Ceramic Floor Research Articles

Characterization of Some Local Clay Minerals and Fabrication into Ceramic Floor-Tiles

Clay minerals deposits, which include, kaolin, ball-clay, fireclay and zircon, were investigated and used in fabrication of ceramic floor tiles. X-ray diffractometer (XRD-6100, Japan), was used to examine the various compositions and structures of the clay samples. 2000 grams of 0.005 mm grain size of each sample were homogeneously mixed into dough, compressed in metallic mould of 12 mm × 36 mm dimension, and allowed to dry for about 5 hours. Kiln draught oven, at 1200°C was set for glazing and firing of the moulded tiles, to ensure glossy appearance, smoothness and improved strength. XRD test showed higher content of alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and Silicon (iv) oxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) in all the clay samples. The percentage composition of Critobalite, Diphosphorus trioxide (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), Potassium Oxide (K<sub>2</sub>O) and Sodium Oxide (Na<sub>2</sub>O), were reasons for their excellent workability, improved mechanical and rheological properties of ceramics floor-tiles. Water absorption, chemical resistance, shrinkage properties of the different ceramic tiles were compare to some commercial products. This investigation had shown that locally available clay minerals could be fully integrated into ceramic industries to reduce cost of ceramic importation and create job opportunities for youths.

Analisis Biaya dan Dampak Lingkungan dalam Proses Produksi Keramik: Studi Kasus UKM ABC

ABC Ceramic Factory conducted the process of producing ceramic floor tiles, distributing them to ceramic shops, and then selling them to consumers. Several processes or stages, from manufacturing to distribution, still leave abandoned waste. This research aims to determine what costs in making ceramics at the ABC Ceramic Factory can be reduced to save on company costs. The methods used are Green Quality Function Deployment and AHP Methods. Based on the data processing results, the ceramic manufacturing process is efficient, and the ceramic color is long-lasting because it has the expected satisfaction values of 0.661 and 0.538. Then, recycling waste is the highest technical response, with a value of 0.24. At the same time, the production process is the stage that produces the most waste, with a value of 0.29, and raw material costs are the costs that can be reduced the most, with the highest value of 4+2-. Therefore, the ABC Ceramic Factory must improve from the manufacturing process to the final product.

Assessing the risks associated with indoor and outdoor air quality in relation to the geographic placement of nursing home

Indoor air quality significantly impacts the well-being and health of elderly residents in nursing homes. This study was conducted to explore the connection between indoor and outdoor PM (Particulate Matter) concentrations in nursing homes and their association with the facilities' location and construction characteristics. The findings revealed that indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 124 μg/m3 and 2–188.4 μg/m3, respectively, which were approximately 12.67 and 1.25 times higher than their outdoor counterparts. A strong correlation (P < 0.05) was identified between indoor PM levels and various factors, including proximity to parks, passenger terminals, and gas stations, as well as building attributes such as single-glazed windows, ceramic floor coverings, and the use of radiators. The risk assessment indicated that carcinogenic risk factors were well within acceptable limits for all nursing homes. However, it's important to note that certain PM components, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), may have long-term adverse effects on the health of nursing home residents. Even though indoor PM levels met the standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for particulate matter risk assessments, the study emphasized that even low levels of indoor air pollutants can affect the health and well-being of older adults, particularly considering the increased vulnerability associated with aging. Consequently, the study underscores the importance of nursing home location selection and the regular monitoring of particulate matter concentrations. These measures are essential for enhancing air quality within nursing homes, ultimately contributing to the improved well-being and health of their residents.

Recycling of urban glass waste in ceramic floor tiles toward sustainability

AbstractAround 21.7 million tons of urban solid waste are produced in North Africa and the Middle East. The amount of glass waste produced is 0.87 million tons. The amount of urban glass waste (UGW) produced in Egypt was 2280.8 tons per day. This paper aims to study the effect of partial replacement of UGW in the production of ceramic floor tiles to save the production cost and raw materials. The characteristics of the basic raw mixture of floor tiles and UGW were studied. The waste was collected, crushed and ground to be blended with the basic mixture in different percentages that ranged from 0 to 35%. The specimens were molded under uniaxial pressure followed by drying and firing at temperatures ranging from 1050 to 1120 °C. The characteristics of the fired specimens have been determined and compared with the International Standard Limits. The results showed that specimens containing waste ranging from 25% to 35%, fired at 1100 °C with a soaking time of 15 min have a modulus of rupture of 18.9 to 19.7 MPa, breaking strength of 600 to 613N and water absorption of 9.78% to 8.2% respectively that fulfilled the lowest requirements for the ISO 13006 for dry pressed tiles Group BIIb.

Unleashing the Flexural Behavior of Ceramic Hybrid Rubber Reinforced Composites for Sustainable Industry

An innovative methodology is employed to explore the potential of repurposing floor ceramics and used tire rubber for fine aggregate. In contrast to one-way ordinary concrete slabs, the behavior of Ceramic Hybrid Rubber Reinforced Composite Slabs (CHRRCS) under pure bending has been thoroughly examined. There is no discernible negative effect of the quantity of ceramic floor tiles on the characteristics of concrete. In this study, M30 concrete with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.38 is employed. The distribution reinforcement was made up of bars with an 8 mm diameter, while the main reinforcement was made up of 10 mm diameter Fe 415 grade steel bars. The CHRRCS with 2% rubber fibers, 10% replacement ceramic, and 10% pre-treated crumb rubber exhibit more significant deflection only under extreme stress conditions. Apart from the experimental study, ABAQUS was used to perform a finite element model in three-dimensional simulation and analyze the load-displacement behavior. The comparison of ABAQUS simulation and experimental data yields a fair range. The flexural performance of CHRRCS is enhanced in pure bending.

Characterization and health risk assessment of nine polychlorinated biphenyls in settled dust of residential buildings in a Middle Eastern area

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are 209 persistent organic compounds with various applications in chemical, electrical and commercial industries. However, there is considerable evidence of environmental accumulation and potential adverse health effects of this compound. In this study, 40 indoor dust samples were randomly taken from Shiraz houses for the analysis of 9 PCB congeners (PCB-18, 28, 31, 44, 52, 138, 153, 189, 194). The dust samples were extracted with 100 ml dichloromethane/n-hexane/acetone in a Soxhlet appliance for 18 h and then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that Σ9PCB were in the range of <dl – 9.31 ng/g and PCB-52, 31 and 28 were the predominant congeners. Moreover, houses with laminate floors had higher Σ9PCBs levels than the houses with ceramic floors. The hazard quotient (HQ) values for children and adults' exposure to 9 PCBs through ingestion route were lower than 1, indicating no adverse non-carcinogenic risk. Also, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) values were lower than 10−6 in low-risk and high-risk scenarios for the both age groups, which showed negligible carcinogenic risks arising from exposure to the analyzed PCBs. More studies focusing on biomonitoring and bioavailability approaches are recommended for future investigation to provide total intake of people to this pollutant from all routes of exposure.

Comparing the Socio-Economic Lives of Fishermen and Onion Farmers in West Sumatra

This research aims to compare the socio-economic life of fishing communities with shallot farming communities. Research on fishing communities was carried out in 2023 in Nagari Sasak, West Pasaman Regency, and research on the lives of shallot farmers was carried out in Nagari Lolo, Solok Regency. This research was analyzed using socio-economic theory. The main components of socio-economic position include measures of wealth, measures of power, measures of honor, and measures of knowledge. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. The informants were selected using purposive sampling with a total of 30 informants (15 informants from the fishing community and 15 from the shallot farming community). Data collection was carried out using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of this research can be concluded that: (1) Fishermen's income is uncertain and the sea is the only source of income, while shallot farmers have other sources of income, such as rice fields, bananas, and others (2) The living conditions of fishing communities are more in tiny wooden houses with cement floors, while many shallot farmers already have permanent houses with ceramic floors (3) The education level of fishing communities is generally middle school and high school, while many shallot farmers already have children with graduate degrees.

Ceramic floor tiles with yellow pigment from Kievan Rus’: A technological study

Colored glazed ceramic tiles were widely used for paving floors of the main buildings, mostly Orthodox churches, in the Kievan Rus’ (10th-13th centuries AD). The production of ceramic floor tiles was localized near the site of construction, and the date of production can be attributed to the date of construction or renovation of the church. Therefore, the study of glazed tiles makes it possible to determine the local and chronological features of their production technology.. Local production technology in Ancient Rus' was studied using thirteen yellow glazed ceramic tiles from six cities (Kiev, Galich, Polotsk, Vladimir-Volynsky, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Novgorod). Also, two samples were selected from churches in Polotsk, Vladimir-Volynsky and Vyshgorod at different times of construction or renovation to study chronological variations in tile production technology. Chemical compositions and crystalline phases of yellow glaze and ceramic body have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In all cases, samples of ceramic tiles were glazed with high-lead silicate glass, and lead tin yellow type II (PbSn1-xSixO3) was used as a pigment. Local production technology in Ancient Rus' was studied using thirteen yellow glazed ceramic tiles from six cities (Kiev, Galich, Polotsk, Vladimir-Volynsky, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Novgorod). Also, two samples were selected from churches in Polotsk, Vladimir-Volynsky and Vyshgorod at different times of construction or renovation to study chronological variations in tile production technology. Most likely, the glaze layer on the ceramic tile was formed using pre-synthesized glass; this technology differs from the conventional technology for pottery, uses lead oxide or a mixture of lead oxide and quartz. Data on the chemical composition of yellow lead glazed tiles dating from the 10th-13th centuries AD can be used to determine the region of glazed ceramic production.

ANALISIS TINGKAT KERUSAKAN BANGUNAN GEDUNG RUSUNAWA IAIN AMBON

Damage to the building of the building often occurs, one of the factors is the age of the building and also the lack of maintenance and maintenance. Like one of the buildings of the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building. The purpose of this study is to calculate the volume of damage that occurs in the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building and determine the level of damage to the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building. The research method used by the author is a survey method and quantitative method, the survey method is used to see what damage to the building elements of the IAIN Ambon Rusunawa building, which then uses quantitative methods to determine the level of damage to the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building. The results showed total damage to building elements with a volume of wall damage 295.88 m2, ceramic floor 30x30 38.25 m2, concrete deck floor 162 m2, unit door 5 pieces, door KM / WC 20 pieces, windows 13 pieces, ceiling km / wc 1.5 m2, conclusions obtained the category of damage level for building elements of the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building including the level of minor damage, with a damage weight analysis value of 10.58%. Where according to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works 30% damage including minor damage.

The method of images on lossless dielectric ground planes

This article is dedicated to the study of the images method, using half-wave dipoles on the dielectric ground plane, which is different from the widely known images method, which uses antennas on a ground plane (PEC). A review of the propagation models commonly used have been discussed. This paper presents a study of the images method at an air- dielectric ground plane interface. The experimental verification has been carried out by measuring the electric field as a function of distance, using half-wave dipole antennas for a frequency of 2.6 GHz, on a ceramic ground plane, for horizontal and vertical polarization. Ceramic floor at frequencies of f = 2.6 GHz can be considered a lossless dielectric media due to its negligible losses. The results of the images method have been modeled and discussed with a current image that has amplitude and phase for the dielectric ground plane.

Penerapan Value Engineering pada Proyek Konstruksi di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Value Engineering is a function analysis approach that aims to reduce the cost of production or project. The amount of costs that will be needed both in the planning period and also the implementation and time saving process are sought not to increase the amount of cost itself. Gamil &amp; Alhagar(2020) revealed that there are several impacts of Covid-19 in the construction sector, namely project suspensions, workers who lose their jobs, jobs that exceed the time limit, excessive costs, and financial impacts. Jallow et al (2020) stated the changes that must be made to the infrastructure sector in order to comply with health protocols and remain productive during lockdown. The problem in this study is how much the total cost savings can be obtained after Value Engineering method to the architectural work of the Facilities and Infrastructure Rehabilitation project at the Sungai Gelam Campground in the Hall Building. Through graphs and calculations is, the results of 4 work items with the highest percentage were obtained, namely on wall pair work, roofing work, floor formwork work, and frame, door and window work. At the creative stage, the idea of alternative replacements is given to the same quality, function and quality, but at a lower price. Then the analysis stage carries out the development of a comparison between the alternatives to be obtained. The recommendation stage is the result of the chosen alternative. At the recommendation stage, the result of applying the value engineering method is the Material used for the work of the red Masonry 5x11x22cm amounting to Rp.1,934,368.62 or 9.16% of the initial design cost. For Metal Tile Roofing Work of Rp.7,775,287.18 or 30.27% of the initial design cost. For Aluminum Frame, Door and Window Work, 8mm Glass is Rp.8,360,275 or 20% of the initial design cost. For Ceramic Floor Work measuring 40x40 cm (Plain) of Rp. 12,926,981.30 or 25.26% of the initial design cost. The cost efficiency that can be obtained using Rp. 30,996,912.10 or 6% of Rp. 514,217,599.92,- the total project

ANALISIS ESTIMASI BIAYA PERAWATAN BANGUNAN GEDUNG DI UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA

Building holds significant importance for the college to facilitate learning activities. Over time, buildings deteriorate and require regular maintenance to ensure their functionality and reliability. The aim of this study is to identify the type of damage, determine the percentage of damage to building components, and estimate the cost of maintenance for the buildings at Universitas Palangka Raya. Data collection involves conducting surveys and documentation. The analysis includes identifying damage to building components, calculating the volume of damage and total volume of building components, determining the percentage of damaged building components, and analyzing the cost of maintenance. The study reveals that out of 12 buildings at Universitas Palangka Raya, 13 types of architectural damage were found in various building sub-components. These include 0.526% of loose roof covering, 3.597% of fragile/eroded ceiling frame, 3.118% of fragile/damaged ceiling, 3.688% of the loose panel, 1.837% of cracked aluminum window glass, 58.594% of lost and damaged wooden door, 43.403% of lost and damaged planting key, 23.750% of the lost hinge, 3.725% of broken and cracked ceramic floor covering, 100% of cracked and loose concrete floor covering, 100% of rusty roof construction, and 0.769% of loose column pole cover sub-components. The total cost of maintenance is estimated to be IDR 207,463,000.

Recycling of Firewood Ash Waste in Ceramic Floor Tiles with Low Water Absorption

Recycling of Firewood Ash Waste in Ceramic Floor Tiles with Low Water Absorption

Contextual Science Learning using Smartphone Audio Sensor Application (Phyphox) on Restitution Coefficient Measurement

The cognitive development of elementary school student are at a concrete operational stage, so that prospective elementary school teachers must have knowledge and experience in managing contextual and meaningful learning. The obstacle to the implementation of practicum while online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, so an alternative method is needed to carried out in a home experiment. In the daily life of the students, collision events are often encountered. Many kinds of playing ball (i.e., tennis balls, basketball, and ping-pong ball) are examples of collision events. This research aims are to develop material content elastic collision experiments of contextual science learning for prospective teachers using the Phyphox application. The Research and Development (R and D) through ADDIE design has been applied to achieve the objectives of this research. The stages of this research were carried out through the stages of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. This research has produced a material content elastic collision experiments of contextual science learning for prospective science teachers through using the Phyphox application. The average percentage of material expert validation results related to indicator of content quality, content compliance and content language is 93.33%. The experimental results show that the coefficient of restitution of the small basketball on the ceramic floor is 0.848; for tennis balls 0.716 and for ping-pong balls is 0.836. The collision for the three types of the balls with the floor are classified as partially elastic collisions. It can be concluded that the material content elastic collision experiments of contextual science learning for prospective science teachers using the Phyphox application are in very feasible criteria and valid to be implemented in basic science concept lectures. The implication of this research indicates that smartphone-based experiments using phyphox application motivate and makes various science experiments more accessible with simple methods to analyze experiment data. Home experiment activity using Phyphox application is recommended to help students to describe and determine the type of collision, determine the energy lost during a collision and the coefficient of restitution, draw a graph of the relationship between height and time in a contextual and meaningful way of science learning activity.

A Low-Cost Novel Talc-Based Opaque Glaze for Ceramic Floor Tiles

A Low-Cost Novel Talc-Based Opaque Glaze for Ceramic Floor Tiles

Efficacy of Spinetoram for the Control of Bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Different Surfaces.

Simple SummaryContact toxicity of spinetoram on three different surfaces, concrete, ceramic floor tile and laminate flooring, against Acanthocelides obtectus (Say.) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Our results provide data on the insecticidal effect of spinetoram for the control of A. obtectus on various surfaces; however, its efficacy varies according to the surface type, exposure time and concentration. In conclusion, our laboratory tests indicated that spinetoram at 0.025 and 0.05 mg active ingredient (AI)/cm2 achieved satisfactory control at relatively short exposures by contact action of A. obtectus adults on three surfaces, commonly encountered in legume storage facilities and warehouses.In this study, the contact toxicity of spinetoram on three different surfaces, concrete, ceramic floor tile and laminate flooring, against Acanthocelides obtectus (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Different concentrations were evaluated ranging from 0.0025 to 0.05 mg AI/cm2, against adults of A. obtectus. Adult mortality was measured after 1-, 3-, 5- and 7-day exposure. After 1-day exposure, the mortality was low on all surfaces, ranging from 0 to 27.2%. After 5- and 7-day exposure, spinetoram at concentrations of 0.01 mg/cm2 and above achieved 100% or close mortality on concrete and laminate flooring surface, whereas low concentrations (0.0025, 0.005 and 0.0075 mg AI/cm2) resulted in significantly lower mortality levels, ranging from 1.6 to 30.8%, than high concentrations. In the case of ceramic floor tile surface, spinetoram treatments at all tested concentrations did not result in 100% mortality. Significant differences were recorded among the surfaces, depending on concentrations and exposure intervals. After 3-, 5- and 7-day exposure, mortality levels on ceramic floor tile surface were generally higher at low concentrations than those on the concrete and laminate flooring surfaces, whereas those on concrete and laminate flooring surfaces were significantly higher at high concentrations than ceramic floor tile surface. These results indicate that spinetoram at 0.025 and 0.05 mg AI/cm2 achieve satisfactory control at relatively short exposures on common types of surfaces and thus can be used as an effective insecticide against A. obtectus.

ANALYSIS OF USE OF PHYPHOX APPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICS PRACTICUMS USING SMARTPHONES ON COLLISION MATERIAL

Smartphones are a physical learning medium that can support students to experiment with measurement devices. One of the smartphone apps that can be used is phyphox. The study aims to find out collision analysis lends several types of fall fields that include soil, ceramic floor areas and board fields so that it will generate data on the height, time, and energy generated when objects hit the surface. The method used is an experiment with a collision testing comparison approach with different drop fields using phyphox and stopwatch applications. The results of three experiments in the energy board field that apples produce are larger than ceramic and soil floor fields. While the results of experiments using stopwatches showed that the energy produced has a slightly greater value than using phyphox. Phyphox application can be used for practicum independently.

The Development of Educational Aids for Restitution Coefficient Experiment Using Microcontroller

This study aims to produce a product in the form of high school physics teaching aids for collision materials. The aids developed consist of Arduino as the central controller, photodiode sensor, and infrared sensor as ball motion detector mounted on the side of the tube track as high as 100 cm. The aids can record the time and altitude automatically on the bouncing ball. The research method used is R&amp;D development research with the ADDIE model, which includes five stages, analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The variables used are variations in the type of ball and the pedestal type. Three types of balls are used: ping pong, golf, and tennis. The base types are ceramic floor, stainless steel, and acrylic. The ball bounce is an elastic collision partly because it has a restitution coefficient value of 0 &lt; e &lt; 1. This experiment is done by ignoring air resistance and tracking friction. Students can make observations with the help of worksheets, which were also developed into the one-unit package. Through the validation test phase, the product has the worksheets get a value of 91% and the teaching aids 81%, which means that the worksheets and teaching aids are suitable for teaching materials to support learning physics.

Aplitic Granite Waste as Raw Material for the Production of Outdoor Ceramic Floor Tiles.

One of the significant problems in the production of ceramic tiles is the very high consumption of natural resources such as clay, feldspar, and quartz. The possibility of replacing part of the formulation of ceramic batches is of great importance. In this research, the possibility of using aplitic granite waste from dimensional stone production was analyzed in detail. The waste is considered a low-cost substitute for feldspar in Serbia. The milled powdery waste was analytically tested to reveal its chemical and mineralogical contents, particle size distribution, and other important properties. The ceramic tiles containing aplitic granite waste (GW) and GW/raw clay mixture (CGW) were hydraulically pressed, and the ceramic and technological properties determined. This waste can act as a filler while forming, drying, and firing, since the high content of quartz helps to control the shrinkage and acts as a fluxing agent in high temperatures due to its feldspathic nature. The waste was found favorable in the production of ceramic tiles, as the gained values of modulus of rupture and water absorption were 28.68 MPa and 1.33%, respectively. The parameters defined in the series of standards EN ISO 10545 were tested on a semi-industrial probe, determining that this combination of materials (without the addition of quartz) may be efficiently used to produce ceramic floor tiles. The usage of what would otherwise be waste material contributes to sustainable management and environmentally friendly solutions by avoiding landfilling, while at the same time it enabling the conservation of scarce natural feldspar deposits.

Mechanical Properties, Crack Width, and Propagation of Waste Ceramic Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures: A Comprehensive Study.

Waste ceramic concrete (WOC) made from waste ceramic floor tiles has several economic and environmental benefits. Fire is one of the most common disasters in buildings, and WOC is a brittle construction material; therefore, the mechanical properties of WOC structures under high temperatures should be considered. According to previous studies, hybrid fiber can further reduce damage to concrete under high temperatures. Meanwhile, crack width and propagation are among the key characteristics of concrete materials that need to be considered, but few studies have focused on their behavior when subjected to elevated temperatures. The new concrete materials proposed by the authors are WOC and WOC-Hybrid. WOC was prepared with Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCA), Natural Fine Aggregate (NFA), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC 43 grade), and ceramic waste tiles with 20% replacements for coarse aggregates, 10% replacements for fine aggregates, and 10% replacement for cement. In contrast, WOC-Hybrid was prepared with the addition of hybrid fiber (1% crimped steel fiber and 1% polyvinyl alcohol fiber) in WOC. The specimens were exposed to temperatures of 100–300 °C, and then the specimens were tested for tensile and compressive strength. The present study aims to find a new method to improve concrete resistance to elevated temperatures at the lowest costs by experimental and computational analysis via machine learning models. The application of machine learning models such as artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) was employed in this study to predict the compressive and tensile strength of concrete. The linear coefficient correlation (R2) and mean square error (MSE) were evaluated to investigate the performance of the models. Based on the experimental analysis, the results show that the effect of hybrid fiber on the crack width and propagation is greater than that on the crack width and propagation of WOC and PC after exposure to high temperatures. However, the enhanced effect of hybrid fiber on the mechanical properties, rack width, and propagation decreases after subjecting it to a high-temperature treatment, owing to the melting and ignition of hybrid fibers at high temperatures. Regarding the computational analysis, it was found that the developed MLR model shows higher efficiency than ANN in predicting the compressive and tensile strength of PC, WOC, and WOC-Hybrid concrete.