation risk from the use of manufactured unglazed ceramic tiles in houses was also assessed. Statistical analysis of radionuclides for 100 samples of kaolinized granite was performed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). It was observed that the average values of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K are above the average for building materials in the world and amount respectively to 122 Bq kg−1, 96 Bq kg−1, and 1068 Bq kg−1. All other obtained values indicate that it is a quality raw material that, despite having an increased content of radioactive elements compared to the world average, does not represent a radiological hazard for workers and people who stay indoors on an annual basis. The tested raw material satisfies all technological criteria for further use and can be considered a desirable ingredient of ceramic composites because it can partially or completely replace feldspar.

Characterization of Ceramic Tile Bodies Prepared From Clays Collected from Four

Sierra Leone has high potentials for the setting-up of ceramic industry because of its huge virgin deposits of raw materials, chiefly clay, but lacks the technological know-how to utilize these materials to an economically sound level. Tile body offers a foundation for the performance of a glaze. The chemical and mineralogical composition of these clay bodies coupled with some physical properties, such a plasticity, bulk density, porosity, and water absorption, play significant role in determining the quality of the glazed surface.This is attested by certain glaze defects like pinholes, crazing and crawling on the glaze surface resulting mainly from bubble development within the body matrix during firing. The study aims at contributing to the promotion and use of appropriate ceramic building materials technology in Sierra Leone, by providing relevant research data to guide the production of quality ceramic products. The three key objectives, were to determine (1) the physical properties (2) chemical properties (3) mechanical properties of the clay samples investigated for their suitability in clay tile bodies production. Clay samples were collected from four sites in Sierra Leone namely Matankay (C-M) in the Western Rural District, Bo (C-B) in Bo District, Koribondo (C-K) in Pujehun District and Yele (C-Y) in Tonkolili District. Based on their plasticity index values, grain size distribution, bulk density, porosity and dry-fired shrinkage results obtained from this study, the four clay samples investigated are suitable for clay tile body production provided grog, frits, fluxes and other components are added proportionately and fired at temperatures above 1100oC to improve vitrification of the clay tile body during biscuit firing before application of the glaze.

Characterization of Some Local Clay Minerals and Fabrication into Ceramic Floor-Tiles

Clay minerals deposits, which include, kaolin, ball-clay, fireclay and zircon, were investigated and used in fabrication of ceramic floor tiles. X-ray diffractometer (XRD-6100, Japan), was used to examine the various compositions and structures of the clay samples. 2000 grams of 0.005 mm grain size of each sample were homogeneously mixed into dough, compressed in metallic mould of 12 mm × 36 mm dimension, and allowed to dry for about 5 hours. Kiln draught oven, at 1200°C was set for glazing and firing of the moulded tiles, to ensure glossy appearance, smoothness and improved strength. XRD test showed higher content of alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and Silicon (iv) oxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) in all the clay samples. The percentage composition of Critobalite, Diphosphorus trioxide (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), Potassium Oxide (K<sub>2</sub>O) and Sodium Oxide (Na<sub>2</sub>O), were reasons for their excellent workability, improved mechanical and rheological properties of ceramics floor-tiles. Water absorption, chemical resistance, shrinkage properties of the different ceramic tiles were compare to some commercial products. This investigation had shown that locally available clay minerals could be fully integrated into ceramic industries to reduce cost of ceramic importation and create job opportunities for youths.

Ion Beam-Induced Luminescence (IBIL) for Studying Manufacturing Conditions in Ceramics: An Application to Ceramic Body Tiles.

The first experimental results obtained by the ion beam-induced luminescence technique from the ceramic bodies of ancient tiles are reported in this work. The photon emission from the ceramic bodies is related to the starting minerals and the manufacturing conditions, particularly the firing temperature and cooling processes. Moreover, the results indicate that this non-destructive technique, performed under a helium-rich atmosphere instead of an in-vacuum setup and with acquisition times of only a few seconds, presents a promising alternative to traditional, often destructive, compositional characterisation methods. Additionally, by adding other ion beam-based techniques such as PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) and PIGE (Particle-Induced Gamma-ray Emission), compositional information from light elements such as Na can also be inferred, helping to also identify the raw materials used.

PROCESSO DE APLICAÇÃO NO ASSENTAMENTO DAS PEÇAS EM CERÂMICAS

This study aims to explore the process of applying ceramic tiles, with a special focus on ceramic coatings used in high humidity environments, such as bathrooms and kitchens. The main objective is to deepen knowledge in the area of ​​ceramic coatings, understanding their properties, performance and implications for the durability of residential buildings. To answer this question, a detailed bibliographic review will be carried out on the ceramic materials available on the market, their technical characteristics and behavior in the face of humidity. In addition, case studies and experiments will be analyzed to assess the efficiency of ceramic coatings in preventing problems such as infiltration, mold and premature wear. The research will also include an analysis of the thermal properties of ceramic materials to understand their contribution to the energy efficiency of buildings. The expected results of this study aim to provide practical guidelines for civil engineers in the correct selection and application of ceramic coatings in humid environments. The findings are expected to help increase the lifespan of residential buildings and promote more efficient use of energy resources.

Thermal testing of corundum ceramics: pulse heating and optimized data processing algorithms

A review of the types of defects in the production of corundum ceramic tiles and traditional methods of integrity testing of products made of this material is carried out. The integrity of tiles containing artificial defects was investigated by the method of active thermal testing using pulsed optical heating. A scheme of two-way thermal testing with software processing of the initial thermograms using the Parker method is applied. It has been established that the best results in detecting internal defects in ceramic tiles with a thickness of 10 mm during thermal stimulation using xenon lamps are obtained by the method of two-way thermal testing with the construction of thermal conductivity maps.

Promoting the circularity of ceramic materials through cold sintering of aggregates from construction and demolition waste

A ceramic composition containing 95 wt% of construction and demolition waste-like material was consolidated by cold sintering process at 200 °C using KOH water solutions as the liquid medium. The relative density of the samples reaches ∼90 % of the theoretical one for process conditions of 600 MPa and 60 min. A post-annealing process at 1100 °C of the as-cold sintered samples causes a slight increase in the relative density and of their mechanical strength compared with conventionally sintered samples at 1100 °C and increases the shape factor of the Weibull distribution, thus increasing the reliability of the component. It is shown that cold sintering of the material avoids its high pyroplasticity, providing low shrinkage and reducing internal defects in the ceramic. This work represents the first exploration of the viability of manufacturing ceramic tiles with high recycled content contributing to the transition to a greener world.

Life Cycle Assessment of Construction Components of Schools in Southern Brazil

Introducing energy efficiency techniques in schools can significantly reduce energy consumption, as Brazil has a large public education system. The main objective of this work was to select the set of construction components with the lowest environmental impact for use in schools in Florianópolis, southern Brazil, through life cycle assessment (LCA). Two types of walls, four types of roofs, and two types of window frames were studied. Ceramic bricks measuring 14x9x19cm and 9x19x19cm were considered for the walls. Wood and aluminium were used for the window frames, with single glass panes on all windows. For the roofs, fibre cement tiles with a PVC ceiling, a drywall ceiling, and a concrete slab were considered, as well as ceramic tiles with a PVC ceiling. Computer simulations were conducted using the EnergyPlus program in order to determine the building’s energy consumption. SimaPro was used to run the LCA. The construction of the building and one year of its energy consumption were analysed to select the combination of components with the lowest impact on the building’s life cycle. Finally, the set consisting of 9x19x19cm ceramic brick walls, wooden frames, and roof with fibre cement tiles and PVC ceiling presented the lowest environmental impact. Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment; public schools; computer simulation; buildings; EnergyPlus; SimaPro

Mapping the environmental footprint: tracing ceramic tile production’s impact on sustainable goals

Mapping the environmental footprint: tracing ceramic tile production’s impact on sustainable goals

Iron removal from red clay using oxalic acid leaching for enhanced ceramic industry applications

This work focused on removing iron with oxalic acid from red clay samples collected from Kapasia Upazila, Gazipur District, Bangladesh. To characterize the red clay, the study employed several techniques: particle size analysis, WDXRF (wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence), AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), and FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy). Additionally, leaching experiments were conducted with varying concentrations of oxalic acid, temperatures and times. After leaching, the red clay composition changed significantly: SiO₂ increased from 53.6 % to 63.13 %, Fe₂O₃ decreased from 17.1 % to 3.64 %, Al₂O₃ remained relatively stable at 18 %–18.22 %, and other oxides showed minor variations. 78.71 % of the iron was removed at optimal leaching conditions (1.0 M oxalic acid, 100 °C, 150 min, and 250 rpm). Mineralogically, the red clay samples are composed of illite, kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, hematite and chlorite. Thermal analysis showed significant weight loss at temperatures between 300 and 600 °C. Ceramic trials were conducted at firing temperatures of 900 °C and 1100 °C to evaluate the mechanical properties of tiles. The results obtained showed significant improvements in red clay quality for ceramics. Being a low-cost and eco-friendly process, this becomes a very prominent alternative to conventional iron removal techniques and helps produce high-quality ceramic tiles, contributing towards economic growth in Bangladesh.

PROBLEMA DE DESPLACAMENTO CERÂMICO EM OBRAS VERTICAIS

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Brazilian indigenous peoples already practiced the use of ceramic production in an advanced way. Ceramic tiles can be found in different forms, such as floors, tiles, and tiles, and are available in a variety of colors, textures, and patterns, allowing for extensive customization of spaces. These materials are especially popular in areas such as kitchens, bathrooms, and outdoor spaces, where water and wear resistance are crucial. In addition, ceramic coating is a good thermal and acoustic insulator, contributing to the comfort of environments. Thus, this article aims to show the reader the importance of quality in the process of performing the service to avoid the inconvenience caused by the fact of the detachment. The research began through a literature review of the main authors on the subject of displacement. Based on studies carried out through articles, monographs, dissertations, theses, among others, it is clear that the peeling of tiles or ceramics is considered the most common and serious problem in civil construction and its cause is the most varied. Therefore, it is concluded that the main causes of ceramic peeling is nothing more than a defect in the system that did not allow the correct adhesion between the plates, the mortar and the wall or floor, causing the pieces to detach.

Pyrolysis of hyphaene thebaica shell over ceramic tile dust-derived catalysts and assessment of the produced bio-oil

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the potential of ceramic tile dust (CTD)-derived ZSM-5 zeolite (CZ) and its monodispersed composite with metal oxides (MgO and Fe2O3) in the catalytic pyrolysis of hyphaene thebaica shell (HTS). The HTS was pyrolysed in a Fixed-bed reactor at 400–600 °C, and 100–300 mL/min N2 flowrate. The maximum bio-oil production of 32 % was obtained at 500 °C and 150 mL/min N2 flowrate, with bio-oils containing 50 % acid and octadecenoic acids, as well as esters, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, aromatics, and hydrocarbons. A carboxymethyl cellulose templating agent was employed for the mesoporous zeolite synthesis from CTD. This resulted in the mesoporous zeolite with a predominant ZSM-5 crystal phase, exhibiting pore diameters ranging from 1.8-6 nm, 229 m2/g surface area and 1145 μmol/g total acidity. The catalytic pyrolysis of HTS was conducted using the ZSM-5 zeolite (CZ) and metal-oxide (MgO, Fe2O3, and Fe2O3/FeO) modified CZ, as monodispersed composite catalysts. Under best thermal pyrolysis conditions, CZ-Fe2O3, CZ-MgO, and CZ-Fe2O3/MgO demonstrated 22–23 % bio-oil yields. Notably, the CZ-Fe2O3/MgO catalyst exhibited the highest hydrocarbon yield at 16 %, while the CZ-MgO favoured the production of phenolics, esters, and alcohols. CZ-MgO also displayed the highest coking level at 7.5 %, indicating faster deactivation than the other catalysts. The synthesised catalysts exhibited remarkable catalytic activity, resulting in a notable improvement in the quality of bio-oils obtained from the intermediate pyrolysis of hyphaene thebaica shells in a fixed-bed reactor.

Waste From Alwar Quartzite (A Global Heritage Stone From Rajasthan - India) As Secondary Raw Materials for Cementitious Tile Adhesives

Waste deriving from quarrying operations of natural stone material retains almost all the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the original material, for such reason this research aimed to test prototypes cementitious tile adhesives made up recycling the Alwar Quartzite waste, used as fine and ultra-fine aggregate. Particle size distribution analysis, along with X-ray diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopy were carried out to characterize the waste. Experimental research involved the mix-designing of three dough formulations (a regular one [N], a latex added [L] and a fast-setting [R]) tested by using different types of tiles: (i) polished metal plates, (ii) ceramic tiles and (iii) rough natural stone slabs. Fresh prepared doughs were firstly tested for thixotropy achieving high values (ranging 82–93%) and cured for normative requested time after being stuck on a concrete support as reported in European UNI standard regulations. After respective curing time, adhesives technical performances were evaluated by the Pull-Off test obtaining results for Class 1 (N and R) and Class 2 (L) adhesives with high initial tensile adhesive strength. Experimental results carried out in this research proved the possibility to use huge amounts of waste coming from Indian stone industry in cementitious tile adhesives sector without compromising technical performances, proposing itself as an alternative method to landfill disposal for this waste.

Life cycle assessment of ceramic tiles manufactured using industrial waste fly ash

Sustainability in the ceramic tile industry is critical due to its significant resource and energy consumption. With limited life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on waste materials in tile production, a research gap exists specifically for industrial waste fly ash (IWA). Building upon previous research that has confirmed the technical feasibility of IWA as a sustainable alternative material in ceramic tile, this study explores the environmental and economic feasibility of replacing potash feldspar with IWA in ceramic tiles. A comparative LCA across scenarios with varying IWA additions from 0 % to 30 % was conducted, focusing on six key environmental impact categories: climate change, terrestrial acidification, human toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and fossil depletion. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on increased production energy and an environmental life cycle cost analysis (ELCC) were performed. Results reveal significant reductions in environmental impacts with increased IWA incorporation compared to the conventional construction. Notably, the IWA30 (30 % IWA addition) scenario, which entirely substitutes potash feldspar, achieves the most substantial benefits, reducing climate change impacts by 8 %, terrestrial acidification by 10 %, and terrestrial ecotoxicity by 22 %. These reductions demonstrate that incorporating IWA significantly decreases the overall environmental footprint of ceramic tile production by reducing the reliance on non-renewable resources and mitigating pollution. IWA30 also proves to be the most cost-effective option, with an 11 % cost reduction due to IWA's availability as a waste material. Overall, adopting IWA decreases the environmental burden and enhances economic viability, providing strong incentives for industries to adopt more sustainable practices by minimising waste management challenges and raw material consumption.

Enrichment of a Nigerian plagioclase-rich feldspar ore by methanesulfonic acid solution for improved industrial application: kinetic and statistical analysis

ABSTRACT To date, feldspar is a pivotal mineral, with projections indicating a substantial gap between supply and demand in the near future. This surge can be attributed to the increasing need for ceramic tiles, the growing demand for electronic devices, and advancements in glass manufacturing, which have led to the development of a specialised hydrometallurgical process capable of producing iron-free feldspar materials tailored for the ceramics and glass industries. Consequently, the enrichment of a locally sourced plagioclase-rich feldspar ore containing admixtures of albite (Na2.00Al2.00Si6.00O16.00:96-900-1633), anorthite (Ca8.00Si16.00Al16.00O64.0:96-900-0362), and quartz (Si3.00O6.00:96-901-2601) by the hydrometallurgical process was examined in methanesulfonic acid media. The experimental parameters during leaching including leachant concentration, pH, reaction temperature, and particle size on the ore dissolution were investigated and correlated with SPSS statistics version 25 using a mixed-effect model. At established conditions (4.0 mol/L MSA, 75 °C, pH = 2, – 75 + 56 µm), 94.50% iron removal efficiency within 120 minutes. The estimated activation energy of 18.65 kJmol−1 supported the proposed mixed control reaction mechanism as the rate-determining step for the ore enrichment.

Evaluation Method and the Influence of Visual Comfort of Ceramic Tiles in Indoor Environment—A Study Based on the Delphi and AHP

People spend most of their time indoors, and the visual characteristics of indoor building materials affect not only the quality of the indoor environment, but also the well-being of individuals. Ceramic tiles are widely used in interior decoration of buildings due to their aesthetic appeal and ease of maintenance. However, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive framework for assessing the visual comfort of ceramic tile design. This study established an evaluation system using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Delphi method to collect perceptual words, extract evaluation indices, and calculate weights. A visual comfort scale for ceramic tiles, comprising three dimensions and twelve indices, was developed. A total of 342 questionnaires were analyzed using six types of tiles, and the multidimensional visual comfort scores of the various ceramic tile samples were statistically examined. An analysis of variance was conducted to investigate the effects of tile brightness, texture, and participant gender on visual comfort. The findings indicate that tile brightness and texture significantly affect the overall visual comfort score (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), with light-toned, non-textured tiles providing higher visual comfort (3.949). Although gender did not significantly affect the overall visual comfort scores, it did influence the evaluation scores in certain dimensions. Men rated the aesthetic comfort of tiles lower than women (p = 0.035), but they rated the emotional comfort of medium-toned and non-textured tiles higher (p = 0.003; p = 0.017). In terms of theoretical significance, the establishment of this evaluation model can expand the research content and methods of ceramic tiles, which are crucial architectural decoration materials. In terms of practical significance, this study provides an evaluation method and partial evaluation information for designers, enabling them to assess and enhance the visual experience of tiles based on the specific needs of interior spaces and the characteristics of the visual subject.

Characterization of Jurassic mudstones of the Northwest Caucasus as a raw material for clinker tile production

The article characterizes Jurassic mudstones of the North-West Caucasus as a potential raw material for the production of clinker tiles with water absorption of less than 3%. It is noted that traditional for the south of Russia raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks and tiles in the last centuries were various types of loams, which are widely distributed almost throughout the territory. However, for a number of reasons, they cannot be considered as raw materials for the production of clinker tiles, for which there has been a steady demand in recent years, especially on the Black Sea coast. Geographically, the Jurassic sediments in the Krasnodar region are traced in a wide strip (50–100 km) at a distance of 20 to 60 km from the coast. These are the oldest rocks in the region. The thickness of numerous mudstones varies from a few to many tens of meters. The chemical composition of mudstones is characterized by the content of aluminum oxide from 17 to 22 %, increased content of potassium oxide and iron oxides. The mineral composition is represented by hydrous mica, kaolinite and chlorite with admixture of quartz and feldspars. Pre-firing properties of argillites can be regulated by the degree of grinding. In terms of sinterability, argillites are qualified as a strong-medium sintering raw material of low-temperature sintering with high strength of ceramic stone. The results and analysis of the obtained data allow us to assert that the Jurassic mudstones of the North-West Caucasus are potentially suitable raw materials for production of clinker tiles with a wide range of physical and technical properties using a simplified technology.

Characterization of hybrid silicate materials based on ceramic glazes and waste London underground dust

In “London Underground” stations, a high concentration of dust particles containing organic and inorganic matter of varying chemical composition. “London underground dust” is created from train wheels and brakes grinding against steel tracks and collected in filtration systems. The experiment will focus on using “London Underground Dust” to colour the ceramic facing tiles intended for re-use in newly built London Underground stations. The phase composition, particle size distribution surface area, morphology, and thermal behavior of collected dust were studied by XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS, BET, heating microscopy, STA-MS, UV–VIS spectroscopy. The substrate tiles for glazing experiments were prepared from local London clay. The mixtures of glazes and collected or milled dust were sprayed on the substrate tile's surface, dried and finally fired at 1060 °C. The influence of used materials weight ratio and dust milling time were shown as crucial parameters to obtain optimal final glaze colour.