Ceramic Honeycomb Support Research Articles

Catalysis Mechanism and Application of Carbon Gasification Reaction-A Comparison of Two Heterogeneous Catalysis Mechanisms

This article is a brief summary article of research. The results of the three times experiments are reviewed. two heterogeneous catalysis mechanisms are introduced, namely: Chemical Reaction Mode Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism-CRM and Electron Cyclic Donate-Accept Catalysis Mechanism-ECDAM or Electron Orbital Deformation-Recovery Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism -EODRM. Some difficulties encountered by CRM are listed. The author clearly points out that the CRM is not credible. This false theory has misled us for more than 100 years.
 
 About ECDAM, the article also gives a brief description. The main point of ECDAM is that the catalysis phenomenon are physical rather than chemical phenomenon. The catalysts do not participate in chemical reactions. It's just contact, electron cyclic donate-accept or electron orbital deformation-recovery cycle. The theory contains three viewpoints:
 
 1. There is a boundary between the catalyst and the poison.
 
 2. The active of the catalyst or the degree of toxicity of the poison is closely related to the electronegative value of the catalyst or poison.
 
 3. The active of catalyst is closely related to the chemical state of the catalyst
 
 The selectivity of catalyst is also related to electronegative or energy level
 
 According to ECDAM, the author considers that there are several problems worth studying in production and scientific research. such as: alumina is a poison in the Fe ammonia synthesis catalyst. The Cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2) ceramic honeycomb support is also a poison in automotive exhaust purification catalyst. The Cordierite ceramic honeycomb is retardant in wall flow filter for diesel vehicles. Activated carbon is a poison in the Ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Alumina and activated carbon all are a poison to noble metal catalysts, and so on.

Heterogeneous Catalysis Mechanism

In this paper, two heterogeneous catalysis mechanisms are introduced, namely: Chemical Reaction Mode Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism-CRM and Electron Cyclic Donate-Accept Catalysis Mechanism-ECDAM or Electron Orbital Deformation-Recovery Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism -EODRM . Some difficulties encountered by CRM are listed. The author clearly points out that the CRM is not credible。This false theory has misled us for more than 100 years。       About  ECDAM, the article also gives a brief description. The main point of ECDAM is that the catalysis phenomenon are physical rather than chemical phenomenon. The catalysts do not participate in chemical reactions, It's just contact，electron cyclic donate-accept or electron orbital deformation-recovery cycle.. The theory contains three viewpoints:  1, There is a boundary between the catalyst and the poison. 2, The active of the catalyst or the degree of toxicity of the poison is closely related to the electronegative value of the catalyst or poison. 3, The active of catalyst is closely related to the chemical state of the catalyst.. The selectivity of catalyst is also related to electronegative or energy level. According to ECDAM, The author considers that there are several problems worth studying in production and scientific research. such as: alumina is a poison in the Fe ammonia synthesis catalyst. The Cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2 ) ceramic honeycomb support is also a  poison in automotive exhaust purification catalyst .The Cordierite ceramic honeycomb is retardant in wall flow filter for diesel vehicles. Activated carbon is a poison in the Ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Alumina and activated carbon all are a poison to noble metal catalysts, and so on.

In Ukrainian

Methanol carbonylation (MC) to produce acetic acid is a strategically important large-scale process (Monsanto and BP Chemicals Cativa TM ), which is carried out under high pressure in the liquid phase using Rh(Ir) catalysts and extremely toxic halide cocatalysts/promoters. In addition to acetic acid, methyl acetate is also an industrially important product of MC. The halogen-free heterogeneous-catalytic process of methanol carbonylation in the vapor phase using catalysts containing no noble metal, in particular Ni-based on carbon supports, provides a number of advantages over homogeneous systems, including the possibility of multifold use of catalytic compositions. Important factors that cause the formation of acetyls are the textural, acidic properties of the catalysts, the presence of modifying/promoting additives in their composition. Nickel and copper chlorides supported on activated carbon were shown in [Catal. Today. 2004. 93–95:451] to catalyze the vapor-phase MC process producing methyl acetate at ambient pressure in the absence of alkyl halides in the gas reaction mixture. This paper presents the results of the studying the effect of supports (activated carbon of BAU-A (AC), SKT, SUGS grades; structured – cordierite, Al 2 O 3 /cordierite) of copper-nickel chloride catalysts, characterized by the low-temperature ad/desorption, XRD, TPD-NH 3 , TPR-H 2 techniques; modifying additives of tin on the production of methyl acetate in the halide-free vapor-phase methanol carbonylation under ambient pressure. It is shown that the yield 18 % of the target product in the presence of a catalyst on activated carbon of the BAU-A grade significantly exceeds the Y MeOAc 3 and 7 % indices for NiCl 2 -CuCl 2 compositions on SKT and SUGS, respectively. The formation of methyl acetate on NiCl 2 -CuCl 2 /AC is facilitated by the optimal combination of the porous structure characteristics (the presence of mesopores with an average diameter of ~ 7 nm) and the surface acidity of the specified catalyst, which are favorable for the activation of reagent molecules of the MC process. Methyl acetate yield of 15 % in the presence of NiCl 2 -CuCl 2 compositions on ceramic honeycomb supports (synthetic cordierite) with a specific surface area ~ 0.5 m 2 /g, commensurate at 355–360 °C with Y MeOAc for NiCl 2 -CuCl 2 /AC, is achieved due to more efficient mass transfer and heat removal in the exothermic reaction of methanol carbonylation compared to highly porous catalysts. The conclusion is substantiated that the modification of the NiCl 2 /AC sample with tin additives provides an increase in the yield of the target product from 2 to 11 %, which may be caused by the formation of intermetallic phase crystallites Ni 3 Sn within NiCl 2 -Sn/AC (identified by XRD) under conditions of catalysis – adsorption/activation sites of CO molecules.

Thermochemical storage performance of a packed bed of calcium hydroxide composite with a silicon-based ceramic honeycomb support

The thermal decomposition of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) into calcium oxide (CaO) and water vapor has been suggested as a reversible gas–solid reaction suitable for thermochemical energy storage. This study aims to develop a composite material to enhance the heat transfer in a reaction bed. We focus on a novel material using CaO/Ca(OH)2 and a ceramic honeycomb support composed of silicon carbide and silicon. A laboratory-scale evaluation of the thermochemical storage performance of the composite using honeycomb support has not been sufficiently reported in the literature. In this study, a 100 W-scale packed bed reactor was used to evaluate the performance of the composite. We found that the composite had a volumetric energy density of 0.76 MJ L-bed−1 and exhibited a heat output rate of 1.6 kW L-bed−1 (for the first 5 min at the highest hydration pressure of 85 kPa), which was 1.8 times higher than the heat output rate previously reported for a pure Ca(OH)2 pellet bed. The composite also retained its high reactivity during repetitive reactions. Therefore, it was concluded that the composite using the ceramic honeycomb support is practically more useful for thermochemical energy storage than conventional pure CaO/Ca(OH)2 materials.

A Comparison of Two Heterogeneous Catalysis Mechanisms

In this paper, two heterogeneous catalysis mechanisms are introduced, namely: Chemical Reaction Mode Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism—CRMM and Electron Orbital Deformation-Recovery Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism—EODRM (or Electron Cyclic Donate-Adopt catalysis Mechanism—ECDAM. A number of difficulties encountered by CRMM are listed. The author clearly points out that CRMM is not credible. This false theory has misled us for more than 100 years. About EODRM or ECDAM, the article also gives a brief description. The key point of EODRM or ECDAM is that catalysts do not participate in chemical reactions, and catalysis phenomena are physical rather than chemical phenomena. It’s completely different from CRMM. The theory contains three main points: 1) There is a demarcation between the catalyst and the poison; 2) The active size of the catalyst or the poison size of the poison is closely related to the electronegative size of the catalyst or poison; 3) The active size of catalyst is closely related to the chemical state. The selectivity of catalyst is related to energy level. Photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, laser catalysis and microwave catalysis are all physical phenomena. It has different energy levels. According to this theory, the author thinks that there are several problems worth studying in production and scientific research, such as: alumina in the Fe ammonia synthesis catalyst has a serious poison effect on the iron catalyst, resulting in three high situations in ammonia synthesis production (high temperature, high pressure, high energy consumption). The support materials of automotive exhaust purification catalyst have used Cordierite (2MgO-2Al2O3-5SiO2) ceramic honeycomb support, which has a serious poisoning effect on noble metal catalysts, a lot of noble metals are wasted, and so on. These problems have long been ignored by the catalytic academia; the author considers that this reason may be due to a misunderstanding or mistranslation on the term “catalysis” and “catalyst”.

Novel Manufacturing Method for Hydrogen Peroxide Catalysts: A Performance Verification

This paper describes the experimental characterization of catalysts manufactured with a novel method, omitting the need for the complicated and time consuming wash-coating procedure. The catalysts have been shown to be able to decompose highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide in operating conditions representative of a thruster for spacecraft attitude control and orbital maneuvers. The catalysts are based on a ceramic honeycomb support in yttria-stabilized zirconia, with manganese oxides as the active phase. Three catalysts, prepared by different in-house developed procedures, have been tested in a decomposition chamber, operating with a 87.5 wt % hydrogen peroxide solution. Test results have demonstrated decomposition efficiencies close to 100% and response times in the range of seconds. Additional tests have been performed on the most promising sample, to identify the maximum amount of hydrogen peroxide that can be decomposed before recording a strong drop in catalyst performance.

Biodegradation of plasticiser di-n-butyl phthalate by immobilised microbial cells

Microorganisms capable of degrading Di-n-Butyl Phthalate (DBP) were isolated by acclimation and enrichment techniques. The adaptation of microorganisms to DBP was investigated. The microbial cells were immobilised onto the ceramic honeycomb supports. The DBP degradation was performed in a novel kind of bioreactor using ceramic honeycomb support as carrier for microbial immobilisation. The experimental results showed that the biomass adsorbed onto the ceramic support could reach 95 mg dry weight/g carrier. The immobilised microbial cells were used for the treatment of wastewater containing DBP. The results demonstrated that the DBP concentration of the outlet reached the stationery-state level of less than 1.0 mg/L within three days at inlet DBP concentration of 100 mg/L and 12 h of hydraulic retention time.

Removal of Di- n-butyl Phthalate Using Immobilized Microbial Cells

The biodegradation of di- n-butyl phthalate (DBP) using immobilized microbial cells was carried out in an internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports. A strain that is capable of degrading DBP was isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rDNA sequential analysis. Bacillus sp. could be rapidly attached onto the ceramic honeycomb supports. The immobilized cells could effectively degrade DBP in batch and continuous experiments. When the influent concentration of DBP was 50mg.L -1, the effluent DBP reached less than 1mg.L -1 with 6h hydraulic retention time (HRT) in continuous experiment. The immobilized microbial cells could grow and accumulate through the biodegradation of DBP, and the rate of degradation is accordingly increased. The possible pathway of DBP biodegradation using immobilized cells was tentatively proposed.

Solar Hydrogen Production by a Two-Step Cycle Based on Mixed Iron Oxides

A promising method for the conversion and storage of solar energy into hydrogen is the dissociation of water into oxygen and hydrogen, carried out via a two-step process using metal oxide redox systems such as mixed iron oxides, coated upon multi-channeled honeycomb ceramic supports capable of absorbing solar irradiation, in a configuration similar to that encountered in automobile exhaust catalytic converters. With this configuration, the whole process can be carried out in a single solar energy converter, the process temperature can be significantly lowered compared to other thermo-chemical cycles and the recombination of oxygen and hydrogen is prevented by fixing the oxygen in the metal oxide. For the realization of the integrated concept, research work proceeded in three parallel directions: synthesis of active redox systems, manufacture of ceramic honeycomb supports and manufacture, testing and optimization of operating conditions of a thermochemical solar receiver-reactor. The receiver-reactor has been developed and installed in the solar furnace in Cologne, Germany. It was proven that solar hydrogen production is feasible by this process demonstrating that multicycling of the process was possible in principle.

IAL-CHS (internal airlift loop - ceramic honeycomb supports) reactor used for biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and phenol

The internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports (IAL-CHS) was applied for biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and phenol. A strain of DCP-degrading bacteria isolated from activated sludge, Achromobacter sp., was rapidly immobilized onto the ceramic honeycomb supports. The immobilized cells effectively biodegraded 2,4-DCP alone and together with phenol in batch and continuous-flow experiments. For example, 2,4-DCP was biodegraded from an influent concentration of 50 mg/L to less than 1 mg/L with a 6-h hydraulic retention time (HRT) in continuous flow tests. The immobilized biomass grew and accumulated through 2,4-DCP biodegradation, and the rate of degradation increased accordingly.

High-carbohydrate wastewater treatment by IAL-CHS with immobilized Candida tropicalis

A novel immobilized-cell bioreactor was developed and utilized for treatment of high-carbohydrate wastewater and production of single-cell protein (SCP) simultaneously. The system is the internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb support for biofilm (IAL-CHS), and the microorganisms tested was Candida tropicalis, which has a high protein yield. The optimum temperature for C. tropicalis was 35–40 °C, and bioreactor experiments were performed at 35 °C. The internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports allowed a large and dense accumulation of biomass, but also generated significant SCP. Mass-transport resistance did not limit the overall COD-removal kinetics and oxygen mass transfer may have been accelerated to the biofilm. Fermentation of carbohydrates to organic acids lowered the pH below the optimum range of 4.5–6.5, and pH below 4.5 retarded or stopped the oxidation reactions for the organic acids. Since organic-acid oxidation is necessary for attaining COD removal from the wastewater, pH control may be essential for effective treatment in some cases with high-carbohydrate wastewaters. The addition of 0.35 g/L urea could increase the COD removal rate. Continuous wastewater was carried out and the organic loading reached 15 kg COD/(m 3 day).

High-carbohydrate wastewater treatment by IAL-CHS with immobilized Candida tropicalis

A novel immobilized-cell bioreactor was developed and utilized for treatment of high-carbohydrate wastewater and production of single-cell protein (SCP) simultaneously. The system is the internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb support for biofilm (IAL-CHS), and the microorganisms tested was Candida tropicalis, which has a high protein yield. The optimum temperature for C. tropicalis was 35–40 °C, and bioreactor experiments were performed at 35 °C. The internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports allowed a large and dense accumulation of biomass, but also generated significant SCP. Mass-transport resistance did not limit the overall COD-removal kinetics and oxygen mass transfer may have been accelerated to the biofilm. Fermentation of carbohydrates to organic acids lowered the pH below the optimum range of 4.5–6.5, and pH below 4.5 retarded or stopped the oxidation reactions for the organic acids. Since organic-acid oxidation is necessary for attaining COD removal from the wastewater, pH control may be essential for effective treatment in some cases with high-carbohydrate wastewaters. The addition of 0.35 g/L urea could increase the COD removal rate. Continuous wastewater was carried out and the organic loading reached 15 kg COD/(m3 day).

Biological treatment of printing ink wastewater

Printing ink wastewater is usually very difficult to treat biologically and its chemical oxygen demand (COD) far exceeds standards of discharge. The COD in wastewater is usually 3,000 to 8,000 mg/L after flocculation and sedimentation. Herein, a strain of bacterium was isolated from the sludge and identified as Bacillus sp. and utilized to treat printing ink wastewater. The application of bacteria to degrade printing ink in wastewater is discussed in this paper. The influence of N and P sources on COD removal, and COD removal in combination with glucose was also discussed. More than 85 per cent of the COD could be removed using the proposed biological process. A novel internal airlift loop bioreactor with bacteria immobilized onto ceramic honeycomb support was used for the wastewater treatment.

An internal airlift loop bioreactor with Burkholderia pickttii immobilized onto ceramic honeycomb support for degradation of quinoline

A novel kind of bioreactor with a ceramic honeycomb support installed in a draught tube was developed and the ceramic honeycomb support could be used for immobilization of microbial cells. A strain of bacterium was isolated from activated sludge and identified as Burkholderia pickttii for degradation of quinoline and could grow on quinoline which served as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy. Quinoline was degraded by the bioreactor in both batch and continuous flow operations when they were immobilized onto the ceramic honeycomb support. Experimental results indicated that quinoline could be degraded effectively by B. pickttii immobilized onto the ceramic support. Immobilized B. pickttii exhibited better stability in its metabolism and proliferation and degradation of quinoline in continuous flow operation conditions. More than 95% of quinoline could be removed for 4 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). Quinoline was degraded through 2-hydroxy quinoline according to the analysis of gas chromatography–mass spectrum (GC–MS).